[The comprehensive studies of Hermetia illucens larvae protein's biological value].

A high protein content in the insect biomass allows to classify this product as a very promising source of protein, comparable in nutritional and biological value with proteins of animal origin. Despite a long history of safe use, in some countries insects are considered a new type of food which safety must be proven before entering the food market. The long-term Russian experience in novel food's research allows to identify the crucial stages, among which, along with toxicological and allergological tests, the protein's biological value determination takes an important place. The conclusion about the biological value of protein is formed on the basis of integrated use of chemical and biological methods, which gist comes down to the study of the nitrogen balance in the growing organism (biological method) and the calculation of the amino acid score (chemical method). The aim of the research was the comprehensive assessment of Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae protein's biological value using chemical and biological methods. Material and methods. Biological studies based on measuring of net protein ratio/net protein utilization were performed on 28 growing (between 25-50 days of life) male Wistar rats, with an initial body weight of ~65.5±1.2 g. Rats in the control group (n=14) received a semi-synthetic casein diet with a protein content of ~12% in calories, the test group (n=14) received a diet including an equivalent amount of H. illucens protein. The diet's ingredients were replaced with the consideration of the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates content in the included product following the principle of isocaloricity and isonitrogenicity (by mass fraction of total nitrogen). H. illucens biomass and casein in the test and control groups, respectively, were the main significant sources of nitrogen in the diet. Body weight, feed intake, and fecal and urine nitrogen losses were measured during the experiment. The biological value and digestibility of protein were judged by coefficients of protein efficiency ratio, net protein ratio, true protein digestibility, true protein biological value, true net protein utilization. Chemical studies included studies of the amino acid composition of H. illucens biomass protein and calculation of the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). Results. The general condition of animals of the both groups during the whole experiment was satisfactory, the weekly body weight increase corresponded to the level of growth typical for Wistar rats, intergroup differences were not detected. Despite the fact that in a number of indicators the test group animals differed from the control [there were noted a decrease of the net protein ratio (by 5%, p>0.05), true protein digestibility (by 11%, p<0.05), net protein utilization (by 13%, p<0.05), caused by increased excretion of nitrogen with urine (by 8%, p>0.05) and feces (by 186%, p<0.05), with the same amount of nitrogen intake], the test rats' growth rate and the nitrogen's retention degree indicate a relatively high biological value of insect protein. According to the DIAAS, H. illucens protein is characterized by high content of histidine, threonine, valine, isoleucine and leucine (DIAAS=100 and more), and is also a source of sulfur-containing amino acids - methionine and cysteine (DIAAS=86) and lysine (DIAAS=97). Conclusion. The comprehensive studies of Hermetia illucens larvae protein's biological value demonstrated a high protein content, its balanced amino acid composition and high biological value, which allows to consider Hermetia illucens as a potential source of complete dietary protein.

[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

Effect of Metabolic Stress on Lysosomal Proteolysis in the Liver and Brain of Rats Receiving Q10-Enriched Ration.

Activation of lysosomal proteolysis and increased coenzyme Q10 level were revealed in the liver and brain of rats with individual typological features under conditions of food deprivation. Changes in cathepsin B activity in these tissues were different in behaviorally active and passive animals. We observed indirect modulating effect of coenzyme Q10 in the regulation of activity of lysosomal endopeptidases in the brain of animals with different behavior during adaptation to metabolic stress.

Effect of Metabolic Stress on Coenzyme Q10 Content in Tissues of Active and Passive Rats.

The dynamics of coenzyme Q10 concentration in the blood plasma, liver, and brain of passive and active rats was studied on the model of metabolic stress. This parameter was shown to differ in rats with various patterns of behavior. Dietary consumption of coenzyme Q10 in doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight was followed by changes in its content in experimental animals.

Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Proteomic Profile of Rat Brain Amygdala during Acute Metabolic Stress.

Differences in the proteomic profiles of the brain amygdala in rats with different prognostic resistance to stress were found on the model of metabolic stress. Differential expression of tropomodulin-2, GTP-binding protein SAR1, peroxiredoxin-2, calcineurin B homologous protein 1, Ras-related protein Rab-14, glutathione S-transferase omega-1, Tcrb protein, and NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8 (mitochondrial) was shown to depend on the behavioral pattern of animals and stage of the study. Specific features were observed in the involvement of the amygdala in the stress response of specimens with various behavioral characteristics.

[Modern trends of research in nutritiology and nutrition hygiene].

Advances in instrumental analysis and new knowledge in biology and medicine have allowed nutritiology and nutrition hygiene: 1) to go from studies of dietary intake of the population and the establishment of standards nutrient and energy needs to ensuring of public health and prevention of diseases by changing the composition and structure of nutrition; 2) to assume that the nutrition includes all the processes of cell and organism vital functions; 3) to develop an individualized nutrition and dietetics purposeful; 4) to evaluate energy value of ontogeny; 5) to ensure food safety at all stages of its manufacture; 6) to combine many disciplines into a single unit to achieve scientific and practical problems. Nutritiology achievements of the 21st century will be based on the development of cell biology as a basis for systematic studies of ontogenetic development of a unicellular or multicellular organism on the external factors, including food. OMICs-disciplines should be used for these purposes in order to understand the physiological meaning of transmission and coding signals to food interaction of genes, proteins, metabolites inside cells or in the organism, to reveal the mechanisms of encoding cell responses to these specific interactions. The nutrition process covers all aspects of life of the cell and organism. Postnatal ontogenetic development of placental mammals has its own specific energy dimension. Consumption of 100 kJ/kg body weight provides 1/50,000 of their ontogeny. A hypothesis of lifespan regulating by changing the rate of ontogenetic development (aging) of organs and tissues of mammals, depending on the amount of energy consumed and food has been offered. Heterochronicity of internal organs and tissues aging depends on the work they are doing and the specific impact on them of food and substances. Research should be directed at identifying the regulatory properties of food substances on pre- and postnatal ontogenetic development of human. This knowledge will serve as a basis for the development of care to ensure the health of the population.

Assessment of the impact of genetically modified LibertyLink® maize on reproductive function and progeny development of Wistar rats in three generations.

This publication presents the assessment of the impact of genetically modified (GM) LibertyLink® maize on reproductive function, prenatal and postnatal progeny development of Wistar rats over three generations. The animals were divided into two groups, which were fed with rodent diet with inclusion of GM LibertyLink® ('test' group) and non-GM near-isogenic counterpart ('control' group) maize varieties. The maize was included into the diet at maximum possible level (between 32 and 33%) not causing nutritional imbalance or metabolic disturbance for the experimental animals. Data analysis showed no impact of LibertyLink® maize on the animals' fertility: the observed mating efficiency in both groups was within the normal expected range values under the given experiment conditions. The comparison of progeny prenatal development in the generations F0-F2 has not shown any differences between the groups. Analysis of the physical development of the F0-F2 progeny or pups body weight and length progress did not show any abnormalities. The average number of pups per litter in the control and test groups was within the expected range of variations. Therefore, the results should be considered as direct evidence of the lack of any reproductive toxicity of LibertyLink® maize (a.k.a. T25 maize).

[The separate and combined effects of calcium pantothenate deficiency and cadmium intoxication on rat reproductive function].

The publication presents investigation evaluated of separate and combined effects of calcium pantothenate deficiency and cadmium (Cd2+) intoxication on rat reproductive function. The experi-ments were performed on 280 adult and 890 offspring of Wistar rats. Reproductive function was estimated by fertility study, prenatal and postnatal development of offspring. The separate and combined effects of and cadmium intoxication during the mating period and pregnancy had no effect on fertility and fecundity of rats, pre-and postimplantation loss, the survival of offspring, and not caused the abnormal development of skeleton and internal organs. However, in prenatal ontogeny of this effect was manifested by lower body weight and fetal growth, postnatal - underdevelopment of rat pups in all morphological and functional studied parameters and increasing number of stillbirths in the offspring.

[The effect of fatty component of diet and coenzyme Q10 on rat sufficiency with vitamins-antioxidans in chronic experiments].

The full replacement of fatty component of a diet (10% of feed mass, sunflower-seed oil and lard 1:1) on enriched with alpha-tocopherol acetate fish oil or on linen oil under additional coenzyme Q10 intake (100 mg per 1 kg body weight) within 12 months led to a significant vitamin A blood serum decrease on 23-31%, 2-2,8 fold fall of vitamin E blood serum level and vitamin C rat liver diminution due to significant dehydroascorbic acid reduction on 28-45%. In both cases, the intensification of POL was not observed. The use of palm-oil as a fatty component led to a significant vitamin A blood serum decrease on 31%, but didn't effect on all other investigated parameters. The deterioration of antioxidant status indexes (MDA in blood serum and liver and diene conjugates in serum), observed after 3 months of the additional PUFA omega-3 introduction into the diet under coenzyme Q10 intake, after the 12-month use of modified diet leveled. Age increase of vitamin A blood serum concentration in rats fed diets with high PUFA omega-3 content was 2-fold higher and amounted to 68-78% compared to 31-33% in the control group of rats and rats treated with palm oil. Alpha-Tocopherol serum content was significantly increased in all groups with increasing of rats age. 8,9 fold elevation was observed in the group of animals treated with linseed oil, and 2,5-3,2 fold in all other groups. The conclusion about the necessity of supplementary intake of vitamin E or a complex of vitamins-antioxidants under enrichment of a diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been done.

[Assessment of the impact of GMO of plant origin on rat progeny development in 3 generations].

The publication presents the results of assessment of impact of genetically modified (GM) maize Liberty Link on prenatal and postnatal development of progeny of 3 generations of Wistar rats. A total of 630 adult animals and 2837 pups were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into 5 groups which got the diets with inclusion of maize: the animals of the experimental group got the diet with the GM-maize, animals of the control group - with near isogenic conventional analogue of the GM-maize, animals of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd reference groups - conventional varieties of maize ROSS 144 MV, ROSS 197 MVW, Dokuchayevskaya 250 MV respectively. The maize was included in the diet at maximum possible level not violating the balance of basic nutrients. Analysis of the data obtained during the study did not reveal any impact of GM-maize on rat progeny development.

[A comparative effect of the experimental diet on growth and development of rats].

There are presented the results of a comparative assessment of the semi-synthetic casein diet, traditionally used by Institute of Nutrition RAMS, and the AIN-93 purified diet, offered by the American Institute of Nutrition, on growth and development of rats. A total of 60 male Wistar rats were used at 90-days experiment, rats were divided into two groups: first group received the semi-synthetic casein diet, the second group--AIN-93 diet. Analysis of integral, hematological and biochemical parameters revealed some differences between groups, but values of all studied parameters were within the physiological norm for Wistar rat. Based on the results of this experiment were suggested a new formulation of a diet for laboratory animals.

[Effect of genetically modified plants on the development of rat progeny].

The paper presents the results of evaluating the effect of genetically modified (GM) maize on the prenatal and postnatal development of rat progeny in three generations. An experiment used 280 adult rats (160 females and 120 males) and 1545 infant rats of the first month of life. The animals were divided into 2 groups: 1) those given a diet including GM maize (an experimental group); 2) those fed on its isogenic control (a control group). The maize was included into the diet in maximally possible amount that did not impair the balance of essential nutrients (31.4% caloric value). Analysis of the data obtained from studies of the prenatal (preimplantation and postimplantation death and fetal somatometric parameters) and postnatal (physical development, survival, changes in somatometric parameters) development of rat offspring revealed no effect of GM maize as compared to the isogenic control. All the parameters were in the normal physiological range typical of the animals of this species and age. Thus, dietary intake of the given amount of GM maize had no impact on rat progeny development.

[Medical and biological safety assessment of genetically modified soybean event MON 89788. Report 1. Toxicologo-hygienic examinations].

The results of toxicologo-hygienic examinations, which were conducted within the framework of integrated medical and biological assessment of genetically modified second generation soybean event MON 89788, are presented. Analysis of morphological, hematological, biochemical parameters and system (sensitive) biomarkers has not confirmed any toxic effect of soybean event MON 89788.

[Effect of dietary fats and supplementary coenzyme Q10 on vitamin provision in animals].

The full replacement of fatty component of a diet (sunflower-seed oil and lard 1:1) on enriched with alpha-tocopherol acetate fish oil under additional coenzyme Q10 intake led to the strengthening of lipid peroxidation (LP) and to some decrease of vitamins A and E level in liver and blood serum whereas replacement by linen oil was accompanied by the expressed deterioration of these vitamins sufficiency, but didn't influence on the LP intensity. The use of palm-oil as a fatty component didn't effect on the investigated parameters. The influences of a fatty component on vitamins B1 and B2 level in rat liver and blood serum has not revealed.

[Effect of carrageenan on indices of protein biological value and assimilability].

Influence of different levels of dietary carrageenan (0.2; 0.6, 2% with 18% casein) after 4 weeks in rats on coefficients of biological value (PER, NPR, NPUtr u BVtr) and digestibility (Dtr) of protein, microflore in cecum and morphometric data in distal part of small intestine were studied. There were found adverse changes of coefficients of biological value (NPUtr, BVtr) and digestibility (Dtr) after 2% dose of carrageenan. Chandes in microflore of cecum and worse of morphometric data in small intestine were observed.

[Dietary fiber: terms and definition].

The article tells about principal of classification of Dietary Fiber (DF), DF is defined as nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants. The represent review reports on methods to determine content DF in foods.

[Medical and biological assessment of genetically modified corn line MON 810 resistant to European corn borer and line GA 21 resistant to glyphosate: a chemical study]. / Mediko-biologicheskaia otsenka geneticheski modifitsirovannoi kukuruzy linii MON 810, ustoichivoi k steblevomu motyl'ku, i linii GA 21, ustoichivoi k glifosatu: khimicheskii sostav.

Chemical analysis of genetically modified corns MON 810 resistance to European corn borer and GA 21 tolerance to glyphosphate was performed. Results of these studies showed that there is no difference between genetically modified and conventional corn products.

[The biological value of the proteins of dairy products with varying contents of lactose]. / Biologicheskaia tsennost' belkov molochnykh produktov s razlichnym soderzhaniem laktozy.

In experiments on growing Wistar male rats biological value of proteins was estimated in 5 milk products containing proteins: "Detolact", "Humana O", "Novolact MM", lactalbumin and "Dialact" containing from 17 to 58% of lactose. The final level of lactose in the ration (7% of protein by mass) varied from 4.4 to 30.6%. The parameters of protein biological value in the tested products did not significantly differ from those of the control protein (casein) that has proved the validity of using rats for investigation of biological value of proteins in the rations containing up to 30% of lactose.

[The biological value and assimilability of the proteins of the Guinea bean and its compositions with rice proteins]. / Izuchenie biologicheskoi tsennosti i usvoiaemosti belkov gvineiskoi fasoli i ee kompozitsii s belkami risa.

Experiments were conducted in rats. It was established that colored bean produced a higher inhibitory effect on the rat growth than white bean. The effect of mutual enrichment of proteins was recorded when proteins of bean and rice were combined in the ratio calculated and tested in rats. To the authors' opinion, this phenomenon has not only scientific but also practical importance.