Unraveling molecular mechanistic disparities in pathogenic visceral Leishmania resistance between reptiles and mammals through comparative transcriptomic analyses.

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important neglected tropical parasitic diseases, manifesting various clinical forms depending on the parasite species and the genetic background of the host. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of reptilian defense against pathogenic Leishmania species and to delineate the global gene expression profile alterations during host-pathogen interaction, we established experimental animal and cell models using both heterothermic lizards (Phrynocephalus przewalskii) and homothermic mammals (BALB/c mice) infected with pathogenic Leishmania infantum (high virulence HCZ strain) and Leishmania donovani (low virulence 801 strain). Overall, the lizards didn't show any obvious clinical symptoms or immune responses in vivo. Using RNA-seq methodology, differentially expressed genes identified in the HCZ and 801-comparison groups of P. przewalskii were primarily associated with arginine biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In contrast, higher parasite loads, exacerbated hepatic inflammatory lesions and enhanced immune responses were observed in BALB/c mice, with DEGs predominantly associated with immunological diseases, innate and adaptive immune responses. By integrating transcriptional data from reptile and mammalian hosts, we elucidated the pivotal role of amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in parasite control. In contrast to findings from animal experiments, Leishmania parasites effectively infected peritoneal macrophages of lizards in vitro, demonstrating a high infection rate. Furthermore, we used RT-qPCR to detect changes in cytokine expression in macrophages and found that Th1-type cytokines were significantly upregulated in lizards, facilitating the clearance of the HCZ strain 24 hours post-infection. Conversely, cytokine expression was generally suppressed in BALB/c mice, allowing immune evasion by the parasites.

Genotype-phenotype correlation of SQSTM1 variants in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Several variants of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) were screened in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), while the pathogenicity and genotype-phenotype correlation remains unclear. METHODS: We screened variants of SQSTM1 gene in 2011 Chinese patients with ALS and performed a burden analysis focusing on the rare variants. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of patients with variants of SQSTM1 gene in patients with ALS from our cohort and published studies. RESULTS: In our cohort, we identified 32 patients with 25 different SQSTM1 variants with a mutant frequency of 1.6%. Notably, 26% (5/19) of the patients with ALS with SQSTM1 variant in our cohort had comorbid cognitive impairment and 43% (3/7) of them had behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Our meta-analysis found a total frequency of SQSTM1 variants in 7183 patients with ALS was 2.4%; burden analysis indicated that patients with ALS had enrichment of ultra-rare (minor allele frequency<0.01%) probably pathogenic variants in SQSTM1. Most variants were missense variants and distributed in various domains of p62 protein, some of which might be related to comorbidities of Paget's disease of bone and FTD. CONCLUSION: Our study established the largest cohort of patients with ALS with SQSTM1 variants, expanded the mutation spectrum and investigated the genotype-phenotype correlations of SQSTM1 variants.

Effect of Hesperidin on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Related Depression in Rats through Gut-Brain Axis Pathway.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pharmacological impact of hesperidin, the main component of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, on depressive behavior and elucidate the mechanism by which hesperidin treats depression, focusing on the gut-brain axis. METHODS: Fifty-four Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly allocated to 6 groups using a random number table, including control, model, hesperidin, probiotics, fluoxetine, and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium groups. Except for the control group, rats in the remaining 5 groups were challenged with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 21 days and housed in single cages. The sucrose preference test (SPT), immobility time in the forced swim test (FST), and number in the open field test (OFT) were performed to measure the behavioral changes in the rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain tissue, and the histopathology was performed to evaluate the changes of colon tissue, together with sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene on feces to explore the changes of intestinal flora in the rats. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the rats in the model group showed notable reductions in body weight, SPF, and number in OFT (P<0.01). Hesperidin was found to ameliorate depression induced by CUMS, as seen by improvements in body weight, SPT, immobility time in FST, and number in OFT (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Regarding neurotransmitters, it was found that at a dose of 50 mg/kg hesperidin treatment upregulated the levels of 5-HT and BDNF in depressed rats (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the colon tissue of the model group exhibited greater inflammatory cell infiltration, with markedly reduced numbers of goblet cells and crypts and were significantly improved following treatment with hesperidin. Simultaneously, the administration of hesperidin demonstrated a positive impact on the gut microbiome of rats treated with CUMS, such as Shannon index increased and Simpson index decreased (P<0.01), while the abundance of Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota increased in the hesperidin-treated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The mechanism responsible for the beneficial effects of hesperidin on depressive behavior in rats may be related to inhibition of the expressions of BDNF and 5-HT and preservation of the gut microbiota.

Earliest evidence of avian primary feather moult.

Feather moulting is a crucial process in the avian life cycle, which evolved to maintain plumage functionality. However, moulting involves both energetic and functional costs. During moulting, plumage function temporarily decreases between the shedding of old feathers and the full growth of new ones. In flying taxa, a gradual and sequential replacement of flight feathers evolved to maintain aerodynamic capabilities during the moulting period. Little is known about the moult strategies of non-avian pennaraptoran dinosaurs and stem birds, before the emergence of crown lineage. Here, we report on two Early Cretaceous pygostylian birds from the Yixian Formation (125 mya), probably referable to Confuciusornithiformes, exhibiting morphological characteristics that suggest a gradual and sequential moult of wing flight feathers. Short primary feathers interpreted as immature are symmetrically present on both wings, as is typical among extant flying birds. Our survey of the enormous collection of the Tianyu Museum confirms previous findings that evidence of active moult in non-neornithine pennaraptorans is rare and likely indicates a moult cycle greater than one year. Documenting moult in Mesozoic feathered dinosaurs is critical for understanding their ecology, locomotor ability and the evolution of this important life-history process in birds.

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-short in patients with cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and measurement invariance (MI) of the Chinese version of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-short (CERQ-short) in cancer patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 505 cancer patients from mainland China. In addition to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the CERQ-short and the distress thermometer were included in the study measures. RESULTS: Item analysis indicated a promising result. And the results of CFA indicated that the CERQ-short demonstrated satisfactory factorial validity in cancer patients. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between 0.663 and 0.910, while McDonald's omega coefficients were between 0.664 and 0.910. The CERQ-short had sufficient convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity among cancer patients. Lastly, MI supported that the CERQ-short demonstrated strong measurement equivalence across gender, residence and age. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the Chinese version of the CERQ-short has convincing psychometric properties and MI, which supports its use in cancer patients.

Assessment of the molecular mechanism in fish using eugenol as anesthesia based on network pharmacology.

Eugenol is a commonly used fish anesthetic, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood. This study employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation to explore the anesthetic targets of eugenol in fish. Initially, 63 potential targets for eugenol anesthesia were identified using databases such as SwissTarget, TargetNet, GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD. The DAVID database was utilized to analyze the GO functions and KEGG pathways of these targets, revealing 384 GO enrichment terms and 43 KEGG pathways. These terms involved neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, and synaptic transmission. Subsequently, AutodockTools software facilitated molecular docking with targets in the KEGG pathway for "neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction." The results showed that eugenol had a strong affinity with these proteins. Concurrently, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on the proteins with the top four lowest binding energies (Cnr1, Oprk1, Nr3c1, and Chrm5a) in the presence of eugenol. The eugenol-protein complexes remained stable and equilibrated within the dynamic environment. The results indicated that eugenol-anesthesia might affect membrane receptors, neurotransmitters, and ion signaling. This study elucidates the anesthetic mechanism of eugenol, enriches the primary data on fish anesthesia, and offers new analytical tools for understanding the action mechanisms of fishery drugs.

The effectiveness of positive psychological interventions for patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of positive psychological interventions on quality of life, positive psychological outcomes and negative psychological outcomes in patients with cancer. BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer often suffer from various psychological problems and have a poor quality of life. Positive psychological interventions have been increasingly applied to patients with cancer, but the results of these studies have not been synthesized. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials according to PRISMA. METHODS: Six English databases and four Chinese databases were searched from the inception to December 2022. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. RevMan was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials examined the effects of positive psychological interventions including meaning therapy, dignity therapy, positive psychotherapy, mindfulness- based intervention, life review, expressive writing intervention, acceptance and commitment psychotherapy, attention and interpretation therapy, compassion training and spiritual therapy on patients with cancer. Positive psychological interventions significantly improved the quality of life, enhanced positive psychological outcomes including well-being, meaning of life, self-esteem, optimism, resilience and self-efficacy and alleviated negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety and hopelessness. However, the heterogeneity of some outcomes was rather high, due to the wide diversity of the interventions included. CONCLUSION: Positive psychological interventions have potentially positive effects on improving quality of life, enhancing positive psychological outcomes and alleviating negative psychological outcomes in patients with cancer. However, due to the heterogeneity and the lack of follow-up studies, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm the results of our review and to clarify the long-term effects of positive psychological interventions. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: As feasible psychological interventions, healthcare professionals can consider applying appropriate positive psychological interventions according to the condition of cancer patients. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with various gene mutations show diverse motor phenotypes and survival in China.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Genetic factors have a substantial impact on ALS. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the correlation between genotype (SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, C9orf72) and phenotype in ALS. METHODS: Genetic analysis was performed on 2038 patients with ALS, among which 1696 patients with sporadic ALS (SALS) as controls for genotype-phenotype analysis, and 1602 SALS as controls for survival analysis. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 172 patients with ALS with the gene mutations were included in the statistical analysis (SOD1, n=65; FUS, n=43; TARDBP, n=27; C9orf72, n=37). SOD1 mutations were more frequent in flail leg phenotype (OR 7.317, p=0.001) and less in bulbar phenotype (OR 0.222, p=0.038). C9orf72 expansions exhibited higher frequency in bulbar phenotype (OR 2.770, p=0.008). SOD1 and FUS mutations were significantly associated with earlier age of onset (HR 2.039, p<0.001; HR 1.762, p=0.001). The patients with SOD1 mutations, C9orf72 expansions and those carrying pathogenic FUS mutations had significantly increased death risk (HR 2.217, p<0.001; HR 1.694, p=0.008; HR 1.652, p=0.036). The increased risk of death in ALS with C9orf72 expansions was significant in females (HR 2.419, p=0.014) but not in males (HR 1.442, p=0.128). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed distinct motor phenotypic tendencies in patients with ALS with different genotypes, indicating variations in the vulnerability of motor neurons during the disease's progression. Furthermore, we made novel discoveries regarding survival of different gene mutations, warranting further investigation.

Natural polysaccharides regulate intestinal microbiota for inhibiting colorectal cancer.

The gastrointestinal tract is an important part of the human immune system. The gut microbiome, which constitutes a major component of the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological functions and influences the development, diagnosis, and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer (CRC). Natural polysaccharides can be extracted from animals, plants, and traditional Chinese medicines. They serve as an essential energy source for the gut microbiome, promoting probiotic proliferation and regulating the intestinal microecological balance. Moreover, polysaccharides exhibit anti-tumor effects due to their immune regulatory functions and low toxicity. This review focuses on discussing these anti-tumor effects in CRC, along with improving gut microbiome dysbiosis and regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, providing evidence for effective therapeutic strategies against CRC.

The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy and the age of smoking initiation on incident dementia: A prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of early-life tobacco exposure on dementia has remained unknown. METHODS: Using the UK Biobank, the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) and age of smoking initiation (ASI) with the onset time of all-cause dementia were estimated with accelerated failure time models. The effects of MSDP and ASI on brain structure and their genetic correlation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) were analyzed. A Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The time ratios for smokers starting in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (vs never smokers) were 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99), 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96), and 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01). MSDP and smoking in adolescence altered many brain regions, including the hippocampus. In genetic analysis, MSDP was genetically and causally linked to AD, and a younger ASI was genetically correlated to a higher AD risk. DISCUSSION: Early-life smoking accelerated dementia onset and was genetically correlated to AD. MSDP demonstrated genetic and causal linkage to AD risks. HIGHLIGHTS: Unlike the commonly used Cox proportional hazards model, this article uses a parametric survival analysis method - the accelerated failure model - to explore the relationship between exposure to onset time. It can be used as an alternative method when the proportional hazards assumption is not met. Genetic analyses including genetic correlation study and MR analysis and brain structure analyses were conducted to support our findings and explore the potential mechanisms. The study reveals the relationship between different smoking initiation periods and the onset time of dementia and shows that earlier smoking exposure has a more significant impact on dementia. It emphasizes the importance of preventing early smoking. In the future, more research focusing on the relationship between early exposure and dementia is called for to provide more detailed prevention measures for dementia that cover all age groups.

Sleep characteristics and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is on the rise in our aging society, making it crucial to identify additional risk factors to mitigate its increasing incidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide updated evidence regarding the association between sleep and AD. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases from inception to July 2023 to identify longitudinal studies. Adjusted relative risks were pooled for each sleep characteristic, and a dose-response analysis was performed specifically for sleep duration. RESULTS: A total of 15,278 records were initially retrieved, and after screening, 35 records were ultimately included in the final analysis. The results showed that insomnia (RR, 1.43; 95%CI, 1.17-1.74), sleep-disordered breathing (RR, 1.22; 95%CI, 1.07-1.39), as well as other sleep problems, including sleep fragmentation and sleep-related movement disorders, were associated with a higher risk of developing AD, while daytime napping or excessive daytime sleepiness (RR, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.00-1.40) only exhibited a trend toward a higher risk of AD development. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a significant association between self-reported sleep problems (RR, 1.34; 95%CI, 1.26-1.42) and the incidence of AD, whereas this association was not observed with sleep problems detected by objective measurements (RR, 1.14; 95%CI, 0.99-1.31). Moreover, both quite short sleep duration (< 4 h) and long duration (> 8 h) were identified as potential risk factors for AD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found the association between various types of sleep problems and an increased risk of AD development. However, these findings should be further validated through additional objective device-based assessments. Additional investigation is required to establish a definitive causal connection between sleep problems and AD.

Predictors for survival in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a large comprehensive meta-analysis.

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing as the population ages, and patients with AD have a poor prognosis. However, knowledge on factors for predicting the survival of AD remains sparse. Here, we aimed to systematically explore predictors of AD survival. We searched the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases for relevant literature from inception to December 2022. Cohort and case-control studies were selected, and multivariable adjusted relative risks (RRs) were pooled by random-effects models. A total of 40,784 reports were identified, among which 64 studies involving 297,279 AD patients were included in the meta-analysis after filtering based on predetermined criteria. Four aspects, including demographic features (n = 7), clinical features or comorbidities (n = 13), rating scales (n = 3) and biomarkers (n = 3), were explored and 26 probable prognostic factors were finally investigated for AD survival. We observed that AD patients who had hyperlipidaemia (RR: 0.69) were at a lower risk of death. In contrast, male sex (RR: 1.53), movement disorders (including extrapyramidal signs) (RR: 1.60) and cancer (RR: 2.07) were detrimental to AD patient survival. However, our results did not support the involvement of education, hypertension, APOE genotype, Aß42 and t-tau in AD survival. Our study comprehensively summarized risk factors affecting survival in patients with AD, provided a better understanding on the role of different factors in the survival of AD from four dimensions, and paved the way for further research.

Safety evaluation of single-sperm cryopreservation technique applied in intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a technique that directly injects a single sperm into the cytoplasm of mature oocytes. Here, we explored the safety of single-sperm cryopreservation applied in ICSI. This retrospective study enrolled 186 couples undergoing ICSI-assisted pregnancy. Subjects were allocated to the fresh sperm (group A)/single-sperm cryopreservation (group B) groups based on sperm type, with their clinical baseline/pathological data documented. We used ICSI-compliant sperm for subsequent in vitro fertilization and followed up on all subjects. The recovery rate/cryosurvival rate/sperm motility of both groups, the pregnancy/outcome of women receiving embryo transfer, and the delivery mode/neonatal-related information of women with successful deliveries were recorded. The clinical pregnancy rate, cumulative clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, premature delivery rate, live birth delivery rate, neonatal birth defect rate, and average birth weight were analyzed. The two groups showed no significant differences in age, body mass index, ovulation induction regimen, sex hormone [anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/luteinizing hormone (LH)] levels, or oocyte retrieval cycles. The sperm recovery rate (51.72%-100.00%) and resuscitation rate (62.09% ± 16.67%) in group B were higher; the sperm motility in the two groups demonstrated no significant difference and met the ICSI requirements. Group B exhibited an increased fertilization rate, decreased abortion rate, and increased safety versus group A. Compared with fresh sperm, the application of single-sperm cryopreservation in ICSI sensibly improved the fertilization rate and reduced the abortion rate, showing higher safety.

Synthetic analysis of trophic diversity and evolution in Enantiornithes with new insights from Bohaiornithidae.

Enantiornithines were the dominant birds of the Mesozoic, but understanding of their diet is still tenuous. We introduce new data on the enantiornithine family Bohaiornithidae, famous for their large size and powerfully built teeth and claws. In tandem with previously published data, we comment on the breadth of enantiornithine ecology and potential patterns in which it evolved. Body mass, jaw mechanical advantage, finite element analysis of the jaw, and traditional morphometrics of the claws and skull are compared between bohaiornithids and living birds. We find bohaiornithids to be more ecologically diverse than any other enantiornithine family: Bohaiornis and Parabohaiornis are similar to living plant-eating birds; Longusunguis resembles raptorial carnivores; Zhouornis is similar to both fruit-eating birds and generalist feeders; and Shenqiornis and Sulcavis plausibly ate fish, plants, or a mix of both. We predict the ancestral enantiornithine bird to have been a generalist which ate a wide variety of foods. However, more quantitative data from across the enantiornithine tree is needed to refine this prediction. By the Early Cretaceous, enantiornithine birds had diversified into a variety of ecological niches like crown birds after the K-Pg extinction, adding to the evidence that traits unique to crown birds cannot completely explain their ecological success.

The birds living in the world today are only a small part of the larger bird family tree. Around 120 to 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs and other large reptiles roamed the world, the ancestors of modern-day birds were actually rather rare. Instead, another now extinct group of birds called the Enantiornithes (meaning "opposite birds") were the most common birds. Many researchers believe that Enantiornithes may have filled similar roles in ancient ecosystems as living birds do today. For example, some may have hunted other birds or animals, while some may have eaten only plants. Some may have specialized at eating a few specific foods while others may have been 'generalists' that ate many different foods. However, some of the physical features of Enantiornithes set them apart from modern-day birds. For example, unlike living birds, Enantiornithes had teeth and their wings were also constructed very differently. Previous studies suggest that one group of these extinct birds most likely ate insects and another group most likely ate fish, but it remains unclear what variety of foods opposite birds as a whole may have consumed. Miller et al. compared the jaws, claws and various other physical features of fossils from six additional species of opposite birds with the skeletons of modern birds to infer what the diets of these opposite birds may have been. This approach revealed that Enantiornithes may have had a wide variety of different diets. The researchers found that two species probably ate plants, another species most likely ate meat, and another one likely ate a mixture of both. With a large sample across Enantiornithes, Miller et al. were able to predict the diet of their common ancestor. They found the common ancestor to most likely be a 'generalist' eating variety of foods and that some species subsequently evolved to have more specialist diets. Opposite birds probably played many different roles in ecosystems, like living birds do today. Therefore, a better understanding how Enantiornithes evolved may shed light on the factors that have influenced the evolution of modern-day birds. This may aid future conservation efforts to target birds whose descendants may be able to take up the ecological roles of other species that go extinct.

Transcriptomic profiling revealed immune-related signaling pathways in response to experimental infection of Leishmania donovani in two desert lizards from Northwest China.

Little is known about the immune response of lizards to Leishmania parasties. In this study, we conducted the first liver transcriptome analysis of two lizards (Phrynocephalus przewalskii and Eremias multiocellata) challenged with L. donovani, endemic to the steppe desert region of northwestern China. Our results revealed that multiple biological processes and immune-related signaling pathways are closely associated with the immune response to experimental L. donovani infection in the two lizards, and that both lizards show similar changes to mammals in terms of immunity to Leishmania. However, the interspecific divergence of the two lizards leads to different transcriptomic changes. In particular, in contrast to P. przewalskii, the challenged E. mutltiocellata was characterized by the induction of down-regulation of most DEGs. These findings will contribute to the scarce resources on lizard immunity and provide a reference for further research on immune mechanisms in reptiles.

Exploring aromatic components differences and composition regularity of 5 kinds of these 4 aroma types Phoenix Dancong tea based on GC-MS.

Different aromatic components do indeed give different tea flavors. There is still little research on whether there is a certain regularity in the combination and content of aromatic components in different aroma types of Phoenix Dancong (PDC) tea. This potential regularity may be a key factor in unraveling the relationship between reproduction and evolution in PDC tea. Here, the 5 kinds of these 4 aroma types PDC tea (Zhuye, Tuofu, Jianghuaxiang, Juduo, Yashixiang) were used as research materials in this study, the headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the aromatic components of these PDC teas. The results showed a total of 36 aromatic components identified in this study. When conducting cluster analysis, it was found that similarity degree arrangement sequence of 5 PDC teas was Juduo, Tuofu, Yashixiang, Zhuye and Jianghuaxiang. Among these aromatic components, the 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, the 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-,(Z)-, the 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, the 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-Octatrien-3-ol, and the 2-Furanmethanol,5-ethenyltetrahydro-.alpha.,.alpha.,5-trimethyl-,cis- are common to 5 PDC teas. This study aims to elucidate the similarities in the aromatic components of 5 PDC teas, revealing the major aroma-endowed substances of various aroma, and providing theoretical reference for further exploring the relationship between aroma type discrimination, variety selection, and evolution of PDC teas.

Systemic inflammation and risk of Parkinson's disease: A prospective cohort study and genetic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple evidence has suggested the complex interplay between Parkinson's disease (PD) and systemic inflammation marked by C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Nevertheless, the findings across studies have shown inconsistency, and the direction of the effect remains controversial. Here, we aimed to explore the link between CRP and IL-6 and the risk of PD. METHODS: Based on data from the UK Biobank, we investigated the association between baseline CRP and IL-6 and the risk of incident PD with Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. We further performed extensive genetic analyses including genetic correlation, polygenic risk score (PRS), and pleiotropic enrichment based on summary statistics from previous genome-wide association studies. RESULTS: A higher level of CRP at baseline was associated with a lower risk of PD (HR = 0.85, 95 % CI: 0.79-0.90, P = 4.23E-07). The results remained consistent in the subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age and body mass index. From the genetic perspective, a significant negative genetic correlation was identified between CRP and PD risk (correlation: -0.14, P = 6.31E-05). Higher PRS of CRP was associated with a lower risk of PD (P = 0.015, beta = -0.04, SE = 0.017). Moreover, we observed significant pleiotropic enrichment for PD conditional on CRP, and identified 13 risk loci for PD, some of which are implicated in immune functionality and have been linked to PD, including CTSB, HNF4A, PPM1G, ACMSD, and NCOR1. In contrast, no significant association was identified between IL-6 and PD. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic inflammation at baseline measured by CRP level is associated with decreased future risk of PD. These discoveries contribute to a deeper comprehension of the role of inflammation in the risk of PD, and hold implications for the design of therapeutic interventions in clinical trials.

Fossil evidence sheds light on sexual selection during the early evolution of birds.

The impact of sexual selection on the evolution of birds has been widely acknowledged. Although sexual selection has been hypothesized as a driving force in the occurrences of numerous morphological features across theropod evolution, this hypothesis has yet to be comprehensively tested due to challenges in identifying the sex of fossils and by the limited sample size. Confuciusornis sanctus is arguably the best-known early avialan and is represented by thousands of well-preserved specimens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol lagerstätte, which provides us with a chance to decipher the strength of sexual selection on extinct vertebrates. Herein, we present a morphometric study of C. sanctus based on the largest sample size of this taxon collected up to now. Our results indicate that the characteristic elongated paired rectrices is a sexually dimorphic trait and statistically robust inferences of the sexual dimorphism in size, shape, and allometry that have been established, providing the earliest known sexual dimorphism in avian evolution. Our findings suggest that sexual selection, in conjunction with natural selection, does act upon body size and limb length ratio in early birds, thereby promoting a deeper understanding of the role of sexual selection in large-scale phylogenetic evolution.

The effects of hospice care education on first-year undergraduate nursing students in mainland China: A mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: With the rising number of people with end-stage chronic diseases, the demand for hospice care has increased dramatically. As the future health professionals for the implementation of hospice care, undergraduate nursing students in mainland China still lack knowledge and skills of hospice care, thus hospice care education plays a vital role in its development. OBJECTIVES: To understand the effects of hospice care education on nursing students' death attitudes, end-of-life attitudes, humanistic care qualities, and their learning experiences. DESIGN: This study used a mixed-methods design. SETTING: A University of Chinese Medicine in mainland China. PARTICIPANTS: The first-year undergraduate nursing students (n = 65). METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a hospice care course from March to June 2021. The quantitative part included a quasi-experimental study designed with pre- and post-intervention measurements and the qualitative part included a descriptive qualitative study with semi-structured individual interviews. RESULTS: The quantitative data revealed that after the course, nursing students experienced improvements in their death attitudes, end-of-life attitudes, and humanistic care qualities. Two categories were identified from the qualitative data. The category of "Gain from learning" included 4 themes (Confronting death and thinking about life; Understanding and agreeing with the idea of hospice care; Perceiving the humanistic spirit of medicine; Enhancing of the nursing discipline cognition and professional identity) and the category of "Course feedback" included 2 themes (Expressing recognition for the course arrangement; Making suggestions on the course optimization). CONCLUSIONS: Hospice care education had a positive influence on nursing students. Students expressed satisfaction with the course arrangement. However, future hospice care courses should further optimize the curriculum designs by increasing the discussion of death-related topics, sharing more real clinical cases, recruiting students from different majors, and providing clinical practice, to provide high-quality nursing education for the development of hospice care.