Hypercholesterolemia Is Associated With Dysregulation of Lipid Metabolism and Poor Prognosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hypercholesterolemia is frequently diagnosed in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). However, its association with the prognosis and lipid metabolism is unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of baseline total cholesterol (TC) levels in PBC and characterized the associated lipid metabolism. METHODS: Five hundred and thirty-one patients with PBC without prior cirrhosis-related complications were randomly divided into the derivation and validation cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. Complete clinical data were obtained and analyzed. The endpoints were defined as liver-related death, liver transplantation, and cirrhosis-related complications. Lipidomics was performed in 89 patients and 28 healthy controls. RESULTS: Baseline TC was independently associated with poor liver-related outcomes, and adjusted C-statistics were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.85) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78-0.91) in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The predictive ability of TC for disease outcomes was stable over time and comparable with the Globe score. The 200 mg/dL cut-off optimally divided patients into low- and high-TC groups. A combination of TC and Globe score provided a more accurate stratification of patients into risk subgroups. Lipidomics indicated an up-regulation of lipid families in high-TC patients. Pathway analysis of 66 up-regulated lipids revealed the dysregulation of glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism in high-TC patients, which were associated with poor liver-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that patients with PBC having baseline TC levels above 200 mg/dL have unique lipidome characteristics and are at a higher risk of poor liver-related outcomes.

Identifying optimal candidates for autologous peripheral blood stem cell therapy in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a prognostic scoring system.

BACKGROUND: Stem cell transplantation shows great potential to improve the long-term survival of cirrhosis patients. However, therapeutic effects may not be homogeneous across the whole study population. This study constructed an easy-to-use nomogram to improve prognostic prediction and aid in treatment decision making for cirrhotic patients. METHODS: From August 2005 to April 2019, 315 patients with decompensated cirrhosis receiving autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation were enrolled in this study. They were randomly classified into training (2/3) and validation (1/3) groups. A predictive model was developed using Cox proportional hazard models and subsequently validated. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated and also compared with other prognostic models. RESULTS: Age, creatinine, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and Child-Turcotte-Pugh class were included in the nomogram as prognostic variables. The nomogram showed high discrimination power concerning the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (3/5-year AUC: 0.742/0.698) and good consistency suggested by calibration plots. Patients could be accurately stratified into poor- and good-outcome groups regarding liver-transplantation free survival after receiving PBSC therapy (P < 0.001). Compared with poor-outcome group, the liver function of patients listed for liver transplantation in the good-outcome group was significantly improved (P < 0.001). Besides, our nomogram achieved a higher C-index (0.685, 95% CI 0.633-0.738) and better clinical utility compared with other conventional prognostic models. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed nomogram facilitated an accurate prognostic prediction for patients with decompensated cirrhosis receiving PBSC transplantation. Moreover, it also held the promise to stratify patients in clinical trials or practice to implement optimal treatment regimens for individuals.

Preparation of curcumin-loaded pectin-nisin copolymer emulsion and evaluation of its stability.

In the paper, Nisin was grafted onto native pectin by the 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl) method. Structure characterisation showed that the carboxyl group of pectin interacted with the amino group of Nisin and formed an amide bond. The highest grafting ratio of the modified pectin was up to 24.89 %. The emulsifying property of modified pectin, significantly improved, and emulsification performance improved with increasing grafting ratio. Emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, Zeta potential, and droplet morphology data demonstrate a notable enhancement in pectin's emulsifying properties due to Nisin's introduction, with the degree of grafting showing a direct correlation with the improvement observed. Pectin-based emulsion is utilized to load curcumin, enhancing its stability and bioavailability. Research findings highlight that the incorporation of Nisin-modified pectin significantly elevates curcumin encapsulation efficiency, while decelerating its release rate. Moreover, the stability of curcumin loaded in the modified pectin under light exposure, alkaline conditions, and long-term storage is also significantly improved. Ultimately, the bioavailability of curcumin escalates from 0.368 to 0.785.

Prognostic significance of liver stiffness in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: validation of Baveno VII criteria.

BACKGROUND: The role of liver stiffness measurements (LSM) in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) remains to be further elucidated. AIMS: To clarify the prognostic role of LSM and to validate the "novel concepts" proposed by the Baveno VII Working Group. METHODS: An analysis of the prognostic significance of LSM was performed involving 672 patients. RESULTS: LSM and ΔLSM/ΔT were independent risk factors for liver decompensation, liver transplantation, or liver-related death (primary outcomes, p < 0.001, both). A rule of 5 kPa for LSM (10-15-20 kPa) could be used to denote progressively higher relative risks of primary outcomes. Patients with LSM < 10 kPa have a negligible 3-year risk of primary outcomes (< 1%). Cut-off values of 10 and 15 kPa can be used to classify PBC patients into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. A clinically significant decrease in LSM, evaluated at 6, 12, or 24 months elastography tests, was associated with a substantially reduced risk of primary outcomes (p < 0.05, all), which can be defined as a decrease in LSM of > - 20% associated with LSM < 20 kPa or any decrease to LSM < 10 kPa. A clinically significant increase in LSM, evaluated at 6, 12, or 24 months elastography tests, was associated with a substantially raised risk of primary outcomes (p < 0.05, all), which can be defined as an increase in LSM of ≥ + 20% or any increase to LSM ≥ 15 kPa. CONCLUSIONS: LSM can be used to monitor disease progression and predict long-term prognosis in patients with PBC.

Fenofibrate normalizes alkaline phosphatase and improves long-term outcomes in patients with advanced primary biliary cholangitis refractory to ursodeoxycholic acid / El fenofibrato normaliza la fosfatasa alcalina y mejora los resultados a largo plazo en pacientes con colangitis biliar primaria avanzada refractaria al ácido ursodesoxicólico

Background: Although patients with advanced liver disease have been included in studies evaluating fibrates for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), the frequency of biochemical responses and adverse effects for this group of patients was not reported separately and comprehensively. Aims: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of additional fenofibrate therapy in patients with advanced and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-refractory PBC. Methods: Patients were analyzed retrospectively to determine the clinical therapeutic effects of UDCA with additional fenofibrate therapy versus continued UDCA monotherapy. The liver transplantation (LT)-free survival and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) normalization rates were estimated using Cox regression analyses and Kaplan–Meier plots with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Results: A total of 118 patients were included: 54 received UDCA alone and 64 received UDCA in combination with fenofibrate therapy. In the fenofibrate and UDCA groups, 37% and 11% of patients with advanced and UDCA-refractory PBC, respectively, achieved ALP normalization (P=0.001). Additional fenofibrate therapy improved both LT-free survival and ALP normalization rate after IPTW (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07–0.75, P=0.015; and HR: 11.66, 95% CI: 5.02–27.06, P=0.001, respectively). These effects were supported by parallel changes in the rates of liver decompensation and histologic progression, and the United Kingdom (UK)-PBC and Globe risk scores. (AU)

Antecedentes: Aunque los pacientes con enfermedad hepática avanzada se han incluido en los estudios que evalúan los fibratos para el tratamiento de la colangitis biliar primaria, la frecuencia de las respuestas bioquímicas y los efectos adversos para este grupo de pacientes no se informó por separado y de forma exhaustiva. Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad del tratamiento adicional con fenofibrato en pacientes con colangitis biliar primaria avanzada y refractaria al ácido ursodesoxicólico. Métodos: Se analizaron los pacientes de forma retrospectiva para determinar los efectos terapéuticos clínicos del ácido ursodesoxicólico con terapia adicional de fenofibrato frente a la monoterapia continuada con ácido ursodesoxicólico. La supervivencia sin trasplante de hígado y las tasas de normalización de la fosfatasa alcalina se estimaron mediante análisis de regresión de Cox y gráficos de Kaplan-Meier con ponderación de la probabilidad inversa del tratamiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 118 pacientes: 54 recibieron ácido ursodesoxicólico solo y 64 recibieron ácido ursodesoxicólico en combinación con el tratamiento con fenofibrato. En los grupos de fenofibrato y ácido ursodesoxicólico, 37 y 11% de los pacientes con colangitis biliar primaria avanzada y refractaria al ácido ursodesoxicólico, respectivamente, lograron la normalización de la fosfatasa alcalina (p=0,001). El tratamiento adicional con fenofibrato mejoró tanto la supervivencia libre de trasplante de hígado como la tasa de normalización de la fosfatasa alcalina tras la ponderación de la probabilidad inversa del tratamiento (cociente de riesgos: 0,23, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0,07-0,75, p=0,015; y cociente de riesgos: 11,66, IC 95%: 5,02–27,06, p=0,001, respectivamente). (AU)

Effectiveness of Fenofibrate in Treatment-Naive Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a progressive autoimmune liver disease, and patients with inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment show reduced long-term survival. Recent studies have shown that fenofibrate is an effective off-label therapy for PBC. However, prospective studies on biochemical response including the timing of fenofibrate administration are lacking. This study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fenofibrate in UDCA treatment-naive patients with PBC. METHODS: A total of 117 treatment-naive patients with PBC were recruited from the Xijing Hospital for a 12-month randomized, parallel, and open-label clinical trial. Study participants were assigned to receive either UDCA standard dose (UDCA-only group) or fenofibrate at a daily dose of 200 mg in addition to UDCA (UDCA-Fenofibrate group). RESULTS: The primary outcome was biochemical response percentage in patients according to the Barcelona criterion at 12 months. In the UDCA-Fenofibrate group, 81.4% (69.9%-92.9%) of patients achieved the primary outcome and 64.3% (51.9%-76.8%) in the UDCA-only group achieved the primary outcome ( P = 0.048). There was no difference between the 2 groups in noninvasive measures of liver fibrosis and biochemical markers other than alkaline phosphatase at 12 months. Creatinine and transaminases levels in the UDCA-Fenofibrate group increased within the first month, then returned to normal, and remained stable thereafter until the end of the study, even in patients with cirrhosis. DISCUSSION: In this randomized clinical trial in treatment-naive patients with PBC, the combination of fenofibrate and UDCA resulted in a significantly higher biochemical response rate. Fenofibrate seemed to be well-tolerated in patients.

Fenofibrate normalizes alkaline phosphatase and improves long-term outcomes in patients with advanced primary biliary cholangitis refractory to ursodeoxycholic acid.

BACKGROUND: Although patients with advanced liver disease have been included in studies evaluating fibrates for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), the frequency of biochemical responses and adverse effects for this group of patients was not reported separately and comprehensively. AIMS: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of additional fenofibrate therapy in patients with advanced and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-refractory PBC. METHODS: Patients were analyzed retrospectively to determine the clinical therapeutic effects of UDCA with additional fenofibrate therapy versus continued UDCA monotherapy. The liver transplantation (LT)-free survival and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) normalization rates were estimated using Cox regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier plots with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS: A total of 118 patients were included: 54 received UDCA alone and 64 received UDCA in combination with fenofibrate therapy. In the fenofibrate and UDCA groups, 37% and 11% of patients with advanced and UDCA-refractory PBC, respectively, achieved ALP normalization (P=0.001). Additional fenofibrate therapy improved both LT-free survival and ALP normalization rate after IPTW (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.75, P=0.015; and HR: 11.66, 95% CI: 5.02-27.06, P=0.001, respectively). These effects were supported by parallel changes in the rates of liver decompensation and histologic progression, and the United Kingdom (UK)-PBC and Globe risk scores. During the follow-up period, serum levels of ALP and aminotransferase decreased significantly, while total bilirubin, albumin, platelet, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate remained stable in fenofibrate-treated participants. No fenofibrate-related significant adverse events were observed in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Additional fenofibrate therapy significantly improved LT-free survival and ALP normalization in patients with advanced and UDCA-refractory PBC. Furthermore, adding-on fenofibrate therapy appeared to be safe and well tolerated in this population.

Prediction and evaluation of high-risk patients with primary biliary cholangitis receiving ursodeoxycholic acid therapy: an early criterion.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Current treatment guidelines recommend ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) as the first-line treatment for new-diagnosed primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients. However, up to 40% patients are insensitive to UDCA monotherapy, and evaluation of UDCA response at 12 months may result in long period of ineffective treatment. We aimed to develop a new criterion to reliably identify non-response patients much earlier. METHODS: Five hundred sixty-nine patients with an average of 59 months (Median: 53; IQR:32-79) follow-up periods were randomly divided into either the training (70%) or the validation cohort (30%). The efficiency of different combinations of total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) threshold values to predict outcomes was assessed at 1, 3 or 6 month after the initiation of UDCA therapy. The endpoints were defined as adverse outcomes, including liver-related death, liver transplantation and complications of cirrhosis. Adverse outcome-free survival was compared using various published criteria and a proposed new criterion. RESULTS: A new criterion of evaluating UDCA responses at 1 month was established as: ALP ≤ 2.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN) and AST ≤ 2 × ULN, and TBIL ≤ 1 × ULN (Xi'an criterion). The 5 year adverse outcome-free survival rate of UDCA responders, defined by Xi'an criterion, was 97%, which was significantly higher than that of those non-responders (64%). An accurate distinguishing high-risk patients' capacity of Xi'an criterion was confirmed in both early and late-stage PBC. CONCLUSIONS: Xi'an criterion has a similar or even higher ability to distinguish high-risk PBC patients than other published criteria. Xi'an criterion can facilitate early identification of patients requiring new therapeutic approaches.

Efficacy and safety of fenofibrate addition therapy in patients with cirrhotic primary biliary cholangitis with incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid.

Fenofibrate (FF) has shown potential benefits in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) who have an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). However, the efficacy and safety of FF in patients with cirrhosis remain unclear. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of additional FF therapy in patients with PBC-related cirrhosis with an incomplete response to UDCA, we conducted a retrospective analysis comparing the clinical results of additional FF therapy and continued UDCA monotherapy. A total of 59 patients were included; 27 cases underwent UDCA monotherapy and 32 cases underwent UDCA combined with FF therapy. A significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) normalization was achieved in the FF group compared to the UDCA group (37% vs. 11%, respectively; p = 0.020). Additional FF therapy was an independent risk factor for ALP normalization (hazard ratio, 7.679; 95% confidence interval, 2.059-28.633; p = 0.003). Hepatic deterioration was experienced by 40% versus 48% (p = 0.562) while 11% vs. 37% (p = 0.111) experienced liver-related mortality or liver transplantation in the FF and UDCA groups, respectively. Compared to UDCA monotherapy, additional FF therapy was associated with lower United Kingdom (UK)-PBC risk score and surrogate serum indices of liver fibrosis. After 12 months of add-on FF therapy, median ALP level and UK-PBC risk score decreased 35% and 52% from baseline (p = 0.001 and 0.210, respectively). Serum aminotransferase, triglyceride, and cholesterol decreased progressively, while total bilirubin, serum creatinine, blood urea, estimated glomerular filtration rate, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, and fibrosis-4 index remained stable in FF-treated cirrhotic cases during follow-up. No significant adverse effects associated with additional FF therapy were observed in our cohort. Conclusion: Additional FF therapy was associated with higher ALP normalization rates and lower UK-PBC risk scores in patients with cirrhotic PBC with an incomplete response to UDCA. In addition, FF therapy seemed safe and well tolerated with a low frequency of adverse effects in patients with cirrhosis.

Rho GTPase-activating protein 35 suppresses gastric cancer metastasis by regulating cytoskeleton reorganization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Cytoskeletal reorganization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are key processes and typical characteristics of metastatic cancer cells. Rho GTPase­activating protein 35 (ARHGAP35) is a GTPase-activating protein, which has a significant effect on cell motility. However, the particular function of ARHGAP35 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. In the present study, the role of ARHGAP35 in GC was investigated by in vitro loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. Cytoskeletal reorganization in GC cells was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining and the protein expression levels of key molecules and active RhoA were detected by western blot analysis. Additionally, the clinical evaluation of proteins in human GC tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that ARHGAP35, a tumor suppressor, was downregulated in GC tissues and its decreased expression was associated with the metastatic status of GC. Additionally, Transwell and wound healing assays demonstrated that ARHGAP35 knockdown promoted cell motility in vitro. However, the above effects were abrogated following ectopic ARHGAP35 expression. Furthermore, ARHGAP35 could affect cytoskeletal reorganization via directly regulating RhoA activation. In addition, ARHGAP35 upregulated E-cadherin and attenuated EMT in GC cells. Both ARHGAP35 and E-cadherin were associated with overall survival in patients with GC, while their combination allowed for an even greater capacity for distinguishing GC patients with different prognosis. Overall, the results of the current study suggested that ARHGAP35 could directly regulate cell morphology and motility via affecting cytoskeletal reorganization and EMT via targeting RhoA and E-cadherin, respectively. Targeting the ARHGAP35/RhoA/E-cadherin pathway could be a potential approach for treating GC.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of acute severe autoimmune hepatitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute severe autoimmune hepatitis (AS-AIH) is a rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF), which is often neglected and delayed in treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of AS-AIH. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed. AIH was diagnosed according to the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) criteria revised in 1999. AS-AIH was defined as an acute presentation (onset of symptoms to presentation of ≤ 26 weeks) and INR of ≥ 1.5, and no histologic evidence of cirrhosis. RESULTS: Twelve patients were diagnosed as AS-AIH. At baseline, median immunoglobulin G was 28.35 g/L (range, 11.4-49.2). Ten (83.3%) patients were antinuclear antibodies and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies positive. The prominent histologic characteristics were lobular necrosis/inflammation (91.7%) and plasma cell infiltration (100%). All patients received corticosteroid therapy. Death occurred in 2 (16.7%) patients within 30 days resulted from ALF. The average interval between the onset of symptoms and initiation of corticosteroid therapy in deceased patients was 65 days, compared with 19 days for survivors. CONCLUSIONS: AS-AIH is an uncommon disease with poor outcomes. Patients with acute severe hepatitis of unknown cause should be minded the possibility of AS-AIH and corticosteroids should be considered as soon as possible.

Plackett-Burman design and response surface optimization of conditions for culturing Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater.

BACKGROUND: The Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater that contains a variety of nutrients which could be used as culture for some beneficial microbiology will be one threat to our environment if the wastewater doesn’t be comprehensively utilized. Plackett-Burman is the rapid and concise ways of screening the main effective factors. Box-Behnken response surface method is used to optimize interactions between the three main factors and predict optimal fermentation conditions. This study is aimed to select the main influence fac- tors and optimize the conditions for culturing Saccharomyces cerevisiae in A. bisporus industrial wastewater by Plackett-Burman design and Box-Behnken response surface method. METHODS: We analyzed the total number of living S. cerevisiae in the fermentation broth using multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Plackett-Burman design was used to screen out three factors from the original six factors of processing wastewater concentration, initial pH, inoculum size, liquid volume, culture temperature, and rotation speed that affected the total number of viable S. cerevisiae. Factors significantly affecting the total number of viable S. cerevisiae, including culturing temperature, processing wastewater concentration, and initial pH were investigated. Result. The results indicated that culture temperature (p = 0.0007) and pH (p = 0.0344) as negative factor and concentration (p = 0.0080) as positive effect were the significant factors affecting the total number of S. cere- visiae, inoculum (p = 0.1237) and shaking speed (p = 0.2112) as positive effect and loaded liquid (p = 0.4811) as negative factor were important fact. RESULTS: nd. The Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater that contains a variety of nutrients which could be used as culture for some beneficial microbiology will be one threat to our environment if the wastewater doesn’t be comprehensively utilized. Plackett-Burman is the rapid and concise ways of screening the main effective factors. Box-Behnken response surface method is used to optimize interactions between the three main factors and predict optimal fermentation conditions. This study is aimed to select the main influence fac- tors and optimize the conditions for culturing Saccharomyces cerevisiae in A. bisporus industrial wastewater by Plackett-Burman design and Box-Behnken response surface method. Material and methods. We analyzed the total number of living S. cerevisiae in the fermentation broth using multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Plackett-Burman design was used to screen out three factors from the original six factors of processing wastewater concentration, initial pH, inoculum size, liquid volume, culture temperature, and rotation speed that affected the total number of viable S. cerevisiae. Factors significantly affecting the total number of viable S. cerevisiae, including culturing temperature, processing wastewater concentration, and initial pH were investigated. Result. The results indicated that culture temperature (p = 0.0007) and pH (p = 0.0344) as negative factor and concentration (p = 0.0080) as positive effect were the significant factors affecting the total number of S. cere- visiae, inoculum (p = 0.1237) and shaking speed (p = 0.2112) as positive effect and loaded liquid (p = 0.4811) as negative factor were important factors. The optimum conditions for S. cerevisiae fermentation in A. bi- sporus wastewater were a rotational speed of 150 rpm, a culture temperature of 25°C, an initial pH of 6.0,   a concentration of 8.4%, a inoculation volume of 8%, and a 100 mL liquid volume in a 250 mL flask, a culture time of 48 h. Under these conditions, the concentration of total viable yeast reached 1.04 ±0.02 × 108 Obj/mL which was at the 95% confidence interval of predicted model (0.89–1.14 × 108 Obj/mL). CONCLUSIONS: The experimental model is reliable and the experimental results are of good stability. Variance analysis is performed to determine the adequacy and significance of the linear model. Thus, Plackett-Burman.

Optimization of Cultural Conditions for Bacillus megaterium Cultured in Agaricus bisporus Industrial Wastewater.

The aim of this study was to optimize the cultural conditions for Bacillus megaterium using Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater as nature culture through response surface methodology. In our present study, we analyzed the total number of living B. megaterium in the fermentation broth using multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Plackett-Burman design was applied to evaluate the effects of six variables, namely, initial pH, industrial wastewater solubility, rotating speed, culture temperature, inoculum size, and loading volume. Loading volume, initial pH, and culture temperature were found to influence the biomass of B. megaterium significantly and were further optimized by Box-Behnken design. After verification test, the optimum fermentation conditions of B. megaterium using the A. bisporus processing wastewater as nature culture media were obtained as follows: initial pH of 7.4, culture temperature of 25°C, loading volume of 40 mL/250 mL, culture time of 24 h, industrial wastewater solubility of 1%, rotating speed of 200 rpm, and inoculum size of 8%. The predicted optimum model's value was 8.88 × 108 Obj/mL and the average experimental value was 9.03 ± 0.02 × 108 Obj/mL, which met the national microbial fertilizers' standard. Furthermore, the field experiment results showed that the fermentation broth of B. megaterium could significantly improve the yield of Spinacia oleracea L.

The association between bile salt export pump single-nucleotide polymorphisms and primary biliary cirrhosis susceptibility and ursodeoxycholic acid response.

BACKGROUND: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic and progressive cholestasis liver disease. Bile salt export pump (BSEP) is the predominant bile salt efflux system of hepatocytes. BSEP gene has been attached great importance in the susceptibility of PBC and the response rate of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment of PBC patients. METHODS: In this study, TaqMan assay was used to genotype four variants of BSEP, and the Barcelona criteria were used for evaluating the response rate of UDCA treatment. RESULTS: Variant A allele of BSEP rs473351 (dominant model, OR = 2.063; 95% CI, 1.254-3.393; P = 0.004) was highly associated with PBC susceptibility. On the contrary, variant A allele of BSEP rs2287618 (dominant model, OR = 0.617; 95% CI, 0.411-0.928; P = 0.020) provided a protective role and Barcelona evaluation criterion indicated that the frequency of variant allele at BSEP rs2287618 was significantly decreased in UDCA-responsive PBC patients (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that BSEP rs473351 was closely associated with the susceptibility of PBC and if people with BSEP rs2287618 were diagnosed as PBC, the UDCA treatment was not satisfactory. Larger studies with mixed ethnicity subjects and stratified by clinical and subclinical characteristics are needed to validate our findings.

Bone marrow-derived stem cells ameliorate hepatic fibrosis by down-regulating interleukin-17.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidences have identified the immunoregulatory features of stem cells. In this study, the immunoregulation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) transplanted into patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis and mouse model of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration was observed. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis showed significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha, IL-12, TGF-beta1, IL-17, and IL-8. However, only IL-17 was markedly decreased after autologous BMSCs transplantation during their follow-up. The same results were found in the CCl4-treated mice. Furthermore, we found that exogenous IL-17 partly abolished the therapeutic effect of BMSCs whereas IL-17-specific antibody promoted improvement of liver injury in CCl4-treated mice, resembling the therapeutic effect of BMSCs transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggested that BMSCs transplantation induces a decrease of IL-17 level, which at least in part delineates the mechanisms of stem cells-mediated therapeutic benefit on liver disease.

[Immunoregulation of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immunoregulatory effect of autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) transplantation on T lymphocytes and cytokines in patients with HBV-related end-stage liver disease. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to measure the percentages of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to analyze the levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10. RESULTS: Patients with HBV-related end-stage liver disease displayed significantly improved liver function after PBSCs transplantation. Statistically, after PBSCs transplantation, the percentages of Th2 and Treg in peripheral blood markedly increased, but serum IL-6 and IL-10 declined significantly. No significant differences were observed in the changes of Th1 and its cytokine, IFN-γ after transplantation. CONCLUSION: Autologous PBSCs transplantation can depress inflammation in liver by regulating immune microenvironment, which at least in part delineates the mechanism of stem cells-mediated therapeutic benefit on end-stage liver disease.

In vivo tracking and comparison of the therapeutic effects of MSCs and HSCs for liver injury.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been studied for damaged liver repair; however, the conclusions drawn regarding their homing capacity to the injured liver are conflicting. Besides, the relative utility and synergistic effects of these two cell types on the injured liver remain unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: MSCs, HSCs and the combination of both cells were obtained from the bone marrow of male mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP)and injected into the female mice with or without liver fibrosis. The distribution of the stem cells, survival rates, liver function, hepatocyte regeneration, growth factors and cytokines of the recipient mice were analyzed. We found that the liver content of the EGFP-donor cells was significantly higher in the MSCs group than in the HSCs or MSCs+HSCs group. The survival rate for the MSCs group was significantly higher than that of the HSCs or MSCs+HSCs group; all surpassed the control group. After MSC-transplantation, the injured livers were maximally restored, with less collagen than the controls. The fibrotic areas had decreased to a lesser extent in the mice transplanted with HSCs or MSCs+HSCs. Compared with mice in the HSCs group, the mice that received MSCs had better improved liver function. MSCs exhibited more remarkable paracrine effects and immunomodulatory properties on hepatic stellate cells and native hepatocytes in the treatment of the liver pathology. Synergistic actions of MSCs and HSCs were most likely not observed because the stem cells in liver were detected mostly as single cells, and single MSCs are insufficient to provide a beneficial niche for HSCs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: MSCs exhibited a greater homing capability for the injured liver and modulated fibrosis and inflammation more effectively than did HSCs. Synergistic effects of MSCs and HSCs were not observed in liver injury.

Dynamic microRNA profiles of hepatic differentiated human umbilical cord lining-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Despite the extensive hepatic differentiation potential of human umbilical cord lining-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSC), little is known about the molecular mechanisms of hUC-MSC differentiation. At the post-transcriptional level, microRNAs are key players in the control of cell fate determination during differentiation. In this study, we aimed to identify microRNAs involved in the hepatic differentiation of hUC-MSCs. After successfully isolating hUC- MSCs, we induced hepatocyte formation in vitro with growth factors. After 26 days of induction, hUC-MSCs could express hepatocyte-specific genes, synthesize urea and glycogen and uptake low-density lipoprotein. Cellular total RNA from hUC-MSCs and hepatic differentiated hUC-MSCs was collected at 7 time points, including 2 days, 6 days, 10 days, 14 days, 22 days and 26 days, for microRNA microarray analysis. Dynamic microRNA profiles were identified that did not overlap or only partially overlapped with microRNAs reported to be involved in human liver development, hepatocyte regeneration or hepatic differentiation of liver-derived progenitor cells. A total of 61 microRNAs among 1205 human and 144 human viral microRNAs displayed consistent changes and were altered at least 2-fold between hUC-MSCs and hepatic differentiated hUC-MSCs. Among these microRNAs, 25 were over-expressed; this over-expression occurred either gradually or increased sharply and was maintained at a high level. A total of 36 microRNAs were under-expressed, with an expression pattern similar to that of the over-expressed microRNAs. The expression of the altered expressed microRNAs was also confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also found that microRNAs involved in hepatic differentiation were not enriched in hepatocyte or hepatocellular carcinoma cells and can potentially target liver-enriched transcription factors and genes. The elucidation of the microRNA profile during the hepatic differentiation of hUC-MSCs provides the basis for clarifying the role of microRNAs in hUC-MSC hepatic differentiation and specific microRNA selection for the conversion of hUC-MSCs to hepatocytes.