Toxicity of the sunscreen UV filter benzophenone-3 (OBZ) to the microalga Selenastrum capricornutum: An insight into OBZ's damage to photosynthesis and respiration.

Oxybenzone (OBZ; benzophenone-3, CAS# 131-57-7), as a new pollutant and ultraviolet absorbent, shows a significant threat to the survival of phytoplankton. This study aims to explore the acute toxic effects of OBZ on the growth of the microalga Selenastrum capricornutum, as well as the mechanisms for its damage to the primary metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and respiration. The results demonstrated that the concentrations for 50 % of maximal effect (EC50) of OBZ for S. capricornutum were 9.07 mg L-1 and 8.54 mg L-1 at 72 h and 96 h, respectively. A dosage of 4.56 mg L-1 OBZ significantly lowered the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate of S. capricornutum in both light and dark conditions for a duration of 2 h, while it had no effect on the respiratory oxygen consumption rate under darkness. OBZ caused a significant decline in the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport due to its damage to photosystem II (PSII), thereby decreasing the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate. Over-accumulated H2O2 was produced under light due to the damage caused by OBZ to the donor and acceptor sides of PSII, resulting in increased peroxidation of cytomembranes and inhibition of algal respiration. OBZ's damage to photosynthesis and respiration will hinder the conversion and reuse of energy in algal cells, which is an important reason that OBZ has toxic effects on S. capricornutum. The present study indicated that OBZ has an acute toxic effect on the microalga S. capricornutum. In the two most important primary metabolic pathways in algae, photosynthesis is more sensitive to the toxicity of OBZ than respiration, especially in the dark.

An innovative multi-modal retinal imaging system for in vivo retinal detection in small animals.

This paper presents an innovative retinal imaging system tailored for in vivo fundus detection in small animals. This system integrates Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) techniques, enabling the simultaneous generation of images from various modalities, including SLO reflectance, SLO fluorescein angiogram, OCT, and OCT angiogram. The existing multi-modal retinal imaging systems generally encounter limitations such as the inability to detect peripheral lesion areas attributed to small Field of View (FOV) design and susceptibility to sample motion due to slow data acquisition speed. To address these challenges, it's essential to underscore that this proposed system offers a range of notable advantages, including its compact design, the capacity for widefield imaging with a FOV of up to 100°, and a rapid OCT A-scan rate of 250 kHz, notably exceeding the capabilities of pre-existing multi-modal retinal imaging systems. Validation of the system involved imaging the eyes of normal wild-type mice and diseased mice afflicted with retinal detachment and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The favorable imaging results demonstrate the system's reliability in identifying retinal lesions in small animals.