Hypoglycemic mechanisms of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide in db/db mice via regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and alteration of gut microbiota.

Polygonatum rhizoma polysaccharide (PP) is a main ingredient of Polygonatum rhizoma , which is both food and traditional herbal medicine. In this study, we aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of PP and the underlying mechanisms in db/db mice. Our finding showed that PP significantly ameliorates diabetic symptoms by reducing glucose levels in blood and urine and increasing insulin and leptin abundance in the serum. Histopathological examination revealed that PP improved the pathological state and increased hepatic glycogen storage in liver. Additionally, RT-qPCR results indicated that PP significantly down-regulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1. Furthermore, 16s rRNA sequencing results demonstrated that PP intervention resulted in an increase in beneficial bacteria genus and a reduction in harmful genus. Redundancy analysis revealed the correlation between intestinal flora and clinical factors. Taken together, these results suggest that PP has a significant hypoglycemic effect on type 2 diabetes (T2D) through up-regulating serum insulin and leptin, as well as hepatic glycogen storage, and down-regulating hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 expression, as well as modulating gut microbiota composition. In conclusion, this study investigated the mechanisms of PP in the treatment of diabetes in db/db mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the positive and negative correlations between gut microbiota and clinical factors, such as oxidative stress injury in liver and glucose related indicators in the blood.

A novel ratiometric electrochemical biosensing strategy based on T7 exonuclease-assisted homogenous target recycling coupling hairpin assembly-triggered double-signal output for the multiple amplified detection of miRNA.

A novel ratiometric electrochemical biosensing strategy based on T7 exonuclease (T7 Exo)-assisted homogenous target recycling coupling hairpin assembly triggered dual-signal output was proposed for the accurate and sensitive detection of microRNA-141 (miRNA-141). Concretely, in the presence of target miRNA, abundant signal transduction probes were released via the T7 Exo-assisted homogenous target recycling amplification, which could be captured by the specially designed ferrocene-labeled hairpin probe (Fc-H1) on -electrode interface and triggered the nonenzymatic catalytic hairpin assembly (Fc-H1 + MB-H2) to realize the cascade signal amplification and dual-signal output. Through such a conformational change process, the electrochemical signal of Fc (IFc) and MB (IMB) is proportionally and substantially decreased and increased. Therefore, the signal ratio of IMB/IFc can be employed to accurately reflect the true level of original miRNA. Benefiting from the efficient integration of the T7 Exo-assisted target recycle, nonenzymatic hairpin assembly and dual-signal output mode, the proposed sensor could realize the amplified detection of miRNA-141 effectively with a wide detection range from 1 fM to 100 pM, and a detection limit of 200 aM. Furthermore, it exhibits outstanding sequence specificity to discriminate mismatched RNA, acceptable reproducibility and feasibility for real sample. This strategy effectively integrated the advantages of multiple amplification and ratiometric output modes, which could provide an accurate and efficient method in biosensing and clinical diagnosis.

Impact of enhanced recovery after surgery on postoperative rehabilitation, inflammation, and immunity in gastric carcinoma patients: a randomized clinical trial.

We determined the effects of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in patients undergoing radical surgery for gastric carcinoma. Sixty patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma in Lishui Hospital between March and October 2016 were randomized to receive either ERAS (30 patients) or conventional care (30 patients, controls). Clinical, economic, and laboratory indices were analyzed. ERAS patients showed faster recovery and shorter postoperative hospital stays than the controls (P<0.05). Some clinical indices (i.e., time to first flatus and defecation, time to removal of drainage tubes, time to resumption of oral feeding, time to postoperative mobilization, and postoperative complications) were significantly better in ERAS patients than in controls. Duration of postoperative infusion was lower in ERAS patients than in controls (P<0.05). In ERAS patients, serum albumin and prealbumin were higher on postoperative day 7, C-reactive protein was lower on postoperative days 3 and 7, and neutrophil count was lower on postoperative day 3 compared to the values in controls (P<0.05 for all). IgM levels were higher in ERAS patients on postoperative days 3 and 7 (P<0.05), while IgG levels were higher on postoperative day 3 (P<0.05). Total T lymphocytes were higher in ERAS patients on postoperative day 3, while helper T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were higher on postoperative days 3 and 7 (P<0.05 for all). In gastric carcinoma patients, ERAS may reduce perioperative inflammation, improve immunity and postoperative nutrition, shorten hospitalization, and enhance rehabilitation.

Impact of enhanced recovery after surgery on postoperative rehabilitation, inflammation, and immunity in gastric carcinoma patients: a randomized clinical trial

We determined the effects of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in patients undergoing radical surgery for gastric carcinoma. Sixty patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma in Lishui Hospital between March and October 2016 were randomized to receive either ERAS (30 patients) or conventional care (30 patients, controls). Clinical, economic, and laboratory indices were analyzed. ERAS patients showed faster recovery and shorter postoperative hospital stays than the controls (P<0.05). Some clinical indices (i.e., time to first flatus and defecation, time to removal of drainage tubes, time to resumption of oral feeding, time to postoperative mobilization, and postoperative complications) were significantly better in ERAS patients than in controls. Duration of postoperative infusion was lower in ERAS patients than in controls (P<0.05). In ERAS patients, serum albumin and prealbumin were higher on postoperative day 7, C-reactive protein was lower on postoperative days 3 and 7, and neutrophil count was lower on postoperative day 3 compared to the values in controls (P<0.05 for all). IgM levels were higher in ERAS patients on postoperative days 3 and 7 (P<0.05), while IgG levels were higher on postoperative day 3 (P<0.05). Total T lymphocytes were higher in ERAS patients on postoperative day 3, while helper T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were higher on postoperative days 3 and 7 (P<0.05 for all). In gastric carcinoma patients, ERAS may reduce perioperative inflammation, improve immunity and postoperative nutrition, shorten hospitalization, and enhance rehabilitation.

GC7 blocks epithelial-mesenchymal transition and reverses hypoxia-induced chemotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Hypoxia is common in solid tumors and results in the activation of hypoxia-response genes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is thought to reflect major cellular adaptation to hypoxia and contributes to chemoresistance in various tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC7) is an inhibitor which suppresses the active eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2 (eIF5A2), preventing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chemoresistance. In this study, we investigated the role of GC7 in the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin in hypoxia in HCC. We utilized four types of HCC cell line (Huh7, Hep3B, SNU387 and SNU449) in this study. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect expression of epithelial/mesenchymal markers for EMT evaluation and HIF-1α was knocked down using HIF-1α-siRNA. Hypoxia-induced EMT contributed to doxorubicin chemoresistance in HCC cells. Low concentrations of GC7 sensitized Huh7 and Hep3B to doxorubicin by reversing EMT. Knockdown of HIF-1α attenuated hypoxia-induced EMT and abolished the unique feature of GC7. GC7 enhanced sensitivity to doxorubicin in HCC by reversing hypoxia-induced EMT via the HIF-1α-mediated signaling pathway. We suggest a new method of enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapy and improving the long-term survival rate in HCC.

Down-regulation of eIF5A-2 prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small-cell lung cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is believed to be the critical process in malignant tumor invasion and metastases, and has a great influence on improving the survival rate in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Recent studies suggested that eukaryotic initiation factor 5A-2 (eIF5A-2) might serve as an adverse prognostic marker of survival. We detected eIF5A-2 in NSCLC A549 cells, and found that the invasive capability correlates with the eIF5A-2 expression. METHODS: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 was used to induce EMT in A549 cells. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, wound healing assay, and transwell-matrigel invasion chambers were used to identify phenotype changes. Western blotting was also used to observe changes of the expression of eIF5A-2. We down-regulated the eIF5A-2 expression using an eIF5A-2 siRNA and identified the phenotype changes by western blotting and immunofluorescence. We tested the change of migration and invasion capabilities of A549 cells by the wound healing assay and transwell-matrigel invasion chambers. RESULTS: After stimulating with TGF-ß1, almost all A549 cells changed to the mesenchymal phenotype and acquired more migration and invasion capabilities. These cells also had higher eIF5A-2 protein expression. Down-regulation of eIF5A-2 expression with eIF5A-2 siRNA transfection could change the cells from mesenchymal to epithelial phenotype and decrease tumor cell migration and invasive capabilities significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of eIF5A-2 was up-regulated following EMT phenotype changes in A549 cells, which correlated with enhanced tumor invasion and metastatic capabilities. Furthermore, in the A549 cell line, the process of EMT phenotype change could be reversed by eIF5A-2 siRNA, with a consequent weakening of both invasive and metastatic capabilities.