Zeolitic imidazole framework-derived rich-Zn-Co3O4/N-doped porous carbon with multiple enzyme-like activities for synergistic cancer therapy.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-centered chemodynamic therapy (CDT) holds significant potential for tumor-specific treatment. However, insufficient endogenous H2O2 and extra glutathione within tumor microenvironment (TME) severely deteriorate the CDT's effectiveness. Herein, rich-Zn-Co3O4/N-doped porous carbon (Zn-Co3O4/NC) was fabricated by two-step pyrolysis, and applied to build high-efficiency nano-platform for synergistic cancer therapy upon combination with glucose oxidase (GOx), labeled Zn-Co3O4/NC-GOx for clarity. Specifically, the multiple enzyme-like activities of the Zn-Co3O4/NC were scrutinously investigated, including peroxidase-like activity to convert H2O2 to O2∙-, catalase-like activity to decompose H2O2 into O2, and oxidase-like activity to transform O2 to O2∙-, which achieved the CDT through the catalytic cascade reaction. Simultaneously, GOx reacted with intracellular glucose to produce gluconic acid and H2O2, realizing starvation therapy. In the acidic TME, the Zn-Co3O4/NC-GOx rapidly caused intracellular Zn2+ pool overload and disrupted cellular homeostasis for ion-intervention therapy. Additionally, the Zn-Co3O4/NC exhibited glutathione peroxidase-like activity, which consumed glutathione in tumor cells and reduced the ROS consumption for ferroptosis. The tumor treatments offer some constructive insights into the nanozyme-mediated catalytic medicine, coupled by avoiding the TME limitations.

Machine Learning Analysis Classifies Patients with Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Using Abnormal Brain White Matter Function.

Objective: Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a globally prevalent, irreversible eye disease leading to blindness. Previous neuroimaging studies demonstrated that PACG patients were associated with gray matter function changes. However, whether the white matter(WM) function changes in PACG patients remains unknown. The purpose of the study is to investigate WM function changes in the PACG patients. Methods: In total, 40 PACG patients and 40 well-matched HCs participated in our study and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans. We compared between-group differences between PACG patients and HC in the WM function using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF). In addition, the SVM method was applied to the construction of the PACG classification model. Results: Compared with the HC group, ALFF was attenuated in right posterior thalamic radiation (include optic radiation), splenium of corpus callosum, and left tapetum in the PACG group, the results are statistically significant (GRF correction, voxel-level P < 0.001, cluster-level P < 0.05). Furthermore, the SVM classification had an accuracy of 80.0% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 for distinguishing patients with PACG from HC. Conclusion: The findings of our study uncover abnormal WM functional alterations in PACG patients and mainly involves vision-related regions. These findings provide new insights into widespread brain damage in PACG from an alternative WM functional perspective.

Exploring the Roles of Single Atom in Hydrogen Peroxide Photosynthesis.

This comprehensive review provides a deep exploration of the unique roles of single atom catalysts (SACs) in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. SACs offer multiple benefits over traditional catalysts such as improved efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility due to their distinct electronic structure and unique properties. The review discusses the critical elements in the design of SACs, including the choice of metal atom, host material, and coordination environment, and how these elements impact the catalytic activity. The role of single atoms in photocatalytic H2O2 production is also analysed, focusing on enhancing light absorption and charge generation, improving the migration and separation of charge carriers, and lowering the energy barrier of adsorption and activation of reactants. Despite these advantages, several challenges, including H2O2 decomposition, stability of SACs, unclear mechanism, and low selectivity, need to be overcome. Looking towards the future, the review suggests promising research directions such as direct utilization of H2O2, high-throughput synthesis and screening, the creation of dual active sites, and employing density functional theory for investigating the mechanisms of SACs in H2O2 photosynthesis. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of single atom catalysts for advancing the field of photocatalytic H2O2 production.

Pathways to Next-Generation Fire-Safe Alkali-Ion Batteries.

High energy and power density alkali-ion (i.e., Li+ , Na+ , and K+ ) batteries (AIBs), especially lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are being ubiquitously used for both large- and small-scale energy storage, and powering electric vehicles and electronics. However, the increasing LIB-triggered fires due to thermal runaways have continued to cause significant injuries and casualties as well as enormous economic losses. For this reason, to date, great efforts have been made to create reliable fire-safe AIBs through advanced materials design, thermal management, and fire safety characterization. In this review, the recent progress is highlighted in the battery design for better thermal stability and electrochemical performance, and state-of-the-art fire safety evaluation methods. The key challenges are also presented associated with the existing materials design, thermal management, and fire safety evaluation of AIBs. Future research opportunities are also proposed for the creation of next-generation fire-safe batteries to ensure their reliability in practical applications.

A Liquid Metal Microdroplets Initialized Hemicellulose Composite for 3D Printing Anode Host in Zn-Ion Battery.

Maintaining a steady affinity between gallium-based liquid metals (LM) and polymer binders, particularly under continuous mechanical deformation, such as extrusion-based 3D printing or plating/stripping of Zinc ion (Zn2+ ), is very challenging. Here, an LM-initialized polyacrylamide-hemicellulose/EGaIn microdroplets hydrogel is used as a multifunctional ink to 3D-print self-standing scaffolds and anode hosts for Zn-ion batteries. The LM microdroplets initiate acrylamide polymerization without additional initiators and cross-linkers, forming a double-covalent hydrogen-bonded network. The hydrogel acts as a framework for stress dissipation, enabling recovery from structural damage due to the cyclic plating/stripping of Zn2+ . The LM-microdroplet-initialized polymerization with hemicelluloses can facilitate the production of 3D printable inks for energy storage devices.

Effect of shape deprivation on retinal thickness in myopic mice using an OCT method.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to study in retina thickness changes in myopic mice using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: There were 18 mice in the form-deprivation myopia (FDM) group，in which the left eye was not treated as a control;18 untreated mice served as a normal control group. The diopter of all mice was measured 21 days after birth (P21), before form deprivation. After 4 weeks of form deprivation (P49), the refraction, fundus, and retinal sublayer thickness of all mice were measured. Results: After 4 weeks of form deprivation, the refractive power of the right eye in the FDM group was significantly higher than that in the left eye (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in the refractive power of the left eye in the FDM group compared with the normal control group. The retina, nerve fiber layer (NFL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the right eye of the FDM group were significantly thinner than those of both the FDM and control groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in photoreceptor (PR). Conclusion: Our study highlights that the myopic mice have decreased R thickness, which might reflect the potential pathological mechanism of myopia.

Altered functional connectivity between the default mode network in diabetic retinopathy patients.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have demonstrated that diabetic retinopathy is associated with cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic functional connectivity pattern within the default mode network (DMN) and its associations with cognitive impairment in diabetic retinopathy patients using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). METHODS: A total of 34 diabetic retinopathy patients and 37 healthy controls were recruited for rs-fMRI scanning. Both groups were age, gender, and education level matched. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was chosen as the region of interest for detecting functional connectivity changes. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy control group, diabetic retinopathy patients showed increased functional connectivity between PCC and left medial superior frontal gyrus and increased functional connectivity between PCC and right precuneus. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights that diabetic retinopathy patients show enhanced functional connectivity within DMN, suggesting that a compensatory increase of neural activity might occur in DMN, which offers new insight into the potential neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in diabetic retinopathy patients.

Artificial intelligence method based on multi-feature fusion for automatic macular edema (ME) classification on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images.

Purpose: A common ocular manifestation, macular edema (ME) is the primary cause of visual deterioration. In this study, an artificial intelligence method based on multi-feature fusion was introduced to enable automatic ME classification on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images, to provide a convenient method of clinical diagnosis. Methods: First, 1,213 two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional OCT images of ME were collected from the Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital between 2016 and 2021. According to OCT reports of senior ophthalmologists, there were 300 images with diabetic (DME), 303 images with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 304 images with retinal-vein occlusion (RVO), and 306 images with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Then, traditional omics features of the images were extracted based on the first-order statistics, shape, size, and texture. After extraction by the alexnet, inception_v3, resnet34, and vgg13 models and selected by dimensionality reduction using principal components analysis (PCA), the deep-learning features were fused. Next, the gradient-weighted class-activation map (Grad-CAM) was used to visualize the-deep-learning process. Finally, the fusion features set, which was fused from the traditional omics features and the deep-fusion features, was used to establish the final classification models. The performance of the final models was evaluated by accuracy, confusion matrix, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Compared with other classification models, the performance of the support vector machine (SVM) model was best, with an accuracy of 93.8%. The area under curves AUC of micro- and macro-averages were 99%, and the AUC of the AMD, DME, RVO, and CSC groups were 100, 99, 98, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: The artificial intelligence model in this study could be used to classify DME, AME, RVO, and CSC accurately from SD-OCT images.

Altered synchronous neural activities in retinal vein occlusion patients: A resting-state fMRI study.

Objective: Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy, which is the main cause of vision loss. Retinal vein occlusion might lead to macular edema, causing severe vision loss. Previous neuroimaging studies of patients with RVO demonstrated that RVO was accompanied by cerebral changes, and was related to stroke. The purpose of the study is to investigate synchronous neural activity changes in patients with RVO. Methods: A total of 50 patients with RVO and 48 healthy subjects with matched sex, age, and education were enrolled in the study. The ReHo method was applied to investigate synchronous neural activity changes in patients with RVO. Results: Compared with HC, patients with RVO showed increased ReHo values in the bilateral cerebellum_4_5. On the contrary, patients with RVO had decreased ReHo values in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus, right cerebelum_crus1, and right inferior temporal gyrus. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that patients with RVO were associated with abnormal synchronous neural activities in the cerebellum, middle occipital gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus. These findings shed new insight into neural mechanisms of vision loss in patients with RVO.

Disrupted interhemispheric functional connectivity in primary angle-closure glaucoma: a functional MRI study: voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity in primary angle-closure glaucoma patients.

The purpose of the study is to use the voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) technique to explore the pattern of the interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). The interhemispheric functional connectivity was compared between 31 individuals with PACG and 31 healthy controls closely matched with sex, age, and educational level using the VMHC technique. Significant differences in VMHC between two groups were selected to be classification features for classifying individuals with PACG from healthy controls using the support vector machine algorithm of the machine learning. We used the permutation test analysis to assess the classification performance. In addition, the Pearson analysis was applied to explore the relationship between changed VMHC and clinical varieties in patients with PACG. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with PACG exhibited significantly lower VMHC signal values in the right calcarine, right cuneus, right superior occipital gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus [voxel level: P < 0.001, Gaussian random field correction, cluster level: P < 0.05]. Moreover, the results displayed that the total accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the machine learning classification were 0.758, 0.710, and 0.807, respectively (P < 0.001, nonparametric permutation test). The findings demonstrated that there is disturbed interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity in the vision-related brain areas of individuals with PACG; and the VMHC variability can classify individuals with PACG from healthy controls with high accuracy, which provided novel evidence for understanding the neuropathological mechanism of PACG.

Ultrastable Zinc Anode Enabled by CO2-Induced Interface Layer.

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs), being safe, inexpensive, and pollution-free, are a promising candidate for future large-scale sustainable energy storage. However, in a conventional AZIBs setup, the Zn metal anode suffers oxidative corrosion, side reactions with electrolytes, disordered dendrite growth during operation, and consequently low efficiency and short lifespan. In this work, we discover that purging CO2 gas into the electrolyte could address these issues by eliminating dissolved O2, inhibiting side reactions by buffering the local pH change, and preventing dendrite growth by inducing the in situ formation of a ZnCO3 solid electrolyte interphase layer. Moreover, the CO2-purged electrolyte could enable a highly reversible plating/stripping behavior with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.97% and an ultralong lifespan of 32,000 cycles (1600 h) even under an ultrahigh current density of 40 mA cm-2. Consequently, the CO2-purged symmetrical cells deliver long cycling stability at a high depth of discharge of 57%, while the CO2-purged Zn/V2O5 full cells exhibit outstanding capacity retention of 66% after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A g-1. Our strategy, the simple introduction of CO2 gas into the electrolyte, could effectively mediate the zinc anode's critical issues and provide a scalable and cost-effective pathway for the commercialization of AZIBs.

Spontaneous internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm complicated with ischemic stroke in a young man: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Carotid artery pseudoaneurysm (PSA) is infrequently encountered in clinical settings. Internal carotid artery (ICA) PSA complicated with ischemic stroke is rare. PSAs are typically caused by iatrogenic injury, trauma, or infection. The underlying mechanisms of spontaneous PSA formation are not well characterized. We report a healthy young man who presented with stroke as a complication of spontaneous PSA of the left ICA. CASE SUMMARY: A 30-year-old man working as a ceiling decoration worker was hospitalized due to sudden-onset speech disorder and right lower extremity weakness. Medical history was unremarkable. Brain computed tomography revealed ischemic stroke. Digital subtraction angiography showed a left ICA PSA with mild stenosis. The patient was conservatively managed with oral anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. He recovered well and was discharged. The patient was in good condition during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The occupational history of patient should be taken into consideration while evaluating the etiology of spontaneous ICA PSA in young people with stroke.

Machine learning analysis reveals abnormal functional network hubs in the primary angle-closure glaucoma patients.

Background: Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a serious and irreversible blinding eye disease. Growing studies demonstrated that PACG patients were accompanied by vision and vision-related brain region changes. However, whether the whole-brain functional network hub changes occur in PACG patients remains unknown. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the brain function network hub changes in PACG patients using the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) method. Materials and methods: Thirty-one PACG patients (21 male and 10 female) and 31 healthy controls (HCs) (21 male and 10 female) closely matched in age, sex, and education were enrolled in the study. The DC method was applied to investigate the brain function network hub changes in PACG patients. Moreover, the support vector machine (SVM) method was applied to distinguish PACG patients from HC patients. Results: Compared with HC, PACG patients had significantly higher DC values in the right fusiform, left middle temporal gyrus, and left cerebelum_4_5. Meanwhile, PACG patients had significantly lower DC values in the right calcarine, right postcentral gyrus, left precuneus gyrus, and left postcentral gyrus. Furthermore, the SVM classification reaches a total accuracy of 72.58%, and the ROC curve of the SVM classifier has an AUC value of 0.85 (r = 0.25). Conclusion: Our results showed that PACG patients showed widespread brain functional network hub dysfunction relative to the visual network, auditory network, default mode network, and cerebellum network, which might shed new light on the neural mechanism of optic atrophy in PACG patients.

Altered Temporal Dynamics of the Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations in Comitant Exotropia Patients.

Purpose: Growing evidence reported that patients with comitant exotropia (CE) were accompanied by static cerebral neural activity changes. However, whether the dynamic time-varying of neural activity changes in patients with CE remains unknown. Methods: A total of 36 patients with CE (25 men and 11 women) and 36 well-matched healthy controls are enrolled in the study. The dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) combined with the sliding window method was used to assess the dynamic neural activity changes in patients with CE. Results: Compared with HCs, patients with CE had decreased dALFF values in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) and right precuneus gyrus (PreCUN). Moreover, we found that the dALFF maps showed an accuracy of 48.61% and an area under the curve of.54 for distinguishing the patients with CE from HCs. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that patients with CE showed altered dynamic neural activity changes in the right SPL and right PreCUN, which might indicate the neuropathological mechanism of stereoscopic dysfunction in patients with CE.

Cytomembrane-Inspired MXene Ink with Amphiphilic Surfactant for 3D Printed Microsupercapacitors.

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based hydrogels have been widely utilized as the ink for extrusion-based 3D printing in various electronics. However, the viscosity of the hydrogel ink is not high enough to maintain the self-supported structure without architectural deformation. It is also difficult to tune the microstructure of the printed devices using a low-viscosity hydrogel ink. Herein, by mimicking a phospholipid bilayer in a cytomembrane, the amphiphilic surfactant nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E9) was incorporated into MXene hydrogel. The incorporation of C12E9 offers amphiphilicity to the MXene flakes and produces a 3D interlinked network of the MXene flakes. The 3D interlinked network offers a high-viscosity, homogenized flake distribution and enhanced printability to the ink. This ink facilitates the alignment of the MXene flakes during extrusion as well as the formation of the aligned micro- and sub-microsized porous structures, leading to the improved electrochemical performance of the printed microsupercapacitor. This study provides an example for the preparation of microelectronics with tunable microstructures.

The Effect of Long-Term Menstrual Pain on Large-Scale Brain Network in Primary Dysmenorrhea Patients.

Purpose: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common gynecological disease, characterized by crampy and suprapubic pain occurring with menses. Growing evidences demonstrated that PD patients were associated with abnormalities in brain function and structure. However, little is known regarding whether the large-scale brain network changes in PD patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term menstrual pain on large-scale brain network in PD patients using independent component analysis (ICA) method. Methods: Twenty-eight PD patients (female, mean age, 24.25±1.00 years) and twenty-eight healthy controls (HCs) (mean age, 24.46±1.31 years), closely matched for age, sex, and education, underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging scans. ICA was applied to extract the resting-state networks (RSNs) in two groups. Then, two-sample t-tests were conducted to investigate different intranetwork FCs within RSNs and interactions among RSNs between two groups. Results: Compared to the HC group, PD patients showed significant increased intra-network FCs within the auditory network (AN), sensorimotor network (SMN), right executive control network (RECN). However, PD patients showed significant decreased intra-network FCs within ventral default mode network (vDMN) and salience network (SN). Moreover, FNC analysis showed increased VN-AN and decreased VN-SMN functional connectivity between two groups. Conclusion: Our study highlighted that PD patients had abnormal brain networks related to auditory, sensorimotor and higher cognitive network. Our results offer important insights into the altered large-scale brain network neural mechanisms of pain in PD patients.

The Predictive Values of Changes in Local and Remote Brain Functional Connectivity in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Patients According to Support Vector Machine Analysis.

Purpose: The primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is an irreversible blinding eye disease in the world. Previous neuroimaging studies demonstrated that PACG patients were associated with cerebral changes. However, the effect of optic atrophy on local and remote brain functional connectivity in PACG patients remains unknown. Materials and Methods: In total, 23 patients with PACG and 23 well-matched Health Controls (HCs) were enrolled in our study and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scanning. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) method and functional connectivity (FC) method were used to evaluate the local and remote brain functional connectivity. Moreover, support vector machine (SVM) method was applied to constructing PACG classification model. Results: Compared with the HC, PACG patients showed increased ReHo values in right cerebellum (CER)_8, left CER_4-5, and right CER_8. In contrast, PACG patients showed decreased ReHo values in the bilateral lingual gyrus (LING)/calcarine (CAL)/superior occipital gyrus (SOG) and right postcentral gyrus (PostCG). The ReHo value exhibited an accuracy of 91.30% and area under curve (AUC) of 0.95 for distinguishing the PACG patients from HC. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the PACG patients showed abnormal ReHo value in the cerebellum, visual cortex, and supplementary motor area, which might be reflect the neurological mechanisms underlying vision loss and eye pain in PACG patients. Moreover, the ReHo values can be used as a useful biomarker for distinguishing the PACG patients from HCs.

Decreased spontaneous brain activity in the dorsal visual pathway in age-related macular degeneration patients revealed by fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual loss in the developed world and damages the central retina. Growing evidences demonstrated that AMD patients were associated with brain structure changes in visual pathway. However, it remains unknown whether alterations of spontaneous brain activity changes occur in AMD patients. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of central vision loss on spontaneous brain activity in AMD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventeen AMD patients and 17 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state MRI scans. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) was applied to investigate the spontaneous brain activity changes in AMD patients. RESULTS: Compared with HC group, AMD patients showed significant decreased fALFF values in the right calcarine/cuneus (brodmann area 17,8) and right superior parietal lobule (brodmann area 7). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that AMD patients had decreased brain activities in the dorsal visual pathway, which offer important insights into the neural mechanisms of central visual field defect in AMD patients.

The predictive value of local to remote functional connectivity changes in comitant exotropia patients.

BACKGROUND: Comitant exotropia (CE) is a common eye disease with abnormal eye movement, whereas altered synchronous neural activity in CE patients is poorly understood. The purpose of our study was to investigate local to remote functional connectivity of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals changes in CE patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients and thirty-four healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state MRI scans. The ReHo and FC method was applied to investigate the local to remote functional connectivity changes in CE patients. RESULTS: Compared to the HC group, CE patients showed significant increased ReHo values in the left cerebellar_crus2 and left middle frontal gyrus. Meanwhile, CE patients showed significant decreased ReHo values in the right middle temporal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus and right angular. Moreover, CE patients showed an increased FC between the cerebellar network, sensorimotor network (SMN) and default-mode network (DMN). The support vector machine (SVM) classification was up to a total accuracy of 94.12%. The AUC of the classification model was 0.99 on the basis of ReHo map. CONCLUSION: Our result highlights that CE patients had abnormal local to remote functional connectivity in the cerebellar network, SMN, DMN, which might indicate the neural mechanism of eye movements and stereo vision dysfunction in CE patients. Moreover, the SVM algorithm reveals ReHo maps as a potential biomarker for predicting clinical outcomes in CE patients.

Scalable Spray Drying Production of Amorphous V2 O5 -EGO 2D Heterostructured Xerogels for High-Rate and High-Capacity Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries.

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising in stationary grid energy storage due to their advantages in safety and cost-effectiveness, and the search for competent cathode materials is one core task in the development of ZIBs. Herein, the authors design a 2D heterostructure combining amorphous vanadium pentoxide and electrochemically produced graphene oxide (EGO) using a fast and scalable spray drying technique. The unique 2D heterostructured xerogel is achieved by controlling the concentration of EGO in the precursor solution. Driven by the improved electrochemical kinetics, the resultant xerogel can deliver an excellent rate capability (334 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 ) as well as a high specific capacity (462 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 ) as the cathode material in ZIB. It is also shown that the coin cell constructed based on spray-dried xerogel can output steady, high energy densities over a broad power density window. This work provides a scalable and cost-effective approach for making high performance electrode materials from cheap sources through existing industrialized materials processing.