[Solid Tumors With Cold Agglutinins:Report of Two Cases and Literature Review].

Cold agglutinins(CA),autoantibodies against the antigen I or i on the surface of red blood cells,are mainly of IgM class,and the majority have κ light chains.They can lead to red blood cell agglutination at decreased body temperature and are usually associated with infections,drug reactions,autoimmune diseases,and hematological malignancies.However,solid tumors with CA are rare.We reported two cases of CA in the peripheral blood of patients with solid tumors.Peripheral complete blood cell count of the patients at admission showed reduced erythrocyte count and hematocrit,mismatching between erythrocyte count and hemoglobin,abnormally elevated levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration.Peripheral blood smear showed erythrocyte aggregation.After the sample was preheated at 37 ℃ for 30 min,the reversibility of red blood cell aggregation was observed,and the erythrocyte parameters were corrected.

Risk Factors for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Extradural Spine Surgery: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is 1 of the common complications of spine surgery and is largely caused by intraoperative or postoperative dural tears. Associations of different factors with postoperative CSF leakage have not been consistent. In this study we aimed to identify demographic, disease-related, and surgical risk factors for CSF leakage after extradural spine surgery in a systematic review and meta-anlysis. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Wanfang data, Chinese Weipu Database, and SinoMed databases were searched from inception until October 24, 2022. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The quality of observational studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale instrument. RESULTS: A total of 15 observational studies with 1,719,923 participants were included in this systematic review. All studies had a Newcastle-Ottawa scale score greater than or equal to 6. Age older than 70 years, smoking, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, adhesion of spinal dura, spinal canal stenosis, cervical fracture, spondylolisthesis, revision surgery, and multiple surgical segments were all related to CSF leakage in the pooled analysis. Obesity and disease duration>1 year were not associated with the leakage of CSF. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide a reference for the identification of patients at high risk of developing CSF leakage, which suggests clinicians to strengthen the observation of drainage fluid in high-risk groups.

The clinical value of three-dimensional measurement in the diagnosis of thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is a major cause of thoracic myelopathy, which is often accompanied by multiple segmental stenosis or other degenerative spinal diseases. However, in the above situations, it is difficult to determine the exact segment responsible. The objective of this study was to analyze three-dimensional (3D) radiological parameters in order to establish a novel diagnostic method for discriminating the responsible segment in OLF-induced thoracic myelopathy, and to evaluate its superiority compared to the conventional diagnostic methods. METHODS: Eighty-one patients who underwent surgery for thoracic myelopathy caused by OLF from 2016 to 2020 were enrolled in this study as the myelopathy group, and 79 patients who had thoracic OLF but displayed no definite neurological signs from 2018 to 2020 were enrolled as the non-myelopathy group. We measured the one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and 3D radiological parameters, calculated their optimal cutoff values, and compared their diagnostic values. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the 1D, 2D, and 3D radiological parameters between the myelopathy and non-myelopathy groups (P<0.01). As a 3D radiological parameter, the OLF volume (OLFV) ratio (OLFV ratio = OLFV/normal canal volume × 100%) was the most accurate parameter for diagnosing OLF-induced thoracic myelopathy, with a diagnostic coincidence rate of 88.1%. We also found that an OLFV ratio of 26.3% could be used as the optimal cutoff value, with a sensitivity of 87.7% and a specificity of 88.6%. Moreover, the OLFV ratio [area under the curve (AUC): 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86-0.95] showed a statistically higher diagnostic value than the 1D and 2D parameters (AUC: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67-0.81; AUC: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.89, respectively) (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis illustrated that the OLFV ratio was significantly negatively correlated with preoperative modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score (r=-0.73, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.60, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the superiority of the OLFV ratio over the conventional 1D and 2D computed tomography (CT)-based radiological parameters for the diagnosis of OLF-induced thoracic myelopathy. The novel diagnostic method based on the OLFV ratio will help to determine the responsible segment in multi-segmental thoracic OLF or when thoracic OLF coexists with other degenerative spinal diseases. The OLFV ratio also accurately reflects the clinical state of symptomatic patients with thoracic OLF.

Variations of mean sensitivity of tree rings in Asia and their influencing factors.

Mean sensitivity (MS) of tree ring is a key index representing the sensitivity of tree rings to climate. Understanding the variation of MS and its influencing factors at a large area is helpful to understand the interaction between tree growth and climate. We used 573 tree-ring width chronologies in Asia from the International Tree Ring Date Bank (ITRDB) to examine the variation of tree-ring sensitivity and potential influencing factors. The results showed that the MS of trees was high in the arid regions and cold regions. Precipitation was more important than temperature in diriving MS. Consistent with the pattern of up-down-up for precipitation, MS showed a down-up-down fluctuation with increasing altitude, indicating that precipitation affected by altitude was a key climate factor for the MS. MS had great difference due to different physiological traits among tree species. Light-adapted species, such as Juniperus przewalskii and Pinus gerardiana, had high MS due to drought tole-rance. Shade-adapted species, such as Picea and Abies, had low MS. Old trees may have high MS.

Protective effects of apigenin on LPS-induced endometritis via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Endometritis is a puzzling disease that often associates with severe pelvic pain. In this study, we aimed to detect whether apigenin had protective effect against LPS-induced endometritis, if so, the underlying mechanism was further investigated. Apigenin was administrated 1 h before LPS treatment. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. The expression of NF-κB and Nrf2 were detected by Western blot analysis. The results showed that LPS treatment induced severe histological alteration of uterus and this change was attenuated by the treatment of apigenin. Apigenin significantly attenuated LPS-induced MPO activity, MDA content, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß production. LPS-induced NF-κB activation was suppressed by apigenin. Furthermore, apigenin elevated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in uterine tissues. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that apigenin protected against LPS-induced endometritis through activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Correlated non-nuclear COX2 and low HER2 expression confers a good prognosis in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: COX2 and HER2 are shown to be critical in the regulation of cancer progression. However, the prognostic value of nuclear COX2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its relationship with HER2 still remains unknown. In this study, the expression and biological significance of COX2 and HER2 were evaluated in CRC at mRNA and protein levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RNA-Seq data of CRC were downloaded from TCGA, and 229 CRC and 50 non-cancerous subjects were enrolled in this study. Bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry analysis was performed based on the obtained data. Survival analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with overall survival of CRC patients. RESULTS: We showed that mRNA and protein levels of COX2 and HER2 were upregulated in CRC compared with the adjacent tissues. COX2 protein levels and nuclear COX2 expression were correlated with a poor prognosis of CRC patients. In addition, we also revealed that nuclear COX2 expression was positively associated with HER2 expression. Non-nuclear COX2 combined with low HER2 expression, was negatively correlated with Duke's stage and lymph node metastasis, predicting the best outcomes for CRC patients. In addition, our data indicated that non-nuclear COX2 combined with low HER2 expression is an independent prognostic factor for CRC after surgical resection. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that nuclear COX2 in combination with HER2 can serve as potential biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of CRC, and targeted inhibition of COX2 and HER2 might be an alternative strategy for the management of CRC.

[Research advances in dendrochronology].

Tree-ring studies in China have achieved great advances since the 1990s, particularly for the dendroclimatological studies which have made some influence around the world. However, because of the uneven development, limited attention has been currently paid on the other branches of dendrochronology. We herein briefly compared the advances of dendrochronology in China and of the world and presented suggestions on future dendrochronological studies. Large-scale tree-ring based climate reconstructions in China are highly needed by employing mathematical methods and a high quality tree-ring network of the ring-width, density, stable isotope and wood anatomy. Tree-ring based field climate reconstructions provide potentials on explorations of climate forcings during the reconstructed periods via climate diagnosis and process simulation.

Cervical disc arthroplasty with ProDisc-C artificial disc: 5-year radiographic follow-up results.

BACKGROUND: Cervical disc arthroplasty is an alternative surgery to standard cervical decompression and fusion for disc degeneration. Different types of cervical disc prosthesis are used in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiographic outcomes of cervical arthroplasty using the ProDisc-C prosthesis. METHODS: Radiographic evaluation, including static and dynamic flexion-extension lateral images, was performed at baseline and at final follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty six patients who had single-level ProDisc-C arthroplasty were followed up for a mean period of 63 months (56-76 months). The range of motion at the operated level was 9.3°±3.7° at baseline and 7.3°±3.5° at final follow-up, with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Seventeen of 26 levels (65.4%) developed heterotopic ossification: three were classified as grade II, 13 were classified as grade III, and 1 as grade IV, according to McAfee's classification. Forty nine adjacent segments were evaluated by lateral X-ray and 18 (36.7%) segments developed adjacent segment degenerations. CONCLUSIONS: ProDisc-C arthroplasty had acceptable radiographic results at 5-year follow-up. The range of motion was preserved. However, more than 60% of the patients developed heterotopic ossification.

Comparison of adjacent segment degeneration five years after single level cervical fusion and cervical arthroplasty: a retrospective controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical arthroplasty is indicated to preserve cervical motion and prevent accelerated adjacent segment degeneration. Whether accelerated adjacent segment degeneration is prevented in the long term is unclear. This trial compared adjacent segment degeneration in Bryan disc arthroplasty with that in anterior cervical decompression and fusion five years after the surgery. METHODS: We studied patients with single level degenerative cervical disc disease. The extent of adjacent segment degeneration was estimated from lateral X-rays. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients underwent single level Bryan disc arthroplasty and twenty-four patients underwent single level anterior cervical decompression and fusion. All patients were followed up for an average of sixty months. In the Bryan arthroplasty group, nine (17.6%) segments developed adjacent segment degeneration, which was significantly lower than that (60.4%) in the anterior cervical decompression and fusion group. Eleven segments in the Bryan arthroplasty group developed heterotopic ossification according to McAfee's classification and two segments had range of motion less than 2°. In the heterotopic ossification group, four (19.5%) segments developed adjacent segment degeneration, similar to the number in the non-heterotopic ossification group (16.7%). Adjacent segment degeneration rate was 50% in grade IV group but 11.8% in grade II to III. CONCLUSIONS: Adjacent segment degeneration was accelerated after anterior cervical decompression and fusion. However, Bryan disc arthroplasty avoided accelerated adjacent segment degeneration by preserving motion. Patients with grade IV heterotopic ossification lost motion, and the rate of adjacent segment degeneration was higher than that in patients without heterotopic ossification.

Initial Progression-Free Survival after Non-First Line TKIs Therapy Potentially Guides Immediate Treatment after Its Failure in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The standard therapy after failure of the initial non-first line epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not yet been established. The aim of the current study was to identify whether the 2(nd) TKI treatment or chemotherapy (paclitaxel-containing or non-paclitaxel regimen) is the appropriate treatment for patients with NSCLC based on the efficacy of the initial TKIs. METHODS: Seventy-two advanced NSCLC patients who had accepted 2(nd) TKIs or chemotherapy immediately after failure of the initial TKIs in non-first line setting from May 1, 2004 to January 31, 2010 at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were enrolled. The primary endpoint [2(nd) progression-free survival (PFS)] and the second endpoint [overall survival (OS)] were compared among the 2(nd) TKI and chemotherapy groups as well as their subgroups. RESULTS: (1) Twenty-one patients were treated with 2(nd) TKIs, and 51 patients were administered chemotherapy after failure of the initial non-first line TKI treatment. There was nonsignificant difference in the responses (P=0.900) [2(nd) PFS (P=0.833) and OS (P=0.369)] between the 2(nd) TKI and chemotherapy groups. (2) In the 2(nd) TKI group, 9 patients exhibited PFS≥7 months. The initial TKI treatment group exhibited a longer 2(nd) PFS than the other 12 patients with an initial PFS<7 months (7 months vs. 2 months, P=0.019). However, these groups had nonsignificantly different OS (P=0.369). (3) In the chemotherapy group, patients with PFS<5 months exhibited longer 2(nd) PFS than those with PFS ≥ 5 months in the initial TKI treatment (3 months vs. 2 months, P=0.039). (4) In the chemotherapy group, patients treated with paclitaxel-containing regimen showed longer 2(nd) PFS than those treated with non-paclitaxel regimen (5 months vs. 2.3 months, P=0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PFS≥7 months or <5 months under the initial TKI treatment potentially benefit from the 2(nd) TKI treatment or chemotherapy immediately after failure of the non-first line TKIs. The paclitaxel-containing regimen may improve the 2(nd) PFS. However, more patient samples are urgently needed to validate these findings.

Short-term outcomes of cetuximab combined with standard chemotherapy as first line setting for Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a report of 12 cases.

Cetuximab combined with chemotherapy has been used to treat Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in recent years, however, the data from China was rare. This study was to summarize our experiences in treating NSCLC patients with cetuximab in the first line setting. From October 1st 2006 to Jun 30th 2010, twelve NSCLC patients were treated with cetuximab combined standard chemotherapy as first line setting in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center entered the study and the short-term efficacy and safety were analyzed. A total of 132 cycles of cetuximab treatment, with a median of nine cycles in the whole group were administered. The ORR was 41.7% (5/12), DCR was 83.3% (10/12), median TTP was 5.5 months (2-23), and median OS was 9 months (2-48) in the whole group. There were 75% (9/12) patients occurred acne-like rash within first 3 weeks, their ORR was 55.6% (5/9), DCR was 100% (9/9), however, ORR and DCR in patients who didn't occurred acne-like rash within first 3 weeks were 0 and 33.3% (1/3), the difference ORR between two group was insignificant (P = 0.091), however, DCR was significant different (P = 0.007). There no treatment-associated death and no cetuximab-associated discontinuation. The incidence of acne-like rash was 83.3% (10/12) and 75% (9/12) occurred within first 3 weeks, there were eight patients suffered side effects associated with chemotherapy. So we can draw a conclusion that the short-term outcome of cetuximab application in first line setting for patients with NSCLC were promising since the higher ORR and DCR, especially those occurred acne-like rash within the first 3 weeks, and the addition of cetuximab in this population was safe.

Overexpression of SGLT1 and EGFR in colorectal cancer showing a correlation with the prognosis.

Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), reported overexpression in tumor tissues while its clinical significance was not established, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential relation to SGLT1 were studied in order to investigate their clinical significance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Eighty-five patients of CRC who received chemotherapy in Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center from March 1st 2005 to December 31st 2008 were enrolled. SGLT1 and EGFR expression in these cancer tissues and 28 normal tissues were tested by immunohistochemistry. (1) Expression of SGLT1 (P = 0.00) and EGFR (P = 0.01) in cancer tissues was higher than that in normal tissues. (2) Their expression related with clinical stage (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02), but not with other clinical characteristics. (3) For first-line chemotherapy, expression of SGLT1 (P = 0.06 and P = 0.21) and EGFR (P = 0.37 and P = 0.31) had no influence on objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). EGFR overexpression was associated with lower disease-free survival (P = 0.00) and overall survival (P = 0.01), while SGLT1 did not (P = 0.79 and P = 0.34). Conclusions Both SGLT1 and EGFR overexpression in CRC was related to higher clinical stages. SGLT1 had a potential impact on the ORR of first-line chemotherapy in CRC. EGFR was associated with prognosis, while SGLT1 did not.

Knockdown of eIF4E suppresses cell growth and migration, enhances chemosensitivity and correlates with increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Elevated activity of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis and disease progression by disproportionately increasing translation of mRNAs coding proteins that play significant roles in all aspects of malignancy, providing that eIF4E as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we showed that inhibition of eIF4E by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) resulted in cell cycle arrest and suppression of colony formation in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative (TN) breast cancer cells. Migration transwell assay revealed that repression of eIF4E effectively inhibited motility of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Importantly, we showed that silencing of eIF4E sensitized MDA-MB-231 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs of cisplatin, adriamycin, paclitaxel and docetaxel as assessed by MTT assay. Moreover, Western blot assay showed that eIF4E siRNA increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in MDA-MB-231 cells. Taken together, we showed that knockdown of eIF4E suppressed cell growth and migration, enhanced chemosensitivity, suggesting a potential therapeutic target in TN breast carcinoma.

[Efficacy of cetuximab combined with chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer and unclear K-ras status].

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and safety of cetuximab combined with chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC) and unclear K-ras status. METHODS: Clinical data of 102 ACRC patients, treated by cetuximab combined with chemotherapy in Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center from March 2005 to December 2008, were collected. The cumulative survival rate, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression free survival (PFS) of the cases were calculated. The difference in ORR, DCR, PFS and oval survival (OS) between the regimens used as first-line and non-first-line treatment, and between the regimens including oxaliplatin and irinotecan were compared. RESULTS: The overall ORR of cetuximab plus chemotherapy was 43.1%, DCR 73.5%, median PFS 4.0 months, OS 28.5 months, and the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rate was 89.2%, 50.9% and 27.5%, respectively. The differences in ORR (50.0% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.344), DCR (78.1% vs. 72.9%, P = 0.571) and OS (51.0 months vs. 35.0 months, P = 0.396) between the regimens as first line and as non-first line treatment were not statistically significant. However, the PFS of the regimen as first-line was longer than that as non-first-line treatment (PFS 5.5 months vs. 3.0 months, P = 0.001). The differences in ORR (54.2% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.223), DCR (79.2% vs. 74.7%, P = 0.654), PFS (5.0 months vs. 3.0 months, P = 0.726) and OS (36.0 months vs. 40.0 months, P = 0.759) between cetuximab plus oxliplatin and irinotecan were not statistically significant. The most common side effects of cetuximab plus chemotherapy were acneiform eruption (80.4%, grade 3-4 in 9.8%), neutropenia (66.7%, grade 3-4 in 18.6%), and diarrhea (19.6%, grade 3-4 in 5.9%). No treatment-related death was recorded. CONCLUSION: Patients with advanced colorectal cancer and unclear K-ras treated by cetuximab combined with chemotherapy have good ORR and OS, and the regimen is safe with less adverse events for them. There is no significant difference between the efficacies of regimens as first line and as non-first line treatment, and between cetuximab plus oxliplatin and cetuximab plus irinotecan regimens.

[Short-term outcomes of 16 patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving cetuximab combined with standard chemotherapy in the first and non-first line settings].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize our experiences with the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with cetuximab and compare the therapeutic effects of cetuximab applied in the first line and non-first line settings. METHODS: From October 1, 2006 to December 31, 2009, 16 NSCLC patients were treated with cetuximab combined with standard chemotherapy in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. The short-term efficacy of the therapeutic protocols were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 115 cycles of cetuximab treatment were administered in these patients with a median of 6 cycles (7.5 in the first line setting and 2 in non-first line setting). In the 10 patients with cetuximab treatment in the first line setting, the ORR was 40.0% (4/10), DCR was 80.0% (8/10), median TTP was 6.5 months (2-19), and median OS was 8.5 months (2-48); in the non-first line setting, these indices were 33.3% (2/6), 33.3% (2/6), 3.5 months (3-4) and 18 months (4-28), respectively. Both ORR and DCR were similar between the first and non-first line settings (P=0.790, P=0.062). Ten of the patients (62.5%) developed acne-like rash within 3 weeks, who had an ORR of 60% (6/10) and DCR of 90% (9/10); the ORR and DCR in patients without acne-like rash were both 10.4% (1/6), showing no significant difference in ORR (P=0.080) but a significant difference in DCR between the two groups (P=0.003). No treatment-associated death or cetuximab-associated discontinuation occurred. Altogether 11 patients (68.8%) developed acne-like rash, which occurred within 3 weeks in 10 cases. Seven patients showed side effects associated with the chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Cetuximab combined with standard chemotherapy is a good option for Chinese patients with NSCLC and the current data support the application of cetuximab in the first line setting.

Chinese female breast cancer patients show a better overall survival than their male counterparts.

BACKGROUND: It is not clear if there is a difference in prognosis between male breast cancer (MBC) and female breast cancer (FBC) patients. The aim of this study was to compare the prognosis of MBC and FBC patients in China and the prognosis of MBC and their corresponding postmenopausal FBC patients. METHODS: Thirty-five MBC patients who were treated at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between 1969 and 2004 were enrolled in the study. Seventy FBC patients who were matched with the MBC patients for TNM stage, year of diagnosis, and age at diagnosis were simultaneously enrolled in the study. A second group comprising 18 MBC patients and their corresponding 36 matched postmenopausal FBC patients were also enrolled. The whole group and the postmenopausal groups were compared for five- and ten-year survivals. RESULTS: All the factors that could potentially affect prognosis were comparable among the groups except more FBC than MBC patients underwent endocrine therapy and a modified radical mastectomy. The 5- and 10-year survivals in the whole group were 81.6% and 60.3% for men and 90.7% and 73.5% for women (P = 0.02). The 5- and 10-year survival in the postmenopausal group was 82.5% and 100% for men and 66.0% and 85.9% for women (P = 0.159). CONCLUSIONS: Chinese FBC patients had a better prognosis than Chinese MBC patients. However, MBC patients and their corresponding postmenopausal FBC patients had a similar prognosis.

Changes in therapeutic strategies in Chinese male patients with breast cancer: 40 years of experience in a single institute.

The changes in therapeutic strategies were determined and the efficacy of radical mastectomy (RM) and modified radical mastectomy (MRM) on Chinese male breast cancer (MBC) patients was compared. Seventy MBC patients, with a median age of 61 years, were enrolled. The characteristics of MBC were compared in cohort A (1969-1997) and cohort B (1998-2009), and the prognosis was compared between the RM and MRM groups. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma accounted for 81.4% of all cases; 93.7% were estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-positive. More patients in cohort B accepted multidisciplinary treatment, MRM, adjuvant chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy than those in cohort A; however, the 5-year overall survival rates were similar in the two cohorts. The overall survival curves, locoregional recurrence rates, and systematic metastatic rates were similar in the RM and MRM groups. Currently, more MBC patients receive conservative surgery; MRM may be equally effective as RM for MBC.

Analysis of prognostic factors in male breast cancer: a report of 72 cases from a single institution.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Male breast cancer (MBC) in China usually has been studied retrospectively with small sample size, and studies analyzing the prognostic factors are rare. This study was to investigate the prognostic factors of Chinese patients with MBC based on the data from a single institute with a relatively large sample. METHODS: Clinical data of 72 patients with histopathologically confirmed MBC who received treatment at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 1969 and March 2009, were collected. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank test and Cox regression model were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival rate was 72.4%, and the survival rates for stage I, II, III, and IV were 100%, 74.2%, 57.2%, and 0%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the tumor size (P < 0.001), axillary lymph node status (P = 0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.001), operation model (with vs. without: P < 0.001; classic radical resection vs. modified radical resection, P = 0.336) and endocrine therapy(P = 0.02) significantly influenced the survival. Multivariate Cox regression showed that TNM stage (P = 0.035), operation model (P = 0.021) and endocrine therapy (P = 0.019) were independent prognostic factors for MBC. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment strategy consisting of surgery and endocrine treatment is essential to improve the survival of the patients with MBC, and TNM stage, operation and endocrine treatment are the significant prognostic factors for MBC.

[Efficacy of cetuximab combined with chemotherapy on advanced colorectal cancer: a report of 53 cases].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies showed that cetuximab combined with chemotherapy was effective on advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC) in recent years, however, few reports based on large case cohort are available in China. This study was to analyze the efficacy of cetuximab combined with chemotherapy for 53 chinese patients with ACRC. METHODS: Clinical data of 53 patients with ACRC, treated with cetuximab combined with chemotherapy in Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center from March 2005 to April 2008, were analyzed for short-term efficacy and safety. The efficacy of the regimen used as first-line and non-first-line treatment was compared by Chi-square test; the effect of the regimen on prognosis was analyzed by multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Of the 53 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, 40 were men and 13 were women, with a median age of 55 years. A total of 572 weeks (median, 8 weeks) of cetuximab treatment were completed. The overall response rate (RR) of the regimen was 39.6% and the disease control rate 66.0%. The disease control rates were similar when the regimen was used as first-line and non-first-line treatment (80.3% vs. 60.5%, P=0.177). For all 53 patients, clinical stage was an independent prognostic factor (P=0.002, OR>1). The most common Grade 3 to 4 adverse events included acne-like rash (7.5%), neutropenia (18.9%), and diarrhea (5.6%). No hypersensitive reaction or treatment-related death was observed. Only one patient discontinued treatment because of Grade 4 diarrhea and neutopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Cetuximab combined with chemotherapy can achieve relatively high disease control rate for ACRC patients, with less adverse events. Whether cetuximab has better effect in first-line treatment than in non-first-line treatment needs further study.

[Characteristics of soil respiration in artificial restoration process of subalpine coniferous forest in eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau].

By the method of infrared CO2 determination in closed dynamic chamber system, the soil respiration in natural spruce forest, and 22-, 35-and 65-year old spruce plantations in eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau was measured in situ, and the soil heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration was differentiated by entrenchment. In the four spruce forests, soil respiration rate had a significant positive exponential correlation with the soil temperature at depth 5 cm, but less correlation with the soil moisture content at the same depth. The annual soil respiration flux was 792.08-1070.20 g C x m(-2) x a (-1), and decreased in the order of natural spruce forest > 22-year old spruce plantation > 65-year old spruce plantation >35-year old spruce plantation. The annual soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration fluxes were 253.36-357.05 g C x m(-2) x a(-1) and 538.69-703.82 g C x m(-2) x a(-1), respectively, and had the same variation trend as the annual soil respiration flux. The Q10 value of soil respiration in 22-, 35-, and 65-year old spruce plantations and in natural spruce forest in growth season (from Nov. 2007 to Mar. 2008) and non-growth season (from Apr. 2008 to Oct. 2008) were 4.59, 6.54, 4.77, and 3.18, and 4.17, 4.66, 3.11, and 2.74, respectively. Except that in 22-year old spruce plantation, the Q10 value was decreased with increasing restoration year, and was obviously higher in non-growth season than in growth season.