The hepatocyte in the innate immunity.

The hepatocytes, as the main cells in the liver, exert liver functions by expressing innate immune receptors. The innate immune receptors include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-like receptors (retinoic acid inducible gene I-like receptors, RLRs) and NOD-like receptors (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, NLRs). The hepatocytes, recognize extracellular pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through the above receptors. After the activation of the innate immune receptors, the hepatocytes produce cytokines, such as interferon (IFN), to protect the liver, through a series of signaling cascades.

Inflammasomes and Fibrosis.

Fibrosis is the final common pathway of inflammatory diseases in various organs. The inflammasomes play an important role in the progression of fibrosis as innate immune receptors. There are four main members of the inflammasomes, such as NOD-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), among which NLRP3 inflammasome is the most studied. NLRP3 inflammasome is typically composed of NLRP3, ASC and pro-caspase-1. The activation of inflammasome involves both "classical" and "non-classical" pathways and the former pathway is better understood. The "classical" activation pathway of inflammasome is that the backbone protein is activated by endogenous/exogenous stimulation, leading to inflammasome assembly. After the formation of "classic" inflammasome, pro-caspase-1 could self-activate. Caspase-1 cleaves cytokine precursors into mature cytokines, which are secreted extracellularly. At present, the "non-classical" activation pathway of inflammasome has not formed a unified model for activation process. This article reviews the role of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 inflammasome, Caspase-1, IL-1ß, IL-18 and IL-33 in the fibrogenesis.

Effects of Bu-Shen-An-Tai recipe and its two components on endometrial morphology during peri-implantation in superovulated mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Bu-Shen-An-Tai recipe (BSATR) and its two components (Bushen recipe, and Huoxue recipe) on endometrial morphology during peri-implantation in superovulated mice. Mice were randomly divided into five groups, including the normal (N), model (M), Bushen (BS), Huoxue (HX) and Bu-Shen-An-Tai (BH) groups. The uteri were collected on day 4 of pregnancy, and the endometrium thickness, microvessel density (MVD) and number of pinopodes observed. Compared with the M group, the endometrial thickness in the BS, HX and BH groups was significantly increased and there was a significant difference in endometrial thickness between the BS and the BH groups. The mean MVD was significantly lower in the M group than in the N group, and there was a significant increase in MVD in the BS, HX and BH groups as compared with the M group. Compared with the M group, the pinopode scores in the endometrium were significantly increased in the HX and BH groups; and the BS group had significantly higher pinipode scores than the HX and BH groups. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that the recipes (Bushen, Huoxue and BSATR) could improve the endometrial environment by regulating the endometrial thickness, MVD and the number of pinopodes at the window of implantation. Moreover, the Huoxue recipe and the BSATR were more efficient than the Bushen recipe, with the BSATR tending to have the most beneficial effects.

Bromodichloromethane induces cell proliferation in different tissues of male F344 rats by suppression of E-cadherin expression via hypermethylation or transcriptional activation of c-myc and cyclin D1.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) - induced cell proliferation in different tissues of male F344 rats. Rats were administered at doses of 0 and 100mg/kg/day BDCM dissolved in corn oil by gavage for 5 days/week for 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Then the colon, kidney and liver were collected. No histologic lesions were observed in the colon of rats exposed to BDCM, while there were mild nephrotoxicity and marginal hepatotoxicity related to BDCM treatment. Moreover, BDCM enhanced cell proliferation in the colon and kidney but not in the liver. In colons, hypermethylation in E-cadherin promoter might be associated with inhibition of mRNA and protein expression after 12 weeks of BDCM exposure. In kidneys, BDCM decreased E-cadherin mRNA expression, accompanying with transcriptional activation of c-myc and cyclin D1. However, suppression of E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression occurred in the absence of significant changes in DNA methylation. Therefore, suppression of E-cadherin expression via hypermethylation or transcriptional activation of c-myc and cyclin D1 may be involved in BDCM-induced cell proliferation in different tissues of male F344 rats.

Inhibition of BDNF in multiple myeloma blocks osteoclastogenesis via down-regulated stroma-derived RANKL expression both in vitro and in vivo.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was recently identified as a factor produced by multiple myeloma (MM) cells, which may contribute to bone resorption and disease progression in MM, though the molecular mechanism of this process is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of BDNF on bone disease and growth of MM cells both in vitro and in vivo. Co- and triple-culture systems were implemented. The in vitro results demonstrate that BDNF augmented receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) expression in human bone marrow stromal cells, thus contributing to osteoclast formation. To further clarify the effect of BDNF on myeloma bone disease in vivo, ARH-77 cells were stably transfected with an antisense construct to BDNF (AS-ARH) or empty vector (EV-ARH) to test their capacity to induce MM bone disease in SCID-rab mice. Mice treated with AS-ARH cells were preserved, exhibited no radiologically identifiable lytic lesions and, unlike the controls treated with EV-ARH cells, lived longer and showed reduced tumor burden. Consistently, bones harboring AS-ARH cells showed marked reductions of RANKL expression and osteoclast density compared to the controls harboring EV-ARH cells. These results provide further support for the potential osteoclastogenic effects of BDNF, which may mediate stromal-MM cell interactions to upregulate RANKL secretion, in myeloma bone diseases.

[Pharmacokinetics and distribution of 5-Fu magnetic albumin deuto-microsphere in normal and tumor-bearing mice].

To observe the pharmacokinetic and tissue-distribution characters of 5-flourouracil magnetic albumin deuto-microsphere (5-Fu-MAD) in normal and tumor-bearing mice, HPLC method for the determination of 5-Fu in plasma and tissues was established and applied to determine 5-Fu in mouse plasma and tissue samples. A Flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used to detect the iron concentration in mouse tissue. Plasma concentration-time curves of free 5-Fu, 5-Fu-MAD and 5-Fu-MAD plus the magnetic frame (MF) conformed to two compartment model of first order absorption and they had C(max) of 34.9, 7.95 and 5.97 mg x L(-1); T1/2 (Ke) of 22.26, 76.0 and 124.6 min, V(d) of 3.28, 30.7 and 66.1 L x kg; AUC(0-t), of 233.9, 78.3 and 50.2 mg x min x L(-1); AUC(0-infinity) of 237.2, 89.3 and 68.1 mg x min x L(-1), respectively. The distribution of 5-Fu and iron was the highest in the plenty blood perfusion organs like the liver, tumor, spleen and lung, while lower in the kidney and heart and lowest in brain and muscle. The tissue distribution of muscle and tumor increased significantly when a magnetic frame was inserted there. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-Fu-MAD exhibited sustained-release and target characteristics.

[Effects of phenolic alkaloids of Menispermum dauricum on the hemodynamics and coronary circulation in anesthetized dog].

AIM: To observe the effect of phenolic alkaloids of Menispermum dauricum (PAMD) on the hemodynamics, coronary circulation and oxygen metabolism of the myocardium in anesthetized dogs. METHODS: In this study, the changes of LVSP, LVEDP and +/- dp/dtmax, the flow of coronary artery and myocardial energy metabolism were measured in anesthetized dog with PAMD or NS. RESULTS: In the anesthetized dogs, compared with pre-treatment status, PAMD at 3.5 and 7.0 mg.kg-1 caused decreases in the left ventricular systolic pressure(LVSP), +/- dp/dtmax, heart rate, the rate of oxygen utilization, the coronary and general peripheral resistance. It was found to increase myocardial oxygen and coronary flow. There were no significant change in the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). CONCLUSION: PAMD can ameliorate hemodynamics, coronary circulation and myocardial metabolism.