CHARACTERISATION OF THE PTB THERMAL NEUTRON CALIBRATION FACILITY WITH THE BONNER SPHERE SPECTROMETER NEMUS.

The neutron field of the PTB Thermal Neutron Calibration Facility was characterised with the help of the Bonner sphere spectrometer of PTB, NEutron MUltisphere Spectrometer (NEMUS). For the analysis of the Bonner sphere data an analytical model of the neutron energy distribution was used. The unfolding of neutron spectra was performed via the method of Bayesian parameter estimation. Comparison of the results of thermal neutron fluence and thermal ambient dose equivalent with the results of the reference method of gold activation showed a very good agreement. For fast neutrons the results obtained with NEMUS will serve as reference values for this facility. The facility is ready for use as a thermal neutron reference field for calibrations of neutron measuring devices.

Characterisation of a BC501A compact neutron spectrometer for fusion research.

The compact neutron spectrometer used at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak is characterised to obtain its response matrix. This paper describes the characterisation procedure and the derived response matrix, based on a campaign at the PTB ion accelerator facility (PIAF) and on the subsequent time-of-flight (TOF) analysis of neutrons from a field with a broad energy distribution. The response of mono-energetic neutrons generated at the PIAF is used as reference for the TOF analysis. The detector's response functions for spectrum deconvolution are obtained by Gaussian broadening of the simulated responses to fit the experimental ones, using a maximum-entropy ansatz. In this way, the response functions are smooth enough to ensure a reliable unfolding of pulse height spectra into neutron emission spectra, which provide information on the fast ion velocity distribution in neutral beam heated tokamak plasmas.

Albedo neutron dosimetry in Germany: regulations and performance.

Personal neutron dosimetry has been performed in Germany using albedo dosemeters for >20 y. This paper describes the main principles, the national standards, regulations and recommendations, the quality management and the overall performance, giving some examples.

New PTB thermal neutron calibration facility: first results.

A new thermal neutron calibration facility based on a moderator assembly has been set up at PTB. It consists of 16 (241)Am-Be radionuclide sources mounted in a graphite block, 1.5 m wide, 1.5 m high and 1.8 m deep. The sources are distributed to eight different positions, at a mean distance of ∼1.25 m from the front face of the moderator. The neutron field at the reference position, 30 cm in front of the moderator device and 75 cm above the floor, has been characterised using calculations, Bonner sphere measurements and gold foil activation. First results are shown. The field is highly thermalised: 99 % in terms of fluence. It is quite homogenous within a 20 cm×20 cm area, but the absolute value of the thermal neutron fluence rate is small and yields an ambient dose equivalent rate of 3 µSv h(-1).

Monitoring of the neutron production at the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator.

The stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), presently under construction at the Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics in Greifswald, will be equipped with a set of neutron monitors to measure the total annual neutron emission for official documentation and to provide information for plasma diagnostics purposes. The authors performed MCNP calculations to design and optimise the moderator geometry of the monitors to exhibit a nearly energy-independent response as well as particular angular responses for one central and two peripheral monitors. The monitors were designed with up to five neutron detector tubes with different sensitivity to thermal neutrons to cover the expected neutron emission rates of W7-X from 10(11) s(-1) to 10(16) s(-1). A prerequisite for the determination of the neutron emission produced by a D-D plasma is an in-situ calibration of the neutron monitors. Such a procedure requires a MCNP simulation of the entire geometry of the W7-X stellarator. In a first benchmark experiment during the assembly phase of W7-X, the validity of the W7-X MCNP model was tested.

Characterization of single crystal chemical vapor deposition diamond detectors for neutron spectrometry.

Detectors made from artificial chemical vapor deposition single crystal diamond have shown great potential for fast neutron spectrometry. In this paper, we present the results of measurements made at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt accelerator using neutron fields in the energy range from 7 MeV to 16 MeV. This study presents the first results of the characterization of the detector in this energy range.

Evaluation of a digital data acquisition system and optimization of n-γ discrimination for a compact neutron spectrometer.

A compact NE213 liquid scintillation neutron spectrometer with a new digital data acquisition (DAQ) system is now in operation at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). With the DAQ system, developed by ENEA Frascati, neutron spectrometry with high count rates in the order of 5×10(5) s(-1) is possible, roughly an order of magnitude higher than with an analog acquisition system. To validate the DAQ system, a new data analysis code was developed and tests were done using measurements with 14-MeV neutrons made at the PTB accelerator. Additional analysis was carried out to optimize the two-gate method used for neutron and gamma (n-γ) discrimination. The best results were obtained with gates of 35 ns and 80 ns. This indicates that the fast and medium decay time components of the NE213 light emission are the ones that are relevant for n-γ discrimination with the digital acquisition system. This differs from what is normally implemented in the analog pulse shape discrimination modules, namely, the fast and long decay emissions of the scintillating light.

The compact neutron spectrometer at ASDEX Upgrade.

The first neutron spectrometer of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) was installed in November 2008. It is a compact neutron spectrometer (CNS) based on a BC501A liquid scintillating detector, which can simultaneously measure 2.45-MeV and 14-MeV neutrons emitted from deuterium (D) plasmas and γ radiation. The scintillating detector is coupled to a digital pulse shape discrimination data acquisition (DPSD) system capable of count rates up to 10(6) s(-1). The DPSD system can operate in acquisition and processing mode. With the latter n-γ discrimination is performed off-line based on the two-gate method. The paper describes the tests of the CNS and its installation at AUG. The neutron emission from the D plasma measured during a discharge with high auxiliary heating power was used to validate the CNS performance. The study of the optimal settings for the DPSD data processing to maximize the n-γ discrimination capability of the CNS is reported. The CNS measured both 2.45-MeV and 14-MeV neutrons emitted in AUG D plasmas with a maximum count rate of 5.4 × 10(5) s(-1) (>10 times higher than similar spectrometers previously achieved) with an efficiency of 9.3 × 10(-10) events per AUG neutron.

Measurement of the spectral fluence rate of reference neutron sources with a liquid scintillation detector.

Reference neutron sources such as (241)AmBe(alpha,n) and (252)Cf are commonly used to calibrate neutron detectors for radiation protection purposes. The calibration factors of these detectors depend on the spectral distribution of the neutron fluence from the source. Differences between the spectral fluence of the neutron source and the ISO-recommended reference spectra might be caused by the properties of the individual source. The spectral neutron fluence rates of different reference neutron sources used at PTB were measured with a liquid scintillation detector (NE213), using maximum entropy unfolding and a new, experimentally determined detector response matrix. The detector response matrix was determined by means of the time-of-flight technique at a pulsed neutron source with a broad energy distribution realised at the PTB accelerator facility. The results of the measurements of the reference sources are compared with the ISO-recommended reference spectra. For the PTB (241)AmBe(alpha,n) reference source, the spectral neutron fluence was determined by means of a high-resolution (3)He semiconductor sandwich spectrometer in 1982. These measurements were the basis for the ISO recommendations. The current measurements confirm the high-energy part (E(n) > 2 MeV) of this spectrum and demonstrate the suitability of this new method for high-resolution spectrometry of broad neutron spectra.

Energy and direction distribution of neutrons in workplace fields: implication of the results from the EVIDOS project for the set-up of simulated workplace fields.

Workplace neutron spectra from nuclear facilities obtained within the European project EVIDOS are compared with those of the simulated workplace fields CANEL and SIGMA and fields set-up with radionuclide sources at the PTB. Contributions of neutrons to ambient dose equivalent and personal dose equivalent are given in three energy intervals (for thermal, intermediate and fast neutrons) together with the corresponding direction distribution, characterised by three different types of distributions (isotropic, weakly directed and directed). The comparison shows that none of the simulated workplace fields investigated here can model all the characteristics of the fields observed at power reactors.

Calibration of personal dosemeters in mixed neutron-photon fields: some problems and their solution.

In neutron reference radiation fields, the conventional true value of the personal dose equivalent, H(p)(10), is derived from the spectral neutron fluence and recommended conversion coefficients. This procedure requires the phantom on which the personal dosemeter is mounted to be irradiated with a broad and parallel beam. In many practical situations, the change of the neutron fluence and/or the energy distribution over the surface of the phantom may not be neglected. For a selection of typical irradiation conditions in neutron reference radiation fields, the influence of this effect has been analysed using numerical methods. A further problem, which is of relevance for the calibration of dosemeters measuring both the neutron and the photon component of mixed fields, is the 'double counting' of the dose equivalent due to neutron-induced photons. The relevance of this conceptual problem for calibrations in mixed-field dosimetry was analysed.

Experimental comparison of 241Am-Be neutron fluence energy distributions.

(241)Am-Be(alpha,n) neutron sources provide one of the most commonly used neutron fields for routine calibration of neutron sensitive devices. The neutron energy distribution of the IRSN standard (241)Am-Be source was measured in the energy region above 1.65 MeV using a BC501A proton-recoil liquid scintillator. The experimental data were compared to the ISO-recommended neutron energy distribution for an (241)Am-Be source. Some differences in shape were observed, with large variations mainly within the energy interval 3-6 MeV and around 8 MeV. Within the framework of a collaboration between three national metrological institutes (PTB, Germany; NPL, UK and LNE-IRSN, France), the neutron energy distributions of (241)Am-Be sources at each laboratory have been compared. The IRSN-BC501A proton-recoil scintillator was used to measure all the sources. The results show different energy distributions a priori influenced by the origin of the source, i.e. the manufacturing process. The maximum deviation observed for the integral dose equivalent, in the measured BC501A energy range, is within the 4% uncertainty recommended by ISO standard 8529-2 to allow for variations of the neutron spectrum among different (241)Am-Be sources. However, knowledge of the energy distribution of an (241)Am-Be source provides a way to reduce the uncertainty in the dose equivalent rate delivered by such a source.

Measurement and Monte Carlo modelling of the JRC 241Am-Li(alpha,n) source spectrum.

The neutron energy spectrum of the JRC 241Am-Li(alpha,n) radionuclide source has been measured at the PTB in Germany using various spectrometry systems, such as Bonner spheres, proton recoil counters and NE213 liquid scintillators. The source photon spectrum has been measured and the neutron contamination due to traces of beryllium through the 9Be(alpha,n)12C reaction has been determined. The effects associated with source encapsulation and the materials it contains have been investigated previously, using Monte Carlo simulations, the various structures seen in the spectra have been explained and the anisotropy of fluence distributions in 4pi have been calculated and compared to measurements. These extensive high resolution spectrometry measurements have been coupled to Monte Carlo calculations to provide a realistic spectrum and new spectrum-averaged fluence-to-dose equivalent conversion coefficients for the actual 241Am-Li source.