Cornuside ameliorates cognitive impairments via RAGE/TXNIP/NF-κB signaling in Aß1-42 induced Alzheimer's disease mice.

Cornuside has been discovered to improve learning and memory in AD mice, however, its underlying mechanism was not fully understood. In the present study, we established an AD mice model by intracerebroventricular injection of Aß1-42, which were treated with cornuside (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Cornuside significantly ameliorated cognitive function of AD mice in series of behavioral tests, including Morris water maze test, nest building test, novel object recognition test and step-down test. Additionally, cornuside could attenuate neuronal injury, and promote cholinergic synaptic transmission by restoring the level of acetylcholine (ACh) via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as well as facilitating choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Furthermore, cornuside inhibited oxidative stress levels amplified as decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), by inhibiting TXNIP expression, improving total anti-oxidative capacity (TAOC), raising activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Cornuside also reduced the activation of microglia and astrocytes, decreased the level of proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, iNOS and COX2 via interfering RAGE-mediated IKK-IκB-NF-κB phosphorylation. Similar anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects were also found in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells via hampering RAGE-mediated TXNIP activation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Virtual docking revealed that cornuside could interact with the active pocket of RAGE V domain directly. In conclusion, cornuside could bind to the RAGE directly impeding the interaction of Aß and RAGE, and cut down the expression of TXNIP inhibiting ROS production and oxidative stress, as well as hamper NF-κB p65 mediated the inflammation.

Constructing a novel prognostic model for triple-negative breast cancer based on genes associated with vasculogenic mimicry.

BACKGROUND: Research has shown a connection between vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and cancer progression. However, the functions of genes related to VM in the emergence and progression of TNBC have not been completely elucidated. METHODS: A survival risk model was constructed by screening biomarkers using DESeq2 and WGCNA based on public TNBC transcriptome data. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis was performed, and tumor microenvironment and drug sensitivity were analyzed. The selected biomarkers were validated via quantitative PCR detection, immunohistochemical staining, and protein detection in breast cancer cell lines. Biomarkers related to the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells were validated via in vitro experiments. RESULTS: The findings revealed that 235 target genes were connected to the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. The risk score was constructed using KCND2, NRP1, and VSTM4. The prognosis model using the risk score and pathological T stage yielded good validation results. The clinical risk of TNBC was associated with the angiogenesis signaling pathway, and the low-risk group exhibited better sensitivity to immunotherapy. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression levels of KCND2 in TNBC tissues were higher than those in adjacent nontumor tissues. In the TNBC cell line, the protein expression of KCND2 was increased. Knockdown of KCND2 and VSTM4 inhibited the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, three VM-related biomarkers were identified, including KCND2, NRP1, and VSTM4. These findings are likely to aid in deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of VM in TNBC.

Fengshi Liuhe Decoction treatment for rheumatoid arthritis via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis.

To explore whether Fengshi Liuhe Decoction (FLD) alleviates rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis. We used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting (WB) to determine the genes of the frizzled (Fzd) protein 1- Fzd protein 10 that are significantly differentially expressed between normal rat fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) and collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) rat FLS. Next, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the levels of inflammatory factors in cell culture supernatant to determine the ability of FLD to ameliorate RA. Finally, we employed WB to detect the key gene expression in protein levels of the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis among normal rat FLS, CIA rat FLS, and FLD-treated CIA rat FLS. Our results showed that Fzd6 expression was significantly higher in CIA rat FLS at both the mRNA and protein levels than in normal rat FLS. FLD was found to downregulate Fzd6 and inflammatory factors, including COX-2, IL-8, and TNF-α, at both the mRNA and protein levels. FLD was also found to downregulate the total protein levels of Fzd6 and the NF-κB signaling pathway key gene phosphorylation of p-p65/p65 and p-IκBα/IκBα. Moreover, FLD inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in CIA rat FLS. FLD can alleviate inflammation of CIA rat FLS via the Fzd6/NF-κB signaling axis.

Circular RNA circ_0096041 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration via sponging miR-556-5p and regulating LIN28A expression.

Strategies targeting lin-28 homolog A (LIN28A) for the treatment of osteosarcoma are limited, even though salient findings have illustrated the crucial role of LIN28A in bone deformities and cancer. In the present study, we proved circ_0096041, one of the circular RNAs (circRNAs) with significant upregulated expression in osteosarcoma, to be notably engaged in the progression of osteosarcoma. We elucidated that osteosarcoma patients with highly expressed circ_0096041 had relatively worse prognoses. We determined that circ_0096041 potentially sponge miR-556-5p using the Circular RNA Interactome database. Meanwhile, we proved circ_0096041 was associated with miR-556-5p. Furthermore, we determined that miR-556-5p was targeted by LIN28A directly, evidenced by in silico analysis using the miRWALK tool and in vitro analysis. Functionally, our experimental setting aimed to explore the function of circ_0096041/miR-556-5p/LIN28A axis in vitro and in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that circ_0096041 boosted the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma via LIN28A/miR-556-5p axis. In vivo models were further established to estimate the metastasis promoted by circ_0096041. This research elucidated the enhanced osteosarcoma progression by circ_0096041 and its potential mechanism, which provided innovative targets for osteosarcoma treatment.

Association between polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and the prevalence of erectile dysfunction: A cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES 2001-2004.

BACKGROUND: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential across a wide range of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of PUFA intake on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: The study included a total of 3730 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2004. Univariate analysis, multivariate regression analysis, subgroup analysis and machine learning were utilized to explore the relationship of variables to ED. Dose response curves were constructed to observe the linear or nonlinear relationship between PUFA intake and the prevalence of ED. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used for sensitivity analysis. Finally, the potential mechanistic link between PUFA intake and ED was explored. RESULTS: Through univariate and multivariate regression analysis results before and after PSM and XGBoost algorithm model results, arachidonic acid (AA) was chosen as the main research object. The consumption of AA was found to be associated with a decreased prevalence of ED under the fully adjusted model [OR = 0.33 (0.20, 0.56), P < 0.001]. The interaction between AA and education was found in the subgroup analysis. Dose-response curves indicated a linear negative correlation between AA intake and the prevalence of ED. The above results were confirmed in the data analysis after 1:1 PSM. In addition, AA intake was associated with a decrease in inflammatory biomarkers and homocysteine. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that AA intake is negatively correlated with the prevalence of ED. Further, anti-inflammatory and anti-endothelial damage may play a role in this.

Associations between smoke exposure and kidney stones: results from the NHANES (2007-2018) and Mendelian randomization analysis.

Purpose: It is currently controversial whether smoke exposure is associated with the risk of kidney stones. Herein, publicly available databases were combined to explore relationships with the risk of nephrolithiasis in terms of smoking status and serum cotinine concentrations. Materials and methods: First, we conducted an observational study using data from 2007 to 2018, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, trend testing, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and multiple imputation (MI) were the main analytical methods of our study. Then, A Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to explore the causal relationship between serum cotinine and nephrolithiasis. Genetic instruments for serum cotinine and pooled data for kidney stones were derived from publicly available large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was the primary method for our MR analysis. Results: A total of 34,657 and 31,352 participants were included in the observational study based on smoking status and serum cotinine concentrations, respectively. Under full adjustment of covariates, current smokers had an increased risk of kidney stones compared to non-smokers [OR = 1.17 (1.04-1.31), P = 0.009, P for trend = 0.010]. Compared with serum cotinine of <0.05 ng/ml, serum cotinine levels of 0.05-2.99 ng/ml [OR = 1.15 (1.03-1.29), P = 0.013] and ≥3.00 ng/ml [OR = 1.22 (1.10-1.37), P < 0.001] were observed to have a higher risk of nephrolithiasis (P for trend < 0.001). In addition, a non-linear relationship between log2-transformed serum cotinine and the risk of nephrolithiasis was found (P for non-linearity = 0.028). Similar results were found when serum cotinine (log2 transformation) was used as a continuous variable [OR = 1.02 (1.01-1.03), P < 0.001] or complete data was used to analyze after MI. In the MR analysis, genetically predicted high serum cotinine was causally related to the high risk of nephrolithiasis [IVW: OR = 1.09 (1.00-1.19), P = 0.044]. Conclusion: Current smoking and high serum cotinine concentrations may be associated with an increased risk of kidney stones. Further research is needed to validate this relationship and explore its underlying mechanisms.

Synthesis of Degradable Polyolefins Bearing Disulfide Units via Metathesis Copolymerization.

Disulfide bonds are dynamic covalent bonds, which are easy to cleave and reform upon chemical stimulus. Various methods including the oxidative coupling of thiols and polymerization of disulfide-containing monomers have been developed for the synthesis of poly(disulfide)s. However, installing small amounts of disulfide units in the main chain of polyolefins has received much less attention. Herein, we report a novel strategy for incorporating cleavable disulfide units into the backbone of polyolefins using commercially available diallyl disulfide (DADS) as a comonomer via metathesis copolymerization. The copolymerization of diallyl disulfide with cyclooctene occurred using the second-generation Grubbs catalyst under mild conditions, allowing for the synthesis of copolymers with adjustable disulfide content ranging from 0.7 to 8.5 mol%, and the molecular weight of the obtained copolymers ranged from 5.8 kg·mol-1 to 42.8 kg·mol-1. The resulting polyolefins with disulfide insertion retained excellent thermal processability and exhibited degradability. Treatment of the copolymer (8.5 mol% disulfide content) with tri-n-butylphosphine resulted in a significant reduction in molecular weight from 5.8 kg·mol-1 to 1.6 kg·mol-1. Successful copolymerization with diallyl disulfide provides a convenient and effective method for obtaining degradable polyolefins.

Clinical considerations of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HER2 positive breast cancer.

Deregulation of cell cycles can result in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer (BC). In fact, abnormal regulation of cell cycle pathways is often observed in breast cancer, leading to malignant cell proliferation. CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) can block the G1 cell cycle through the cyclin D-cyclin dependent kinase 4/6-inhibitor of CDK4-retinoblastoma (cyclinD-CDK4/6-INK4-RB) pathway, thus blocking the proliferation of invasive cells, showing great therapeutic potential to inhibit the spread of BC. So far, three FDA-approved drugs have been shown to be effective in the management of advanced hormone receptor positive (HR+) BC: palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib. The combination strategy of CDK4/6i and endocrine therapy (ET) has become the standard therapeutic regimen and is increasingly applied to advanced BC patients. The present study aims to clarify whether CDK4/6i can also achieve a certain therapeutic effect on Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) BC. Studies of CDK4/6i are not limited to patients with estrogen receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (ER+/HER2-) advanced BC, but have also expanded to other types of BC. Several pre-clinical and clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of CDK4/6i in treating HER2+ BC. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge and recent findings on the use of CDK4/6i in this type of BC, and provides ideas for the discovery of new treatment modalities.

CTHRC1 is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Correlated with Macrophage Infiltration in Breast Cancer.

Background: Tumor immune cell infiltration is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors. Collagen triple helix repeats containing 1 (CTHRC1), a regulator of collagen expression and cell migration, is involved in the metastasis and invasion of tumors. However, the role of CTHRC1 in breast cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of CTHRC1, and further explore its association with immune infiltration in breast cancer. Methods: CTHRC1 expression pattern and prognostic value were analyzed using ONCOMINE, PrognoScan, GEPIA, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases. We then detected CTHRC1 mRNA levels in breast cancer tissues and paired normal breast tissues by Q-PCR. Subsequently, the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) database was used to determine the methylation status of CTHRC1. Furthermore, CTHRC1 mutations were investigated using the Catalogue of Somatic mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) and cBioPortal databases. We also assessed the correlation between CTHRC1 expression and immune cell infiltration using TIMER. In addition, The relationship of CTHRC1 expression with the immune marker sets of various immune cells was evaluated using GEPIA and TIMER. Results: CTHRC1 was highly expressed in a variety of tumors, including breast cancer. Elevated CTHRC1 expression was related to a poor prognosis. Notably, CTHRC1 expression was significantly associated with macrophage infiltration, especially the immune infiltration gene marker set of M2. Copy number variations, DNA mutations and methylation states might be potential mechanisms for regulating CTHRC1 expression. Protein digestion and absorption, human papillomavirus infection, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways were identified as the potential CTHRC1-driven signaling pathways. Conclusion: These findings suggest that CTHRC1 could be a promising immune-related biomarker for the treatment of breast cancer patients.

Ni(II)-catalyzed C-H hydroarylation of diarylacetylenes with imidazolium salts.

A simple Ni(II)-catalyzed C-H hydroarylation of diarylacetylenes with imidazolium salts without adding any ligand was developed. It provides a facile and efficient access to (E)-2-(1,2-diarylvinyl)imidazolium salts. The preliminary results indicate a rare nonredox catalytic cycle of Ni(II), complementary to the common redox catalytic cycle starting from Ni(0).

Treatment of lower part of glenoid fractures through a novel axillary approach: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Based on the location and size of the fracture block, open reduction and internal fixation can be employed or assisted for shoulder arthroscopy in the treatment of glenoid fractures. However, the treatment of lower part of glenoid fractures through a novel axillary approach has not been reported so far. CASE SUMMARY: A 22-year-old right-handed man was transferred to our outpatient clinic because of right shoulder injury during a traffic accident. X-ray examination after admission suggested the fracture of the lower part of the right glenoid and an ipiselial proximal humeral fracture. Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) further suggested that the size of the fracture block of the lower part of the right glenoid was 3.4 mm × 16.2 mm. The patient was diagnosed as the fracture of the lower part of the glenoid, also known as bony Bankart lesion without shoulder dislocation. After general anesthesia, the patient was surgically treated with the open reduction internal fixation through a novel axillary approach. 3D CT and shoulder joint function were reexamined at 12 mo of follow-up, showing acceptable recovery. CONCLUSION: This case report describes a novel axillary approach adopted in an open reduction with cannulated screw and wire anchor internal fixation. After a follow-up for more than 12 mo, 3D CT and shoulder joint function examinations display a good recovery.

Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Dearomative Spirocyclization and C-H Annulation of Aromatic Halides with Alkynes.

Described herein is a palladium-catalyzed intermolecular dearomative annulation of aryl halides with alkynes, which provides a rapid approach to a class of structurally unique spiroembedded polycyclic aromatic compounds. The cascade process is accomplished by a sequential alkyne migratory insertion, Heck-type dearomatization, and C-H bond annulation. Further optoelectronic study indicated this fused spirocyclic scaffold could be a potential host material for OLEDs, as exemplified by a fabricated red PhOLED device with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 23.0%.

Triple Oxa[7]helicene with Circularly Polarized Luminescence: Enhancing the Dissymmetry Factors via Helicene Subunit Multiplication.

The development of multiple heterohelicenes with a high luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) is an appealing yet challenging task. Herein, we disclose the synthesis of a structurally unusual furan-based triple oxa[7]helicene, which represents the first reported triple hetero[7]helicene, via [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization/intramolecular dehydrogenative annulation. Compared to the reported double oxa[7]helicene, the triple oxa[7]helicene exhibits an improved glum value of 1.8 × 10-3, exemplifying the potential of the helicene subunit multiplication approach to enhance the glum of heterohelicenes.

Construction of Cationic Azahelicenes: Regioselective Three-Component Annulation Using In Situ Activation Strategy.

Described herein is a strategy to construct cationic azahelicenes through the three-component annulation reaction of isoquinoline, indole, and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), in which DCE serves as an in situ activating agent for C1-H activation of isoquinoline, a vinyl equivalent, and a solvent. This in situ activation annulation reaction features a facile one-step synthesis and complete regioselectivity. The complete regioselectivity of C1 over C3 for the isoquinoline ring paves a path to the helical structure in a highly ordered sequence. One of the synthesized ionic [5]azahelicenium fluorophores exhibits the potential to serve as a mitochondria-targeted biomarker with good photostability and low cytotoxicity.

Build-up of double carbohelicenes using nitroarenes: dual role of the nitro functionality as an activating and leaving group.

The construction of double carbohelicenes is highly fascinating yet challenging work. Disclosed herein is a streamlined and simplified synthetic route to double carbohelicenes starting from nitroarenes through sequential nitro-activated ortho-C-H arylation, denitrative alkenylation and intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation. In this synthetic strategy, the nitro group plays a dual role namely as a leaving group for the denitrative alkenylation and as an activating group for ortho-C-H arylation, which is distinct from those of aryl halides in a conventional coupling reaction. In this work, the palladium-catalyzed Heck-type alkenylation of nitroarenes has been presented, in which the conventionally inert Ar-NO2 bond is cleaved. This work provides a novel synthetic strategy for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Multicomponent Reactions of Pyridines To Give Ring-Fused Pyridiniums: In Situ Activation Strategy Using 1,2-Dichloroethane as a Vinyl Equivalent.

Reported herein is a rhodium(III)-catalyzed three-component annulation reaction of simple pyridines, alkynes, and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), affording a streamlined pathway to diverse ring-fused pyridiniums. DCE not only serves as a vinyl equivalent but also as an in situ activating agent for pyridine C2-H activation. A cationic five-membered rhodacycle complex has been isolated and proposed as a possible intermediate. This strategy can be extended to other N-containing heteroarenes for the synthesis of multiring-fused pyridiniums. These multicomponent reactions exhibit excellent regioselectivity for 1,3-diynes, paving a path to the cascade cyclization of 3-fluoropyridine or N-methylpyridin-3-amine with 1,3-diynes for the construction of brand-new tricyclic-fused pyrano- or hydropyridoquinolizinium salts. These ionic fluorophores have been investigated as potential biomarkers.

Cascade C-H Annulation Reaction of Benzaldehydes, Anilines, and Alkynes toward Dibenzo[ a, f]quinolizinium Salts: Discovery of Photostable Mitochondrial Trackers at the Nanomolar Level.

Fluorescent mitochondrial trackers with the dibenzo[ a, f]quinolizinium core are unprecedentedly synthesized by a one-pot protocol starting from commercially available benzaldehydes, anilines, and alkynes through a rhodium(III)-catalyzed cascade C-H N- and C-annulation reaction. Among them, 5g is the most prominent and exhibits high specificity, high efficiency at nanomolar level, superior photostability, and low cytotoxicity.

Annulation cascade of arylnitriles with alkynes to stable delocalized PAH carbocations via intramolecular rhodium migration.

Herein, we propose the conception of heteroatom-promoted delocalization of the positive charge of an oxonium ion and thus develop a highly efficient rhodium(iii)-catalyzed hydration and three fold C-H activation/annulation cascade of arylnitriles with alkynes, affording a structurally diverse family of delocalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carbocations. DFT calculations demonstrate that the positive charge mostly locates around the C1 atom and is partly delocalized by ambient N, O1 and C5 atoms. A mechanistic study indicates that the hydration of the arylnitrile and three fold insertion of the alkyne is a successive process rather than a step by step process, wherein a unique intramolecular rhodium migration is probably involved. These novel carbeniums show tunable fluorescence emission, low cytotoxicity and the ability to specifically target lysosomes.

Pd-Catalyzed Direct C-H Functionalization/Annulation of BODIPYs with Alkynes to Access Unsymmetrical Benzo[ b]-Fused BODIPYs: Discovery of Lysosome-Targeted Turn-On Fluorescent Probes.

A highly efficient palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization/annulation of BODIPYs with alkynes has been developed for the first time to construct a series of unsymmetrical benzo[ b]-fused BODIPYs from readily available starting materials. These unsymmetrical benzo[ b]-fused BODIPYs exhibit remarkably red-shifted emissions and larger Stokes shifts than classical BODIPY dyes. Cell imaging experiments and cytotoxicity assays demonstrate that BODIPYs 4c and 4d have specific lysosome-labeling capacities, turn-on fluorescence emissions in cells, and low cytotoxicity.

Oxidative C-H/C-H Cross-Coupling Reactions between N-Acylanilines and Benzamides Enabled by a Cp*-Free RhCl3 /TFA Catalytic System.

By making use of a dual-chelation-assisted strategy, a completely regiocontrolled oxidative C-H/C-H cross-coupling reaction between an N-acylaniline and a benzamide has been accomplished for the first time. This process constitutes a step-economic and highly efficient pathway to 2-amino-2'-carboxybiaryl scaffolds from readily available substrates. A Cp*-free RhCl3 /TFA catalytic system was developed to replace the [Cp*RhCl2 ]2 /AgSbF6 system generally used in oxidative C-H/C-H cross-coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, TFA=trifluoroacetic acid). The RhCl3 /TFA system avoids the use of the expensive Cp* ligand and AgSbF6 . As an illustrative example, the procedure developed herein greatly streamlines the total synthesis of the naturally occurring benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid oxynitidine, which was accomplished in excellent overall yield.