Cross-Lagged Panel Networks of Sleep Inertia Across Its Distinct Change Patterns Among Intern Nurses with Shift Work in China.

Purpose: Although experimental psychopathology using PET, EEG, and fMRI is at the forefront of understanding the underlying mechanisms of sleep inertia, many questions concerning causality remain unanswerable due to ethical constraints and the use of small and heterogeneous samples in experimental methods. There is a pressing need for a novel perspective in a large and relatively homogeneous population to fully capture and elucidate longitudinal processes and dynamic causality that culminate in episodes of sleep inertia over time. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the causal relationships between symptoms of sleep inertia across its distinct patterns. Patients and Methods: A total of 1636 intern nurses participated in the first survey (94.1% validity rate), then 1277 intern nurses were followed up (82.9% tracing rate). Symptoms of sleep inertia were self-reported using the Sleep Inertia Questionnaire. The cross-lagged panel network models were used to examine unique longitudinal relationships between symptoms of sleep inertia across distinct trajectories. Results: Four distinct trajectories of sleep inertia were established. Additionally, we found differences in those symptoms with the highest influence on other symptoms at the subsequent point across the networks of four trajectories, particularly, "Difficulty in concentrating" in the persistent-high group and "Feeling tense" in the deteriorating groups. Conclusion: The current study highlights changes in sleep inertia based on the long-term course over time. Notably, symptoms of "Difficulty in concentrating" and "Feeling tense" are imperative to address these specific symptoms within subpopulations.

Contingency Reversal in Conditioned Fear Learning: The Moderated Mediation Model of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Instruction.

Objective: The study aimed to examine the roles of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in conditioned fear learning under an uncertain context induced by the contingency reversal of the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus (CS-US). Methods: The study sample comprised 53 participants, randomly divided into two groups: a non-instruction group and an instruction group. The experimental procedure encompassed five stages: pre-acquisition, acquisition, generalization, reversal acquisition, and reversal generalization. Our study primarily focused on analyzing a moderated mediation model. Results: In the instructed group, we observed that the reversed fear generalization response was directly influenced by the pre-reversal fear generalization response, while also being indirectly mediated by the IU factor. However, in the non-instructed group, we did not find a significant mediating effect of IU. Moreover, we noted that the mediation of IU was contingent on the instructional information. It is noteworthy that anxiety did not exhibit a discernible role in conditioned fear within the uncertainty condition in our study. Conclusion: The findings provide novel insights into fear-related phenomena, emphasizing the intricate interplay between individual traits and fear generalization under conditions of uncertainty. They contribute to understanding the mechanisms of emotional and cognitive interactions in uncertain conditions.