RESUMEN
The root of Codonopis bulleynana Forest ex Diels (cbFeD), a tonic food widely used in Yunnan Province of China, was found to have a wide range of pharmacological effects. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of water extracts of cbFeD in chronic liver injury mice model induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed multiple components were present in the water extract of cbFeD and the compounds were mostly enriched in organic acid and its derivatives, flavone, amino acid derivatives, nucleotide and its derivatives, carbohydrates etc. Treatment with cbFeD significantly attenuated liver injury and fibrosis in CCl4-administered mice evidenced by improved liver histology, ameliorated apoptosis of hepatocytes, and decreased transaminase levels in the serum. Decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were markedly reversed upon treatment with cbFeD while levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly restored towards normal values. cbFeD also suppressed intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration and Kupffer cell activation. Furthermore, our study revealed an inhibitory effect of cbFeD on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, cbFeD could exert a protective role against liver fibrosis in mice model induced by CCl4 that is comparable to the positive control silymarin and might be developed into a promising anti-fibrotic drug.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & control , Codonopsis , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/efectos de los fármacos , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental/prevención & control , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Tetracloruro de Carbono , Línea Celular , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito/efectos de los fármacos , Codonopsis/química , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/metabolismo , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/patología , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/patología , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Macrófagos del Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos del Hígado/metabolismo , Macrófagos del Hígado/patología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental/inducido químicamente , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental/metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental/patología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Raíces de PlantasRESUMEN
Despite its favorable clinical efficacy, oxaliplatinbased chemotherapy frequently results in treatment withdrawal and induces liver damage in colon cancer. Therefore, it is important to develop novel drugs, which can safely and effectively complement or replace the therapeutic effects of oxaliplatin. Codonopis bulleynana Forest ex Diels (cbFeD) has wide range of pharmacological effects, including anticancer effects. In the present study, the anticancer activity of cbFeD and its potential molecular mechanisms were investigated. In vitro, cell counting kit8 assays and flow cytometry were used to assess the antiproliferation and apoptosispromoting activities of cbFeD. Transmission electron microscopy was used to monitor the autophagic vesicles. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the nuclear translocation of p65 and the fluorescence of microtubuleassociated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) BII. The protein expression levels of p65, inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)κB (IκB) a, LC3BI, LC3BII and Beclin1 were detected using western blot analysis. In vivo, the antitumor effect of cbFeD was assessed in colon cancerbearing nude mice as a model. H&E staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed, with oxaliplatin set as a positive control. The results showed that cbFeD inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in a dosedependent manner. The effects of a high dose of cbFeD on colon cancer cells were similar to those of oxaliplatin. In HCT116 and SW480 cells, cbFeD inhibited the expression of IκBα, LC3BI/II and Beclin1, and the results of western blot analysis and immunofluorescence showed that, in the cells treated with cbFeD, p65 gradually entered nuclei in a dosedependent manner, and the expression of LC3BII was gradually reduced. The results of the acridine orangestaining and electron microscopy demonstrated fewer autophagic vesicles in the highdose cbFeD group and the oxaliplatin group. The high dose of cbFeD reversed the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a p65inhibitor, on the expression of p65, LC3BI, LC3BII and Beclin1, and on the production of autophagic vacuoles. The high dose of cbFeD and oxaliplatin also suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. The results of the H&E and IHC staining confirmed the inhibition of autophagy (LC3 and Beclin1) and activation of p65 by treatment with the high dose of cbFeD and oxaliplatin. Taken together, cbFeD exhibited an antitumor effect in colon cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy through activation of the NFκB pathway. Therefore, cbFeD may be a promising Chinese herbal compound for development for use in cancer therapy.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Autofagia , Codonopsis/química , Neoplasias del Colon/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinogénesis/patología , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Tiocarbamatos/farmacología , Vacuolas/efectos de los fármacos , Vacuolas/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate the production of p-hydroxymethylphenol-beta-D-glucoside (gastrodin) through biotransformation by plant cell suspension cultures. METHODS: Using cell suspension cultures of Datura stramonium to convert the exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin was conducted and the converted compounds were separated with a combination of multi-chromatography. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. RESULTS: The conversion procedure of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin by Datura stramonium cell suspension cultures was established. The synthesized gastrodin (II) was isolated from the fermental liquor and identified by spectral analysis. At the same time, the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (I) converted through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension cultures of Datura stramonium was also isolated and identified. Two compounds were also isolated from the cell cultures and they were identified as beta-D-furanoallulose (III) and n-butyloxystyryl-beta-D-pyranoallulose (IV). CONCLUSION: Datura stramonium grown in suspension cultures can convert exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into the corresponding gastrodin.
Asunto(s)
Benzaldehídos/metabolismo , Datura stramonium/metabolismo , Glucósidos/biosíntesis , Alcoholes Bencílicos/aislamiento & purificación , Alcoholes Bencílicos/metabolismo , Biotransformación , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Células Cultivadas , Datura stramonium/citología , Glucósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Tallos de la Planta/citología , Plantas Medicinales/citología , Plantas Medicinales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The conversion of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to p-hydroxy-methyl-phenol-beta-D-glucoside (gastrodin) was studied by using cell suspension culture of Datura tatula L. The chemical structure of this synthesized gastrodin was identified based on the spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The conversion procedure of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin by D. tatula L. cell suspension cultures was established. The synthesized gastrodin (II) was isolated from the ferment liquor and identified by spectral analysis. At the same time, the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (I) converted through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension cultures of D. tatula L. was also isolated and identified. The efficiency of glucosylation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was remarkably enhanced by adding salicylic acid (0.1 mg/L) and keeping the lower pressure (0.001MPa) in 25L airlift loop bioreactor. The biotransformation of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to gastrodin by cell suspension culture of D. tatula L. is a promising approach.