Measurable residual disease testing by next generation sequencing is more accurate compared with multiparameter flow cytometry in adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Results of measurable residual disease (MRD)-testing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) correlate with relapse risk in adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving chemotherapy or an allotransplant from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical relative or HLA-matched unrelated donor. We studied cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and survival prediction accuracy using a NGS-based MRD-assay targeting immunoglobulin genes after 2 courses of consolidation chemotherapy cycles in 93 adults with B-cell ALL most receiving HLA-haplotype-matched related transplants. Prediction accuracy was compared with MRD-testing using multi-parameter flow cytometry (MPFC). NGS-based MRD-testing detected residual leukemia in 28 of 65 subjects with a negative MPFC-based MRD-test. In Cox regression multi-variable analyses subjects with a positive NGS-based MRD-test had a higher 3-year CIR (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 3.37; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.34-8.5; P = 0.01) and worse survival (HR = 4.87 [1.53-15.53]; P = 0.007). Some data suggest a lower CIR and better survival in NGS-MRD-test-positive transplant recipients but allocation to transplant was not random. Our data indicate MRD-testing by NGS is more accurate compared with testing by MPFC in adults with B-cell ALL in predicting CIR and survival. (Registered in the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau Registration N 2007-1007 and in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry [ChiCTR-OCH-10000940 and ChiCTROPC-14005546]).

N-acetylcysteine protects septic acute kidney injury by inhibiting SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.

Objectives: To investigate the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on septic acute kidney injury (SAKI) via regulating Sirtuin3 (SIRT3)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: By constructing SIRT3 knockout mice and culturing kidney tubular epithelial cells (KTECs), we assessed the changes of renal function and detected the protein expression of adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), cyclophilin (CypD) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) using western-blotting, and simultaneously detected toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKKß), inhibitor of Kappa Bα (IκBα), and p65 protein expression. We observed mitochondrial damage of KTECs using a transmission electron microscope and assessed apoptosis by TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling and flow cytometry. Results: SIRT3 deficiency led to the deterioration of renal function, and caused a significant increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase production, a decrease in mitochondrial volume, up-regulation of TLR4, IκBα, IKKß, and p65 proteins, and up-regulation of ANT, CypD and VDAC proteins. However, NAC significantly improved renal function and down-regulated the expression of TLR4, IκBα, IKKß, and p65 proteins. Furthermore, SIRT3 deficiency led to a significant increase in KTEC apoptosis, while NAC up-regulated the expression of SIRT3 and inhibited apoptosis. Conclusion: NAC has a significant protective effect on SAKI by inhibiting SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of KTECs.

Clinical role of serum microRNA-155 in early diagnosis and prognosis of septic patients with acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients with sepsis, and early detection and timely treatment are crucial. This article aims to explore the clinical role of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of septic patients with acute kidney injury. METHODS: We collected the blood samples of septic patients and measured the relative expression of serum miR-155 by RT-qPCR, and drew the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate its early diagnosis for septic AKI. RESULTS: The relative expression of miR-155 in the septic AKI was significantly higher than that in the septic non-AKI, and increased with the aggravation of renal function damage. The ROC curve of miR-155 for the diagnosis of septic AKI was 1.91 (95% CI: 1.61-2.19). When the optimal cut-off value of miR-155 expression was 2.37, its sensitivity for diagnosing septic AKI was 91.12% (95% CI: 80.41-95.07%), and its specificity was 84.52% (95% CI: 71.74-89.36%). Furthermore, the severity of kidney injury, SOFA score, APACHE II score and miR-155 were the risk factors affecting the prognosis of septic patients with AKI. CONCLUSION: Serum miR-155 can be used as a novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of septic AKI, and also has important clinical value in the prognosis evaluation of septic patients with AKI.

Effects of gravel on the evaluation of soil organic carbon density in Pinus massoniana plantations.

Gravel (>2 mm) is one of the main parameters for estimating soil carbon pool. To assess the effects of gravel on soil bulk density (BD) and organic carbon density (SOCD) in Pinus massoniana plantations, we estimated the BD and SOCD at the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil depths of 131 plots under two different conditions, with and without removing gravel. The BD of each soil layer after removing gravel was 0.58-1.57, 0.60-1.67, and 0.59-1.75 g·cm-3, respectively, which was significantly lower than that before removing gravel. Gravel increased the BD by 6.5%-6.8%. The SOCD of each soil layer before removing gravel was 8.93-65.97, 7.63-59.08, and 8.79-94.53 t·hm-2, respectively, which was higher than that after removing gravel. Overall, by neglecting the effect of gravel, SOCD was overestimated by 4.9%-11.8%. As gravel content increased, the relative deviation in the estimated BD and SOCD among different methods increased. When the gravel content was higher than 20%, the estimated SOCD at soil layer of 0-40 cm showed a significant difference between neglecting gravel and removing gravel, with the former being 29.7%-47.4% higher than the latter. In conclusion, gravel markedly affected the estimations of BD and SOCD. It was recommended that SOCD should be estimated by the method that not only uses the BD after removing gravel but also considers gravel as a correction factor (especially when gravel content is above 20.0%) to avoid overestimation of soil carbon pool.

S-Nitrosoglutathione protects acute kidney injury in septic rats by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Objectives: We aimed to study the effect of S-nitroso glutathione (SNG) on acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic rats by regulating nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were used to construct the AKI model, and biochemical methods were used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors and anti-oxidant enzymes in renal tissue. We observed the ultrastructural changes of renal tissue by transmission electron microscopy and detected the protein and mRNA levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain foci (ASC) and caspase-1 by western-blotting and RT-qPCR. Results: Cecal ligation and puncture induced renal tubular epithelial tissue damage in septic rats, resulting in decreased renal function, increased levels of inflammation and decreased levels of anti-oxidant enzymes in renal tissue, and aggravated mitochondrial damage, significantly decreased mitochondrial density and enzyme complex I/II/III/IV levels (all P<0.001), and increased the protein and mRNA expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 (all P<0.001). However, after pretreatment with SNG, the pathological damage of renal tubular epithelial tissue was reduced, the renal function was improved, the level of inflammation in renal tissue decreased and the level of anti-oxidant enzymes increased, the density of mitochondria and the level of enzyme complex I/II/III/IV were significantly increased (all P<0.001), meanwhile the protein and mRNA levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 were all decreased significantly (all P<0.05). Conclusion: SNG protects AKI in septic rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Molecular and clinical features of papillary thyroid cancer in adult patients with a non-classical phenotype.

Purpose: Genotyping is fundamental in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and helps to enhance diagnosis and prognosis and determine appropriate treatments. The phenotype-genotype association in PTC was previously studied, with BRAF V600E characterizing classic PTC and tall-cell PTC and RAS mutations characterizing follicular-variant PTC. In clinic, some non-classical histological subtypes of PTC were also identified, however, their genotype remains unclear. In this study, we collected samples of these non-classical PTC after the exclusion of classic phenotypes and examined their phenotypes, genotype and the relationship between phenotype and genotype. Methods: We screened out non-classical PTC by excluding classical PTC from 1,059 different thyroid samples, and a total of 24 cases was obtained and described from the morphological features, which is rare in differentiated PTC. DNA/RNA sequencing was performed using 18 available samples to describe the genetic features. Results: PTC with the non-classical phenotype were characterized cuboidal to low columnar tumor cells with subtle nuclear features of PTC and without discernible nuclear elongation, concurrently with dense microfollicles, delicate papillae or solid nodules with delicate fibrovascular cores. They were associated with lymphatic vessel invasion (P<0.001) but not with a worse prognosis (P=0.791). Gene fusions were identified in 14 of 18 (77.8%) cases, including eight fusions of NTRK and six fusions of RET. The high percentage of fusions in this papillary thyroid cancer subgroup suggested a correlation of gene fusions with the phenotype that does not belong to the BRAF V600E-mutant or RAS-mutant group. Conclusions: Our study retrospectively screened a large cohort of different thyroid tissue samples, and presented the histopathological and genetic features of a non-classical phenotype of PTC from 24 patients. It may contribute to diagnose in PTC, and patients of these non-classical phenotype may benefit from targeted therapy, compared to a natural patient cohort without selection.

Endoscope-Assisted Extracapsular Resection of Benign Parotid Tumors Via Temporal and Retroauricular Approach.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of endoscope-assisted extracapsular resection of benign parotid tumors via temporal and retroauricular approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 patients with parotid gland tumors had endoscope-assisted extracapsular resection performed via temporal and retroauricular approach (4 versus 8) between January 2018 and January 2019. RESULTS: All tumors were benign with a median diameter of 2.32 ± 0.49 cm. The mean length of the skin incision was 3.5 ±0.35 cm. The mean operating time 86.7 ± 10.8 minutes. The median blood loss was 30.4 ± 5.94 ml. The median volume of drainage was 27.1 ± 8.88 ml and the duration of drainage was 2 ± 0.71 days. The mean aesthetics scoring assigned by patients was 9.67 ± 0.51. Two patients had numbness of the earlobe and 1 patient developed a transient salivary sialocele. No facial nerve paresis was observed and no tumor recurrence occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The minimally invasive endoscope-assisted extracapsular resection of benign parotid tumors provide both a safe and reliable technique for benign parotid tumors with excellent cosmetic results.

Assessment of three-dimensional rotation of the shoulder complex and scapulohumeral rhythm during sagittal movement.

BACKGROUND: Due to the influence of spinal and respiratory movements, it is difficult to accurately measure the range of motion of each joint. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a three-dimensional (3D) measurement of each joint in the shoulder complex in different postures in the sagittal plane of the upper extremity. METHODS: Thirteen healthy adults with no history of shoulder surgery for trauma or chronic pain were enrolled in the present study. The computed tomography (CT) imaging data of the shoulder complex were acquired in four postures via the reconstruction and alignment of 3D images. The angles of the postural changes were measured, and rotation vectors were used for descriptions and statistical analyses. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference in the rotation angles between the dominant and non-dominant sides of the sternoclavicular joint when the posture changed from a resting position to a posterior inferior position. During the postural change from a resting position to a horizontal position, the regression coefficient (ß) of the humerothoracic joint to the sternoclavicular joint was 0.191, and the ß of the humerothoracic joint to the glenohumeral joint was 0.621. During the postural change from the horizontal position to the rear upper position, the ß of the humerothoracic joint to the sternoclavicular joint was 0.316, and the ß of the humerothoracic joint to the glenohumeral joint was 0.845. During the postural change from the resting position to the rear lower position, the ß of the humerothoracic joint to the glenohumeral joint was 0.991. CONCLUSION: The application of the image alignment technique enabled the direct and accurate measurement of the bony structures of the shoulder joint. The helical approach accurately described the scapulohumeral rhythm during 3D motion. There was a scapulohumeral rhythm of the shoulder complex during 3D composite sagittal movement, with different ratios for different joints and postures.

[Countertraction method for reduction of irreducible subcoracoid dislocation of the shoulder joint with Hill-Sacks lesion].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical outcomes of countertraction method in treating irreducible subcoracoid dislocation of shoulder joint combined with Hill-Sacks injury. METHODS: A total of 56 patients with irreducible subcoracoid dislocation of the shoulder joint combined with Hill-Sacks injury admitted from December 2013 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Under the anesthesia of shoulder joint cavity injection, the reduction was performed by using anti-traction method (experimental group) and traditional Hippocrates method (control group), 28 cases in each group. There were 11 males and 17 females in experimental group, with an average age of (61.95±19.32) years old, 9 cases on the left side, and 19 cases on the right side. Twelve males and 16 females in control group, with an average age of (63.13±12.75) years old, 11 cases on the left side, 17 cases on the right side. The curative effects between two groups were evaluated before and after operation, including the success rate of reduction, the duration of reduction, the distance from successful reduction to injury, complications and functional rehabilitation(Constant score of shoulder joint). RESULTS: The success rates of reduction in experimental group and control group were 92.86%(26/28) and 67.86% (19/28), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The duration of simple reduction was (4.25±2.13) min and ( 6.31±1.69) min, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05);the time from successful reduction to injury was (9.16±0.94) h and (8.94±1.31) h, respectively, with no significant difference(P>0.05). There were no complications such as vascular nerve injury and fracture in experimental group, 2 cases of axillary nerve injury and 1 case of humeral head fracture in control group. Constant scores of shoulder joint between experimental group and control group were (92.34±5.62) points and (90.91±4.73) points, respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: For patients with irreducible subcoracoid dislocation of the shoulder joint with Hill-Sacks injury, the countertraction method under anesthesia of the shoulder joint cavity achieved a higher success rate and few complications.

Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on acute lung injury in septic rats by inhibiting inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis.

Objectives: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common comorbidity in patients with sepsis, and finding drugs that can effectively reduce its mortality is a hot spot in current research. The purpose of this study is to explore the protective mechanism of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on ALI in septic rats. Materials and Methods: We used NAC to intervene in septic rats to evaluate the plasma inflammatory factors and lung tissue pathological damage. Biochemical methods were used to determine the levels of oxidases in lung tissue, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) proteins, and observed lung tissue cell apoptosis. Results: NAC pretreatment decreased the mortality of septic rats, improved lung tissue pathological damage, reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and malondialdehyde, and increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Moreover, NAC pretreatment significantly decreased iNOS protein expression and increased eNOS protein expression in lung tissue. Meanwhile, NAC significantly decreased the number of apoptosis and the levels of Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA and increased the level of Bcl-2 mRNA in the lung tissue of septic rats. Conclusion: NAC protects ALI in septic rats by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia characterized by "painful knee joint with difficulty in moving": a case report.

BACKGROUND: Tumor-related osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by severe hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. The diagnosis of TIO can be very difficult because of its nonspecific nature of clinical manifestations. Here we reported a case of young TIO patient with "painful knee joint with difficulty in moving" to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment levels. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient's clinical features were consistent with TIO. A tumor was successfully located in left tibial by 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT, and then was surgically resected. Upon pathologic assessment, the tumor was diagnosed as phosphaturia stromal tumor (PMT) with positive Vim staining. After the surgery, serum phosphate level rapidly recovered and symptoms significantly improved. CONCLUSION: TIO should be considered in patients with chronically hypophosphorus osteomalacia in the setting of no family history. Early removal of the responsible tumors is clinically essential for the treatment, and imaging examination is of great significance for tumor localization.

Feasibility and Efficacy of a Degradable Magnesium-Alloy GBR Membrane for Bone Augmentation in a Distal Bone-Defect Model in Beagle Dogs.

We explored the feasibility and efficacy of a degradable magnesium (Mg) alloy guided bone regeneration (GBR) in the treatment of bone defects after tooth extraction. A GBR membrane (MAR-Gide (MG)) was used to treat a mandibular second molar (M2M)-distal bone defect (DBD). In eight beagle dogs, bilateral mandibular second and fourth premolars were hemi-sected. The distal roots were removed to create a two-wall bony defect of dimension 5 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm to simulate M2M-DBD. Thirty-two bone defects were assigned randomly into four groups according to GBR membranes (MG and Bio-Gide (BG)) applied and the time of killing (3 months and 6 months after surgery). The osteogenesis of bone defects and MG degradation were analyzed using micro-CT, histology (staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. MG did not increase the prevalence of infection, wound dehiscence, or subcutaneous emphysema compared with those using BG. Trabecular volume/total volume at 3 months (63.71 ± 10.4% vs. 59.97 ± 8.94%) was significantly higher in the group MG than that in the group BG. Implanted MG was degraded completely within 3 months, and "island-shaped" new bone was found near MG degradation products. A significant difference was not found in vertical bone height or percent of new bone formation (45.44 ± 12.28% vs. 43.49 ± 7.12%) between the groups. The concentration of rare-earth elements in mandibular lymph nodes of the group MG was significantly higher than that of the group BG (P ≤ 0.017) but did not lead to histopathological changes. In summary, MG exhibited good biocompatibility and clinical applicability compared with BG in vivo. The osteogenic effect of MG could be enhanced by regulating the degradation rate of Mg-alloy.

Salidroside Protects Acute Kidney Injury in Septic Rats by Inhibiting Inflammation and Apoptosis.

Purpose: To clarify the protective effect and mechanism of salidroside (SLDS) on acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic rats. Methods: We pretreated rats with different doses of SLDS and analyzed the impact of SLDS on the survival of septic rats. We evaluated the levels of inflammatory factors in rats, the expression of NF-ƙB p65 in the kidney, and the apoptosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells (KTECs). Results: SLDS significantly decreased the mortality of septic rats, and it reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-17A in plasma and kidneys and decreased the levels of serum creatinine, plasma renal injury molecule-1 and plasma neutrophil gelatin-associated lipocalin. Moreover, SLDS could significantly decrease the expression of NF-ƙB p65 in kidney tissues and the apoptotic number of KETCs, while reducing the mRNA levels of Caspase-3 and Bax mRNA, and increasing the level of Bcl-2 mRNA. Conclusion: SLDS pretreatment protects against AKI in septic rats by inhibiting the inflammation of kidney and the apoptosis of KTECs.

Mining of the Catharanthus roseus Genome Leads to Identification of a Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for Fungicidal Sesquiterpenes.

Characterization of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from microbial genomes has been proven to be a powerful approach to the discovery of new natural products. However, such a genome mining approach to the discovery of bioactive plant metabolites has been muted. The plant BGCs characterized to date encode pathways for antibiotics important in plant defense against microbial pathogens, providing a means to discover such phytoalexins by mining plant genomes. Here is reported the discovery and characterization of a minimal BGC from the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus, consisting of an adjacent pair of genes encoding a terpene synthase (CrTPS18) and cytochrome P450 (CYP71D349). These two enzymes act sequentially, with CrTPS18 acting as a sesquiterpene synthase, producing 5-epi-jinkoheremol (1), which CYP71D349 further hydroxylates to debneyol (2). Infection studies with maize revealed that 1 and 2 exhibit more potent fungicidal activity than validamycin. Accordingly, this study demonstrates that characterization of such cryptic plant BGCs is a promising strategy for the discovery of potential agrochemical leads. Moreover, despite the observed absence of 1 and 2 in C. roseus, the observed transcriptional regulation is consistent with their differential fungicidal activity, suggesting that such conditional coexpression may be sufficient to drive BGC assembly in plants.

A Metallic Ion-Induced Self-Assembly Enabling Nanowire-Based Aerogels.

The controlled assembly of nanowires is one of the key challenges in the development of a range of functional 3D aerogels with unique physicochemical properties for practical applications. However, the deep understanding of the dynamic assemble process for fabricating nanowire aerogels remains elusive. Herein, a facile strategy is presented for the metallic ion-induced assembly of nanowires into macroscopic aerogels via a solution-based process. This method enables the interconnecting between polymer-decorated nanowires via metallic coordination, resulting in plenty of nanowire bundles with the same orientation. Besides, the coordinated binding strength of nanowires with different metallic ions is also discussed. The assembly mechanism that the metallic ions induced dynamic behavior of nanowires is revealed via molecular dynamics theoretical evaluation. These findings benefit for constructing nanowire-based aerogels with unique structural features and multi-function, which pave new opportunities for other material systems.

Sirtuin 3 deficiency promotes acute kidney injury induced by sepsis via mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the regulation mechanism of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) on the mitochondrial function and apoptosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sepsis-induced AKI model was constructed in the wild-type and SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice, and the levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and plasma kidney injury molecule 1 (pKIM-1) in mice were detected by ELISA. The mitochondrial damage of kidney tubular epithelial cells (KTEC) was observed by electron microscopy, the apoptosis of KTEC was detected by TUNEL assay, and the mRNA levels of SIRT3, Bax, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2 were detected by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: SIRT3 KO caused increased expression of Scr, pKIM-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in the kidneys of septic mice, and decreased the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mitochondrial complex enzymes I/II/III/IV. SIRT3 deficiency exacerbated histopathological and mitochondrial damage to the proximal tubules of the kidney. In addition, SIRT3 KO resulted in a significantly increased apoptosis of KTEC, increased the mRNA levels of Bax and Caspase-3, and decreased the mRNA levels of Bcl-2. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that SIRT3 deficiency promotes sepsis-induced AKI via increasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inducing apoptosis.

Pretreatment with S-Nitrosoglutathione Attenuates Septic Acute Kidney Injury in Rats by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidation, and Apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the protective effect of s-nitrosoglutathione (SNG) pretreatment on acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic rats. METHODS: We constructed a rat model of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture and observed the survival of the rats. We obtained kidney and blood samples from rats, observed the pathological damage to the kidney tissues, and evaluated kidney function and the expression levels of inflammatory factors. We also detected the expression of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the kidneys by immunohistochemistry and evaluated the apoptosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells (KTEC) by TUNEL. RESULTS: Pretreatment with SNG significantly reduced the mortality of septic rats, attenuated kidney pathological damage, and decreased the levels of serum creatinine, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and plasma kidney injury molecule-1. Moreover, SNG pretreatment decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß in serum and kidney and reduced the expressions of NO, iNOS, PGE2, and COX-2 in the kidneys. Furthermore, pretreatment with SNG significantly reduced the apoptotic rate of KTEC and decreased the levels of caspase-3 and Bax mRNA, but increased the level of Bcl-2 mRNA. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with SNG has a protective effect on AKI in septic rats, and the specific mechanisms are related to inhibition of inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis.