The complete chloroplast genome of Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehd. (Labiatae), an ornamental plant with high medicinal value.

Elsholtzia fruticosa is an ornamental plant with high medicinal value. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of the species. The complete cp sequence is 151,550 bp, including the large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,778 bp, the small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,492 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IRs) regions of 25,640 bp. It encodes 132 unique genes in total, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and eight ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). The comparative analysis of complete cp genomes showed that the genomic structure and gene order of E. fruticosa cps were conserved. The sequences of rps15, rps19, ycf1, ycf3, ycf15, psbL, psaI, trnG-UCC, trnS-GCU, trnR-UCU, trnL-UAG, trnP-UG, and trnL-UAA serve as hotspots for developing the DNA barcoding of Elsholtzia species. There are 49 SSR loci in the cp genome of E. fruticosa, among which the repeat numbers of mononucleotide, dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, and pentanucleotides SSR are 37, 9, 3, 0, and 0, respectively. A total of 50 repeats were detected, including 15 forward repeats, seven reverse repeats, 26 palindromic repeats, and two complementary repeats. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome and protein-coding DNA sequences of 26 plants indicates that E. fruticosa has a dose relationship with E. splendens and E. byeonsanensis.

The complete chloroplast genome of Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.) Rehd (Rosaceae), a medicinal and edible plant in Southwest China.

Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.) Rehd is a medicinal and edible plant in Southwest China. The chloroplast genome of C. scabrifolia was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology, and its genetic relationship to related species was discussed. The chloroplast genome is 159,637 bp long, with two inverted repeat (IR) regions (26,384 bp each) that separate a large single-copy (LSC) region (87,730 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (19,139 bp). A total of 127 genes were annotated, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 36 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree shows that C. hupehensis is closely related to C. scabrifolia with strong bootstrap support.

The complete chloroplast genome of Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J. R. Drumm., 1906 (Boraginaceae), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J. R. Drumm., 1906 is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine from southwest China. To better determine its phylogenetic relatedness to other Boraginaceae species, the chloroplast (cp) genome of C. amabile was sequenced. The complete cp genome of C. amabile is 151,532 bp in length, containing a small single-copy (SSC) region with a length of 17,366 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region with a length of 82,902 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) regions each with a length of 25,632 bp. The overall GC content of the cp genome is 37.4%. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree showed that Bothriospermum zeylanicum (J. Jacq.) Druce, 1917 was closely related to C. amabile.

Complete chloroplast genome of Leptopus chinensis (Bunge) Pojark (Euphorbiaceae), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

Leptopus chinensis (Bunge) Pojark is a medicinal herb endemic to China. In this study, its complete chloroplast (cp) genome was characterized with a discussion of its phylogenetic placement. The cp genome of L. chinensis was 154,600 bp long, with a double-stranded circular tetrad structure containing a small single-copy (SSC) region (17,717 bp), a large single-copy (LSC) region (83,159 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (26,862 bp each). The overall GC content of the genome was 36.8% (LSC, 34.7%; SSC, 29.8%; IR, 42.3%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. chinensis is a sister species to L. cordifolius.

The complete plastid genome of Terminalia myriocarpa Vaniot Huerck et Muell.-Arg (Combretaceae), a tropical rainforest indicator species in Southern China.

Terminalia myriocarpa Vaniot Huerck et Muell.-Arg is a tropical rainforest indicator species in Southern China. The chloroplast genome of T. myriocarpa was analyzed by high-throughput sequence technology, and its genetic relationship to related species was discussed. The chloroplast genome is 159,854 bp in length, with a total GC content of 37%. It has a typical chloroplast tetrad structure, including 88,015 bp of large single copy (LSC), 18,814 bp of small single copy (SSC), and 26,319 bp of inverted repeats (IR). A total of 130 genes were annotated, including 85 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated T. myriocarpa was closely related to Terminalia phillyreifolia.

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes.

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process.

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.

Effects of atamp-charging coke making on strength and high temperature thermal properties of coke.

The stamp-charging coke making process has some advantages of improving the operation environment, decreasing fugitive emission, higher gas collection efficiency as well as less environmental pollution. This article describes the different structure strength and high temperature thermal properties of 4 different types of coke manufactured using a conventional coking process and the stamp-charging coke making process. The 4 kinds of cokes were prepared from the mixture of five feed coals blended by the petrography blending method. The results showed that the structure strength indices of coke prepared using the stamp-charging coke method increase sharply. In contrast with conventional coking process, the stamp-charging process improved the coke strength after reaction but had little impact on the coke reactivity index.

Effect of bulk density of coking coal on swelling pressure.

Coking coals are the important raw materials for the iron and steel industries and play an important role on its sustainable development, especially on the stamp-charging coke making with the characteristics of increasing the bulk density. There is a significance on the reasonable usage of the coking coal resource with the reduced production cost, improved efficiency of the economy to develop the stamp-charging coke making technology. Important effects of the density of coking coal on the coking and caking properties were investigated. In the article, the maximum values of swelling pressure and variation of Laowan gas coal and Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, Longhu fat coal and Didao coking coal, which were mined at Shenyang and Qitaihe respectively, were investigated under different bulk densities during the coking. The results showed that when the values of density increased from 0.85 ton/m(3) to 1.05 ton/m(3), for the Laowan gas coal, swelling pressure variation and even the maximum value changed slightly. The swelling pressure was 3.63 KPa when the density was improved to 1.05 ton/m(3); for the Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, the values of swelling pressure changed significantly and the maximum values was 82.88 KPa with the density improved to 1.05 when the coal was heated to 600°C. The coke porosity, which was investigated by automatic microphotometer, decreased from 47.4% to 33.1% with the increasing of the density from 0.85 ton/m(3) to 1.05 ton/m(3), and the decreased value was 14.3%. Meanwhile, the pore structures of four cokes were characterized by an optical microscope.