Foam cell origination from degenerated vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis: An ultrastructural study on hyperlipidemic rabbits.

To clarify foam cell origination in atherosclerosis, a series of morphologic and ultrastructural alterations of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and foam cells were studied by light and electron microscopy in atherosclerotic aortas from hyperlipidemic rabbits induced for 5 weeks. The study exhibited that VSMCs were severely degenerated and damaged, including irregular shapes, expanded mitochondria, aplenty lipid droplets, and disarranged myofilaments in cytoplasm in media adjacent to atheromatic bottoms. Most lipid laden cells shared interphase structures of VSMCs and foam cells, and some dissolved spindle cells contained lipid droplets, lipofuscin, and rod-like CCs in cytoplasm also. The result demonstrated that VSMCs were degenerated and transformed into foam cells in atherosclerosis, which was responsible for the accumulation of lipid and cholesterol crystals in atherosclerotic arteries.

[Primary investigation on fumigation and moxibustion in treatment ulcer and sore of yin syndrome].

To explore the fumigation and moxibustion therapy in treatment of ulcer and sore of yin syndrome. The fumigation and moxibustion therapy is the combination of fumigation and moxibustion, in which, smoking fumigation is provided with warming effect and the actions as moxibustion. This therapy works on the efficacy of both fumigation and moxibustion. In treatment, different herbal medicines can be selected flexibly, acting on dispersing yin and rescuing yang. The fumigation and moxibustion therapy can drain toxin and remove ulcer and sore. It contributes to the treatment of boils and chronic sores of yin syndrome and promotes wound healing.

Preliminary study on the mechanism of acupoint injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in improving blood flow in the rat of hind limb ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of acupoint injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in improving blood flow in the rat with hind limb ischemia. METHODS: Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group (n = 6), model group (n = 6), BM-MSCs acupoint injection group (AI group, n = 6) and BM-MSC intramuscular injection group (MI group, n = 6). Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Housanli (ST 36), Zhaohai (KI 6), Huantiao (GB 30) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) were selected for the AI group, and five non-acupoints were selected on gastrocnemius and adductor of ischemic hind limbs in the MI group. BM-MSCs were injected to the latter two groups. The rat hind limb ischemia model was established with the method of blocking the femoral artery and its branches. Three weeks after injection of BM-MSCs, in each group, hindlimb adductor and gastrocnemius were taken from the ischemic side. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transfer growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in the skeletal muscle were determined with immunohistochemical method, and the small arteries in the skeletal muscle were labeled with alpha-SMA immunohistochemical staining method, the density of small arteries (number of arterioles/number of muscle fibers) and the number of the blood vessel with VEGF positive expression were calculated. The serum levels of VEGF and nitric oxide (NO) were detected. RESULTS: Compared with the model group, the expression of VEGF and TGF-beta1, and the density of small arteries and the number of VEGF-positive blood vessels in the AI group and the MI group significantly increased (both P < 0.01). Compared with the MI group, the density of small arteries and the number of VEGF-positive blood vessels in the AI group significantly increased (both P < 0.01); Compared with the model group and the normal control group, the serum expression quantity of NO and VEGF in the AI group and the MI group were significantly increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Acuppoint injection of BM-MSCs secrets more VEGF, TGF-beta1 and NO to increase angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, so as to improve blood flow of the rats of hind limb ischemic.

[Effect of acupoint injection with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the blood flow in rats with hind limb ischemia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the best injection method of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) transplantation for the treatment of a rat model with hind limb ischemia. METHODS: Twenty four SD rats with hind limb ischemia were randomly divided into four groups: control group, model group, acupoint BM-MSCs injection group (API group) and thigh muscle BM-MSCs injection group (TMI group). The acupoints of "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6), "Housanli" (ST 36), "Zhaohai" (KI 6), "Huantiao" (GB 30) and "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) were selected for API group, and five non-acupoints were selected on gastrocnemius and adductor of ischemic hind limb for TMI group. Both groups were accepted BM-MSCs transplantion. Model rat with hind limb ischemia was established with the method of blocking the femoral artery and its branches. The changes of blood flow (perfuse unit, PU) was monitored with laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). In order to describe the visual changes in blood flow, the PU index (PUI) was determined as the ratio of ischemic to non-ischemic hind limb blood perfusion. And also, the levels of VEGF,bFGF in serum were tested to analyze the immunohistochemical expression quantity of VEGF and bFGF. RESULTS: Comparing with the model and the TMI groups, the PUI value on 3rd, 14th and 21th days after BM-MSCs transplantation were significantly increased in the API group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In contrast to the model group, the VEGF,bFGF levels in serum and the immunohistochemical expression quantity of VEGF and bFGF in the API and TMI groups were significantly increased (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Transplantation of BM-MSCs through the acupoint can more significantly and quickly increase the blood flow and cause the greater improvement on hind limb ischemia than that of through the way of muscle injection.