Probiotics increase T regulatory cells and reduce severity of experimental colitis in mice.

AIM: To investigate the effect of probiotics on regulating T regulatory cells and reducing the severity of experimental colitis in mice. METHODS: Forty C57/BL mice were randomly divided into four groups. Colitis was induced in the mice using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). After 10-d treatment with Bifico capsules (combined bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and enterococcus), body weight, colonic weight, colonic weight index, length of colon, and histological scores were evaluated. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cell in mesenteric lymph nodes were measured by flow cytometry, and cytokines in colonic tissue homogenates were analyzed by a cytometric bead array. RESULTS: The colonic weight index and the colonic weight of colitis mice treated with Bifico were lower than that of TNBS-induced mice without treatment. However, colonic length and percent of body weight amplification were higher than in TNBS-induced mice without treatment. Compared with TNBS-induced mice without treatment, the level of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, the expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in colonic tissues from colitis mice treated with Bifico were upregulated, and tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were downregulated. CONCLUSION: Probiotics effectively treat experimental colitis by increasing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cell and regulating the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the colonic mucosa.

[Regulation effect of scorpio and scolopendra on CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cell in peripheral blood from rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)].

OBJECTIVE: To study the regulation effect of Scorpio and Scolopendra on CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg Cell in peripheral blood from rats with collagen-induced arthritis. METHODS: Sixty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, normal control group, model control group, low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose Scorpio and Scolopendra group,and the type II collagen group. Rats' arthritis was induced by collagen. The number of CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cell in peripheral blood was tested by flow cytometry, and the level of IL-2 in serum was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Compared with the model groups,the levels of CD4 + CD25 + Treg cell and CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cell were increased obviously in the high and low dose of Scorpio and Scolopendra groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while the level of IL-2 in serum was decreased remarkably in the middle and low dose of Scorpio and Scolopendra groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: It is realized that Scorpio and Scolopendra effectively treat RA by regulating the level of CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cell to restore immunological tolerance.

[Effects of scorpion and centipede on IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestinal mucosa and joint injury of rats with collagen induced arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of scorpion and centipede on interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 in the small intestinal mucosa and joint injury of rats with collagen induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the normal control group, the model group, the low dose scorpion and centipede group, the middle dose scorpion and centipede group, the high dose scorpion and centipede group, and the type II collagen treatment group. The joints' volume was measured 40 days after type II collagen (CII) induced rheumatoid arthritis model was established. The joint injury was observed by naked eyes. The expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestine tissue homogenate were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The joint injury score and volume of two hind limbs were obviously higher in the model group than in the normal control group since the 23rd day (P < 0.01). Rats were accompanied with red, swollen, and deformed foot toes and ankle joints. Walking was even affected. Meanwhile, the joint injury score and volume of two hind limbs were obviously lowered by medicated with 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 g/kg scorpion and centipede, as well as CII on the 32nd day after medication (P <0.05, P < 0.01). The expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestine tissue homogenate were obviously lower in the model group than in the normal control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, only the expression levels of IL-2 and IL-4 in the small intestine tissue homogenate of the high dose scorpion and centipede group and the type II collagen treatment group significantly increased. The expression level of IL-10 significantly increased in the high and middle dose scorpion and centipede groups, as well as the type II collagen treatment group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Scorpion and centipede could effectively release the joint injury of rats with CIA. Its mechanism might be correlated with increased expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestine mucosa.

Scorpio and Scolopendra attenuate inflammation and articular damage in rats with collagen-induced arthritis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Scorpio and Scolopendra (SS) are two traditional Chinese medicines, which are generally used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. However, the mechanism is so far unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of SS in attenuating inflammation and joint injury in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RA was induced in Wistar rats by injection of collagen, meanwhile, the rats were administrated daily either SS (0.4 g/kg, 0.2 g/kg, and 0.1 g/kg) or vehicle (physiological saline) for 42 days. The therapeutic effect of SS on RA was evaluated by pathological methods. T lymphocyte subsets and anti-collagen type II (CII) antibody were tested in peripheral blood. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed in tissue homogenate of fresh joints. RESULTS: The inflammation and articular damage in SS powder-treated rats were attenuated significantly. In addition, SS powder was revealed to modulate the equilibrium of T lymphocyte subsets, down-regulate TNF-α and IL-1ß, up-regulate IL-4 and IL-10, and significantly suppress the level of anti-CII antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Scorpio and Scolopendra, when used as a combination, reveal desirable effect for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and this beneficial effect may be accomplished through normalization of T lymphocyte subsets and the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines.

[Effect of oral scorpio and scolopendra powder on T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and intestine from rats with collagen induced arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe effect of oral scorpio and scolopendra powder on T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and intestine from rats with collagen induced arthritis (CIA). METHOD: 60 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model control group, low-dose scorpio and scolopendra group, middle-dose scorpio and scolopendra group, high-dose scorpio and scolopendra group, and type II collagen group. Rat's rheumatoid arthritis was induced by collagen II (C II). Level of T-cell subsets from peripheral blood and intestine was measured by flow cytometry. RESULT: CD4+ T cellular level was obviously increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) or kept increased tendency in peripheral blood and intestine from the model group compared with that of the normal group, while the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in intestine was obviously descent but the contrary in peripheral blood (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CD4+, CD8+ T cellular level in intestine were obviously descent and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ increased in all treated groups when compared with in the model group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, CD4+ T cellular level and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood were remarkablely decreased. CONCLUSION: The mechanism that scorpio and scolopendra could treat rat's rheumatoid arthritis may be regulating balance of T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and intestine.