Insights into the mechanism of transcription factors in Pb2+-induced apoptosis.

The health risks associated with exposure to heavy metals, such as Pb2+, are increasingly concerning the public. Pb2+ can cause significant harm to the human body through oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and DNA damage, disrupting cellular homeostasis and ultimately leading to cell death. Among these mechanisms, apoptosis is considered crucial. It has been confirmed that transcription factors play a central role as mediators during the apoptosis process. Interestingly, these transcription factors have different effects on apoptosis depending on the concentration and duration of Pb2+ exposure. In this article, we systematically summarize the significant roles of several transcription factors in Pb2+-induced apoptosis. This information provides insights into therapeutic strategies and prognostic biomarkers for diseases related to Pb2+ exposure.

Lead exposure induces neuronal apoptosis via NFκB p65/RBBP4/Survivin signaling pathway.

Lead (Pb), as a heavy metal that is easily exposed in daily life, can cause damage to various systems of body. Apoptosis is an autonomous cell death process regulated by genes in order to maintain the stability of internal environment, which plays an important role in the development of nervous system. RB binding protein 4 (RBBP4) is one of the core histone binding subunits and is closely related to the apoptosis process of nervous system cells. However, it is not known whether RBBP4 can regulate neuronal apoptosis in lead-exposed environments. We exposed PC12 cells to 0 µM (control group), 1 µM, and 100 µM PbAc for 24 h to obtain cell samples. The female rats ingested drinking water containing 0, 0.5 g/L, and 2.0 g/L PbAc from the first day of pregnancy to three weeks after delivery to obtain hippocampal tissue samples from mammary rats. The results of TUNEL showed that lead exposure promoted the onset of apoptosis in cells and hippocampus. The mRNA and protein levels of the apoptosis-related protein Survivin were significantly reduced in the lead-exposed group compared to the control group. In addition, we found that lead exposure reduces the mRNA and protein levels of RBBP4 in PC12 cells and hippocampus, and increases the mRNA and protein levels of NFκB p65. Moreover, inhibiting NFκB p65 can reverse the decrease in RBBP4 expression in the lead exposure model. Overexpression of RBBP4 increased Survivin expression and reduced apoptosis induced by lead exposure. This suggests that lead exposure induces apoptosis through the NFκB p65/RBBP4/Survivin signaling pathway.

Mitochondrion: a sensitive target for Pb exposure.

Pb exposure is a worldwide environmental contamination issue which has been of concern to more and more people. Exposure to environmental Pb and its compounds through food and respiratory routes causes toxic damage to the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and nervous systems, etc. Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to Pb. Pb exposure significantly destroys children's learning ability, intelligence and perception ability. Mitochondria are involved in various life processes of eukaryotes and are one of the most sensitive organelles to various injuries. There is no doubt that Pb-induced mitochondrial damage can widely affect various physiological processes and cause great harm. In this review, we summarized the toxic effects of Pb on mitochondria which led to various pathological processes. Pb induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the increased level of oxidative stress. In addition, Pb leads to cell apoptosis via mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. Also, Pb can stimulate the development of mitochondria-mediated inflammatory responses. Furthermore, Pb triggers the germination of autophagy via the mitochondrial pathway and induces mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing intracellular calcium homeostasis. In a word, we discussed the effects of Pb exposure on mitochondria, hoping to provide some references for further research and better therapeutic options for Pb exposure.

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 is regulated through heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K in lead exposure models.

Synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning and memory in the developing hippocampus. However, the precise molecular mechanism in lead exposure models remains to be studied. UCP2, an inner mitochondrial anion carrier, regulates synaptic plasticity through uncoupling neurons. And hnRNP K, an RNA binding protein, plays a role in modulating the expression of transcripts coding synaptic plasticity. We aim to investigate whether lead exposure affects UCP2 and hnRNP K expression levels. The Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to different lead acetate concentrations (0 g/l, 0.5 g/l, 2.0 g/l) during gestational and lactational periods. PC12 cells were also exposed to different lead acetate concentrations (0 µM, 1 µM and 100 µM). We found that the expression levels of UCP2 and hnRNP K had significant declines in the lead exposure rat hippocampus and PC12 cells. Furthermore, the up-regulation of hnRNP K expression level could reverse the expression level of UCP2 in lead exposure models. In conclusion, these results suggest that lead exposure can reduce the expression level of UCP2 which is mediated by decreasing the expression level of hnRNP K.

Protein expression pattern of calcium-responsive transactivator in early postnatal and adult testes.

Calcium-responsive transactivator (CREST), a nuclear protein highly expressed in postmitotic neurons, is involved in the regulation of cell cycle, differentiation and dendritic development of neuronal cells. Its mRNA has been detected in the testis of adult rat, whilst its protein expression and distribution pattern in the testis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the distribution of CREST in the adult testes of both rats and human as well as the expression pattern of CREST in the testes of postnatal developing rats. In the adult testes of both human and rats, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CREST was selectively distributed in the mature Sertoli cells but not in the spermatogenic cells. In the testes of postnatal developmental rats, CREST was expressed not only in Sertoli cells but also in the gonocytes and spermatogenic cells at the initial stage of spermatogenic cell differentiation. CREST immunoreactivity continued to increase in Sertoli cells during differentiation, reaching its peak in adulthood. However, CREST immunostaining intensity dramatically decreased as the spermatogenic cells differentiate, disappearing in the post-differentiation stage. Furthermore, Brg1 and p300, two CREST-interacting proteins ubiquitously expressed in the body, are found to be colocalized with CREST in the spermatogenic epithelial cells including Sertoli cells. The unique expression pattern of CREST in developing testis suggests that CREST might play regulatory roles in the differentiation of spermatogenic epithelial cells. The Sertoli cell-specific expression of CREST in the adulthood hints that CREST might be a novel biomarker for the mature Sertoli cells.

Correction to: lncRNA NONRATT021972 siRNA Decreases Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Mediated by the P2X3 Receptor in Dorsal Root Ganglia.

In the original version of this article "lncRNA NONRATT021972 siRNA Decreases Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Mediated by the P2X3 Receptor in Dorsal Root Ganglia", which we have published in Mol Neurobiol (2017) 54:511-523.

Effects of chronic lead exposure on the sympathoexcitatory response associated with the P2X7 receptor in rat superior cervical ganglia.

Chronic lead exposure frequently brings about increased blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases associated with autonomic nervous dysfunction. Purinergic signaling is involved in the development of abnormal sympathoexcitatory response due to myocardial ischemic injury. However, the potential implication of P2X7 receptor in altered sympathoexcitatory response caused by chronic lead exposure and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, a rat model of chronic lead exposure was used to explore the changes in sympathoexcitatory response and possible involvement of P2X7 receptor in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Rats were divided into three groups called control, low lead and high lead groups according to daily lead exposure levels, i.e. 0, 0.5 and 2 g/L respectively. One year later, changes in P2X7 receptor expression in SCG, sympathetic nerve activity and myocardial function were measured for these rats. Our results showed that increased blood pressure and heart rate, decreased heart rate variability, enhanced cervical sympathetic nerve discharge, higher phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and up-regulated protein and mRNA levels of P2X7 expression in SCG occurred after lead exposure. In addition, double-label immunofluorescence staining of P2X7 receptor and glutamine synthetase (GS) revealed activation of the satellite glial cells of SCG by lead exposure. Moreover, knockdown of P2X7 could effectively relief the effect of lead exposure on enhanced expression of P2X7 receptor and GS. Thus our data suggest that the up-regulation of P2X7 receptor activity in satellite glial cells of SCG may contribute to the raised sympathoexcitatory response due to chronic lead exposure.

Effects of 1,8-cineole on neuropathic pain mediated by P2X2 receptor in the spinal cord dorsal horn.

As an intractable health threat, neuropathic pain is now a key problem in clinical therapy, which can be caused by lesions affecting the peripheral nervous systems. 1,8-cineole is a natural monoterpene cyclic ether present in eucalyptus and has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Research has shown that 1,8-cineole inhibits P2X3 receptor-mediated neuropathic pains in dorsal root ganglion. The P2X2 and P2X3 receptors participate in the transmission of algesia and nociception information by primary sensory neurons. In the present study, We thus investigated in the spinal cord dorsal horn whether 1,8-cineole inhibits the expression of P2X2 receptor-mediated neuropathic pain. This study used rats in five random groups: group of chronic constriction injury(CCI) with dimethysulfoxide control (CCI + DMSO); group of CCI; sham group(Sham); group of CCI treated with a low dose 1,8-cineole (CCI + 50 mg/kg); group of CCI with a high dose (CCI + 100 mg/kg). We observed the effects of 1,8-cineole on thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT). We examined P2X2 receptors mRNA change in rat spinal cord dorsal horn by In situ nucleic acid hybridization(ISH) and Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) methods. Western Blotting and Immunohistochemical staining methods were used to observe P2X2 receptor protein expressions in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn. It demonstrated that oral administration of 1,8-cineole inhibits over-expression of P2X2 receptor protein and mRNA in the spinal cord and dorsal horn in the CCI rats. And the study explored new methods for the prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain.

MiR-199a-3p inhibition facilitates cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cell through promotion of MEF2C.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is a small molecule (19-25 nucleotide) noncoding RNA that inhibits the expression of target messenger RNA (mRNA) at the posttranscriptional level as an endogenous regulator. There is an increasing evidence that miR-199a-3p has a significant effect on the development of multiple tumors. However, the specific roles of miR-199a-3p in myocardial differentiation of embryonic stem cell still need to be investigated. Method of the hanging drop was used to build the model of cardiomyocyte differentiation of stem cell and beating rate of embryoid bodies (EBs) was calculated. The levels of intracellular MEF2C, a-MHC, GATA4, Nkx2.5, and cTnT mRNA were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while the expressions of miR-199a-3p were detected simultaneously. Protein levels of MEF2C, a-MHC, GATA4, Nkx2.5, and cTnT were quantified by western blot analysis. Immunoreactivities of MEF2C and cTnT were analyzed by immunofluorescence. The interaction between miR-199a-3p and its predicted target (3'-untranslated region of MEF2C mRNA) was verified by luciferase assay. MiR-199a-3p levels increased during cardiogenesis. MiR-199a-3p inhibitor increased the beating rate of EBs and promoted expressions of cardiac-specific markers (GATA4, Nkx2.5, cTnT, and a-MHC). Notably, miR-199a-3p inhibition brought upregulation of MEF2C, which is the target of miR-199a-3p that we predicted and verified experimentally. In addition, MEF2C siRNA decreased miR-199a-3p inhibitor promoted EBs beating and attenuated miR-199a-3p inhibitor-induced cTnT and MEF2C expressions. The results above showed that MEF2C was involved in the process of promoting the differentiation of stem cells into cardiac myocytes by miR-199a-3p inhibitors.

Pb exposure reduces the expression of SNX6 and Homer1 in offspring rats and PC12 cells.

Lead (Pb) is a widespread environmental heavy metal toxicant and chronic Pb exposure can have irreversible effects on memory and cognitive function, which is closely related to dendritic spines. Studies have shown that SNX6 and Homer1 can regulate the growth of dendritic spines. We aimed to investigate the effect of Pb exposure on the dendritic spines in hippocampus, the expression of SNX6 and Homer1 in rats and PC12 cells. The animals were randomly divided to three groups: control group, low lead group and high lead group. PC12 cells were divided into 3 groups: 0 µM, 1 µM and 100 µM Pb acetate. The results showed that the Pb levels in blood and hippocampus of all exposure groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. The morphology of dendritic spines in hippocampus after Pb treatment was changed and the density of dendritic spines was reduced. The expression of SNX6 and Homer1 was decreased in Pb exposed groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, up-regulation of SNX6 expression could reverse the down-regulation of Pb exposure on Homer1. These results indicate that Pb exposure can reduce the expression of SNX6 and lead to a decrease in Homer1 expression, which affects the changes in dendritic spines causing learning and memory impairment.

Chronic lead exposure decreases the expression of Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) through Repressor element-1 silencing transcription (REST).

Chronic lead (Pb) exposure has been shown to reduce the expression of some synaptic proteins which are involved in vesicular trafficking and affect presynaptic neurotransmitter release. However, the precise mechanisms by Pb impairs neurotransmitter release are still not well defined. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the changes of Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) in Pb exposed rats and PC12 cells models and its molecular mechanism. Repressor element-1 silencing transcription (REST) modulates the expression of genes containing the repressor element 1 (RE-1) cis-regulatory DNA sequence. HAP1 promoter region contains a RE-1 binding motif. We also observed whether Pb exposure regulated the HAP1 transcription level through influencing the expression of REST. Mother rats were exposed to 0.5 and 2 g/L Pb acetate (PbAc) in drinking water from the first day of gestation until postnatal 21 days, then the offspring rats were continued to drink PbAc for 1 year, while the control groups received drinking water. PC12 cells were divided into 3 groups: 0 µM, 1 µM and 100 µM PbAc. The results revealed that Pb levels in blood and brain of Pb exposed groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. The ability of learning and memory in Pb exposed rats was decreased. Pb exposure reduced the expression of HAP1 and increased the REST expression. Silencing REST could reverse the decreasing of HAP1 in Pb exposed PC12 cells. Our findings raise a possibility that the decreasing of HAP1 expression by Pb exposure may affect neurotransmitter release and results in impairments in spatial learning and memory ability.

Low-level lead exposure and cardiovascular disease: the roles of telomere shortening and lipid disturbance.

Lead exposure contributing to cardiovascular diseases is known and recognized widely. As the deleterious effects of low lead exposure attained increasing attention over the last decades, there have been numerous studies exploring the association of low levels of lead exposure and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, it has been observed that lead exposure could cause telomere shortening and lipid disturbance, and that telomere shortening and lipid disturbance are closely related with cardiovascular diseases. Hence, telomere shortening and lipid disturbance might play an important role in the pathophysiological process of chronic low levels of lead exposure contributing to cardiovascular diseases. This review is intended to explore views of the rarely mentioned mechanism, telomere shortening and lipid disturbance, and the cardiovascular effects of low levels of lead exposure.

Mutant Huntingtin Causes a Selective Decrease in the Expression of Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2C.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Mutant Htt causes synaptic transmission dysfunctions by interfering in the expression of synaptic proteins, leading to early HD symptoms. Synaptic vesicle proteins 2 (SV2s), a family of synaptic vesicle proteins including 3 members, SV2A, SV2B, and SV2C, plays important roles in synaptic physiology. Here, we investigated whether the expression of SV2s is affected by mutant Htt in the brains of HD transgenic (TG) mice and Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells) expressing mutant Htt. Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of SV2A and SV2B were not significantly changed in the brains of HD TG mice expressing mutant Htt with 82 glutamine repeats. However, in the TG mouse brain there was a dramatic decrease in the protein level of SV2C, which has a restricted distribution pattern in regions particularly vulnerable in HD. Immunostaining revealed that the immunoreactivity of SV2C was progressively weakened in the basal ganglia and hippocampus of TG mice. RT-PCR demonstrated that the mRNA level of SV2C progressively declined in the TG mouse brain without detectable changes in the mRNA levels of SV2A and SV2B, indicating that mutant Htt selectively inhibits the transcriptional expression of SV2C. Furthermore, we found that only SV2C expression was progressively inhibited in N2a cells expressing a mutant Htt containing 120 glutamine repeats. These findings suggest that the synaptic dysfunction in HD results from the mutant Htt-mediated inhibition of SV2C transcriptional expression. These data also imply that the restricted distribution and decreased expression of SV2C contribute to the brain region-selective pathology of HD.

Effects of Baicalin on Diabetic Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Mediated by the P2Y12 Receptor in Rat Stellate Ganglia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic diabetic hyperglycemia can damage various of organ systems and cause serious complications. Although diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is the primary cause of death in diabetic patients, its pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. Baicalin is a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis root and has antibacterial, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti- metamorphotic, and antispasmodic effects. Our study explored the effects of baicalin on enhancing sympathoexcitatory response induced by DCAN via the P2Y12 receptor. METHODS: A type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model was induced by a combination of diet and streptozotocin. Serum epinephrine was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured using the indirect tail-cuff method. Heart rate variability was analyzed using the frequency-domain of electrocardiogram recordings. The expression levels of P2Y12, interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and connexin 43 (Cx43) were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The interaction between baicalin and P2Y12 determined using by molecular docking. RESULTS: Baicalin alleviated elevated blood pressure and heart rate, improved heart rate variability, and decreased the elevated expression levels of P2Y12, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and Cx43 in the stellate ganglia of diabetic rats. Baicalin also reduced the elevated concentration of serum epinephrine and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: Baicalin decreases sympathetic activity by inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor in stellate ganglia satellite glial cells to maintain the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and relieves DCAN in the rat.

Lead exposure inhibits expression of SV2C through NRSF.

Lead (Pb) exposure has been shown to affect presynaptic neurotransmitter release in the animal and cell models. The mechanism by which Pb exposure impairs neurotransmitter release remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Pb exposure on synaptic vesicle protein 2C (SV2C) and its molecular mechanism. SV2C promoter region contains a neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) binding motif. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a transcription repressor that regulates gene expression by binding to NRSE. We also observed whether Pb exposure regulates the transcriptional level of SV2C by influencing the expression of NRSF. Pregnant female rats were exposed to 0, 0.5 and 2.0 g/L lead acetate (PbAc) via drinking water from the first day of gestation until postnatal week 3. Neuro-2a (N2a) cells were divided into 3 groups: 0 µM (control group), 1 µM and 100 µM PbAc. Our data revealed that the ability of learning and memory in Pb-exposed rats were decreased, Pb exposure decreased SV2C expression and increased NRSF expression in the rat hippocampus and N2a cell. Silencing NRSF can reverse the down-regulation of Pb exposure on SV2C. These results indicate that Pb exposure can inhibit the transcription level of SV2C by up regulating the expression of NRSF. Decreased expression of SV2C can affect neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission, which affect synaptic plasticity and then result in impairment of learning and memory.

The effects of lead exposure on the expression of HMGB1 and HO-1 in rats and PC12 cells.

Lead (Pb) is an environmental neurotoxic metal. Chronic exposure to Pb causes deficits of learning and memory in children and spatial learning deficits in developing rats. In this study we investigated the effects of Pb exposure on the expression of HMGB1 and HO-1 in rats and PC12 cells. The animals were randomly divided to three groups: control group; low lead exposure group; high lead exposure group; PC12 cells were divided into 3 groups: 0 µM (control group), 1 µM and 100 µM Pb acetate. The results showed that Pb levels in blood and brain of Pb exposed groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The expression of HMGB1 and HO-1 were increased in Pb exposed groups than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, we found that the up-regulation of HO-1 in Pb exposure environment inhibited the expression of HMGB1.

Chronic lead exposure enhances the sympathoexcitatory response associated with P2X4 receptor in rat stellate ganglia.

Chronic lead exposure causes peripheral sympathetic nerve stimulation, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Purinergic receptors are involved in the sympathoexcitatory response induced by myocardial ischemia injury. However, whether P2X4 receptor participates in sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure and the possible mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the change of the sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure via the P2X4 receptor in the stellate ganglion (SG). Rats were given lead acetate through drinking water freely at doses of 0 g/L (control group), 0.5 g/L (low lead group), and 2 g/L (high lead group) for 1 year. Our results demonstrated that lead exposure caused autonomic nervous dysfunction, including blood pressure and heart rate increased and heart rate variability (HRV) decreased. Western blotting results indicated that after lead exposure, the protein expression levels in the SG of P2X4 receptor, IL-1ß and Cx43 were up-regulated, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated. Real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of P2X4 receptor in the SG was higher in lead exposure group than that in the control group. Double-labeled immunofluorescence results showed that P2X4 receptor was co-expressed with glutamine synthetase (GS), the marker of satellite glial cells (SGCs). These changes were positively correlated with the dose of lead exposure. The up-regulated expression of P2X4 receptor in SGCs of the SG maybe enhance the sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure.

Naringin Protects Against High Glucose-Induced Human Endothelial Cell Injury Via Antioxidation and CX3CL1 Downregulation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The induction of endothelial injury by hyperglycemia in diabetes has been widely accepted. Naringin is a bio-flavonoid. Some studies showed that naringin alleviates diabetic complications, but the exact mechanisms by which naringin improves diabetic anomalies are not yet fully understood. The aim of this research was to study the protective effect of naringin on high glucose-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: HUVECs were cultured with or without high glucose in the absence or presence of naringin for 5 days. The expression of CX3CL1 was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) and western blot. The cellular bioenergetic analysis oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured with a Seahorse Bioscience XF analyzer. RESULTS: The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the expression of CX3CL1 and the level of AKT phosphorylation were increased in HUVECs cultured with high glucose compared with controls. However, naringin rescued these increases in ROS production, CX3CL1 expression and AKT phosphorylation. Nitric oxide (NO) production and OCR were lower in the high glucose group, and naringin restored the changes induced by high glucose. Molecular docking results suggested that Naringin might interact with the CX3CL1 protein. CONCLUSION: Naringin protects HUVECs from high-glucose-induced damage through its antioxidant properties by downregulating CX3CL1 and by improving mitochondrial function.

Long noncoding RNA MRAK009713 is a novel regulator of neuropathic pain in rats.

Long noncoding RNAs have been implicated in neuropathy. Here, we identify and validate a long noncoding RNA, MRAK009713, as the primary regulator of neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. MRAK009713 expression was markedly increased in CCI rats associated with enhanced pain behaviors, and small interfering RNA against MRAK009713 significantly reduced both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the CCI rats. MRAK009713 is predicted to interact with the nociceptive P2X3 receptor by CatRAPID, a bioinformatics technology. Overexpression of MRAK009713 markedly increased expression of P2X3 in the dorsal root ganglia of the control rats, and MRAK009713 small interfering RNA significantly inhibited the P2X3 expression in the dorsal root ganglia of the CCI rats. MRAK009713 directly interacted with the P2X3 protein heterologously expressed in the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and potentiated P2X3 receptor function. Thus, MRAK009713 is a novel positive regulator of neuropathic pain in rats through regulating the expression and function of the P2X3 receptor.

lncRNA NONRATT021972 siRNA Decreases Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Mediated by the P2X3 Receptor in Dorsal Root Ganglia.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for more than 90 % of all cases of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common complication of T2DM. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lncRNA NONRATT021972 small interference RNA (siRNA) on DNP mediated by the P2X3 receptor in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). These experiments showed that the expression levels of NONRATT021972 in DRG were increased in the T2DM rat model (intraperitoneal injection of STZ with 30 mg/kg). The concentration of NONRATT021972 in T2DM patient serum was higher compared to control healthy subjects. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) in T2DM rats were lower compared to control rats. MWT and TWL in T2DM rats treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA were higher compared with those in T2DM rats. The expression levels of the P2X3 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) of T2DM rat DRG were higher compared to the control, while those in T2DM rats treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA were significantly lower compared to T2DM rats. The level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum of T2DM rats treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA was significantly decreased compared with T2DM rats. NONRATT021972 siRNA inhibited the phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 in T2DM DRG. Thus, NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment may suppress the upregulated expression and activation of the P2X3 receptor and reduce the hyperalgesia potentiated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in T2DM rats.