[Shaping approaches to standardization of oropharynx mucous membrane assessment of immunological parameters]. / Formirovanie podkhodov k standartizatsii issledovaniya immunologicheskikh parametrov slizistoi obolochki rotoglotki.

Basis of acute pharyngitis pathogenesis is an inflammatory process at the entrance gate of the infection. Therefore, local immunity study proves to be the most informative. Difficulty in making that type of assessment is lack of generally accepted reference values and biological sampling techniques. OBJECTIVE: Validation of biological sampling techniques to study the parameters of local mucosal immunity in oropharynx acute inflammatory diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 people with acute catarrhal pharyngitis with intoxication syndrome were examined. The sampling was carried out in 7 different ways. 1. Collect saliva samples using the passive drool collection method. 2. Collect saliva, using cotton swabs placed into the mouth for 3 minutes. 3. Cotton swabs wrapped around a metal probe was placed on palatine tonsils and lateral walls of the oropharynx. 4. Instead of a cotton swab, a disc of laboratory filter paper with a diameter of 0.7 cm was used. 5. Scrape by the mucous membrane of the palatine tonsils and lateral walls of the oropharynx were made with a cytobrush. 6. Using a cytobrush, scrapings were made from the mucous membrane of only the posterior pharyngeal wall, excluding the region of the palatine tonsils. 7. Using a cytobrush to make scrapings from the only palatine tonsils mucous membrane. RT-PCR was used to determine IL-1ß mRNA. RESULTS: Minimal IL-1ß mRNA values were detected in saliva collected by passive flow (0.095 [0; 3.45] units) and on a cotton swab (0.21 [0.1; 3.82] units). IL-1ß mRNA in the material collected by methods No. 3 and No. 4 on a cotton swab and a paper disk did not differ significantly from each other. Its level was higher than in saliva and lower than in scrapings. The maximum result was revealed with method No. 5 when simultaneously taking scrapings from the palatine tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall mucous membrane (4.76 [0.92; 8.13] units). The expression of IL-1ß mRNA in the material obtained by methods No. 6 and No. 7 did not differ significantly from each other. CONCLUSION: Separated scrapings collecting from the palatine tonsils or posterior pharyngeal wall mucous membrane will allow assessing the inflammatory response autonomously in the lymphoid tissue and separately on the mucosa of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The mucosal scraping technique was the most effective for assessing cytokines in the oropharyngeal mucosal membrane.

[Pleiomorphism of the cytokine profile in nasal polyp tissue depending on the phenotype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps]. / Pleiomorfizm tsitokinovogo profilya v tkani polipov v zavisimosti ot fenotipa polipoznogo rinosinusita.

Clinical phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are characterized with different inflammation patterns of mRNA expression of cytokines and depend on presence of allergic rhinitis (AR), atopic bronchial asthma (aBA) or nonatopic bronchial asthma (nBA). OBJECTIVE: To compare inflammation response in patients with different phenotypes of CRSwNP according to level secretion of the key cytokines in nasal polyp tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 292 patients with CRSwNP were divided into four phenotypes: group 1 - CRSwNP without respiratory allergy (RA) and without BA; group 2a - CRSwNP+ AR with aBA; group 2b - CRSwNP+AR without aBA; group 3 - CRSwNP+nBA. Control group (n=36) included patients with hypertrophic rhinitis without atopy or BA. Using multiplex assay we defined the level of IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3 in nasal polyp tissue. RESULTS: The evaluation of cytokines levels in nasal polyps in different CRSwNP phenotypes showed a pleiotropy of different cytokine secretion depending on different comorbid pathology. In control group we estimated the lowest levels of all detected cytokines in comparison with other CRS groups. High levels of local proteins IL-5 and IL-13 and low levels of all isoform of TGF-ß characterized CRSwNP without RA and BA. The combination of CRSwNP with AR showed high levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1ß, and high levels of TGF-ß1 and TGF-ß2. The combination of CRSwNP with aBA estimated low levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IFN-γ; in case of CRS+nBA we determined the highest levels of TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2 and TGF-ß3 in nasal polyp tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Each CRSwNP phenotype is characterized by different mechanism of local inflammation. This underlies the necessity to diagnose BA and respiratory allergy among these patients. The evaluation of local cytokine profile in different CRSwNP phenotypes can help to determine the target anticytokine therapy for patients who has low efficacy of basic corticosteroid therapy.

[Influence of synthetic peptide of active GM-CSF center on hemopoiesis recovery in C57Bl/6 mice after exposure to fractionated radiation].

The research allowed evaluation of the influence exerted by synthetic peptide of the active center of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating (GM-CSF) factor on hematopoiesis in mice both under normal physiological conditions of the animals, and during the period of post-exposure recovery of hematopoiesis. It has been demonstrated that a synthetic peptide of the active GM-CSF center is able to exert a stimulating effect on animals with radiation-induced hematopoiesis inhibition. A single injection of the preparation at a dose of 0.005 µg/g to female C57Bl/6 mice, which had been exposed to fractionated exposure at a dose of 10 Gy and developed inhibition of bone-marrow hematopoiesis and cytopenia, exerted a stimulating effect on the granulocyte and monocyte lineages of hemopoiesis. Injections of an active GM-CSF center peptide to irradiated animals did not influence the content of CFUs in thebone-marrow (BM), but they exerted a stimulating influence on the population of these cells in unexposed animals. No effect of the influence of the preparation on the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen was observed in the irradiated mice. The study showed that a peptide active site GM-CSF is a promising drug in terms of its use for the treatment of radiation-induced myelosuppression.

[The comparative characteristics of antibacterial properties of the peptides of the active site of GM-CSF, and substances delivered from supernatants of hematopoietic progenitor CD34+45- cells].

The antibacterial activity of synthetic peptides of the active site of GM-CSF and supernatants of CD34+45- hematopoietic progenitor cells has been investigated GM-CSF peptides and cell supernatants were found to possess pronounced antibacterial activity, at that a combination of these substances has a more pronounced activity in comparison with the single substances. Possible mechanisms of the identified effects of synthetic peptides and substances from the supernatants of CD34+5- cells are discussed.

[Method and equipment for detection of pathogenic microorganisms using tracking analytical membranes].

Method for detection of pathogenic microorganisms in different microbiological assays (water, faeces, punctate etc.) has been developed. Device for preparation of samples and filtration of studied material through transparent tracking membranes with fixed size of pores and subsequent microscopy of filtrate was developed also as well as device for filtration of different liquids in closed cylinder under pressure. Method significantly increases informativeness and reliability of analyses, and decreases of their labor and financial costs.

Effects of secretory products of activated neutrophils on morphological composition and functional activity of peritoneal exudation cells during inflammation of staphylococcal origin.

Substance A5 isolated from supernatants of activated neutrophils from donors significantly increases the percentage of neutrophils and macrophages in the peritoneal exudation of mice on days 3 and 7 of staphylococcal inflammation and stimulates functional activity (lysosomal, phagocytic, and NBT-reducing) of these cells, reduced as a result of inflammation, on days 3, 7, and 14 of the inflammatory process.

[Molecular mechanisms of relationships between the host organism and pathogenic enterobacteria]. / Moleculiarnye mekhanizmy vzaimootnoshenii organizma i patogennykh énterobakterii.

Modern data on the molecular mechanisms of relationships between the host organism and the pathogenic representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the host-parasite system are presented. The process of cytokine and eicosanoid regulation of the immune process of the host in the norm and pathology states are analyzed. The examples of the mechanisms of immune suppression, false antigenic stimulation and the mimicry of pathogens are given.

[Phenomenon of apoptosis in the survival of enterobacteria in the parasite-host system]. / Fenomen apoptoza v vyzhivanii énterobakterii v sisteme parazit-khoziain.

Data on the apoptosis phenomenon with enterobacteria used as a model are presented. One of the mechanisms regulating the vital activity of eukaryotic cells is, together with cell proliferation and differentiation, the phenomenon known as "apoptosis". This physiological process of the eukaryotic cells death is used by many parasites in parasite--host relationships in different epitopes. The system known to trigger programmed cell death, is the surface receptor Fas, the receptor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) activated by the corresponding FasL ligand and TNF alpha, which further triggers the cascade mechanisms of the execution program. In various representatives of enterobateria different proteins serve as Fas ligand, viz. protein IpaB in Shigella flexneri, SipB activating converting enzyme IL-1 beta, identical to capsase-1, in Salmonella spp., YopP in Yersinia spp. Still the mechanism triggering apoptosis in Yersinia spp. has some original features. In Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin is the factor triggering the suicidal program, the triggering mechanism being mediated by an increase in intracellular calcium ions.

[Role of neutrophils in regulation of immune responsiveness and reparative reactions of damaged tissue]. / Rol' neitrofilov v reguliatsii immunnoi reaktivnosti i reparativnykh reaktsii povrezhdennoi tkani.

After both thermal and mechanical injuries, mice are shown to have depressed functions of phagocytes (primarily neutrophils), suppressed ability of an immune response to antigens and decreased skin inflammatory and reparative activities. It is suggested that a neutrophilic secretory defect and a decrease in the production of stimulating factors might be a cause of the above effects. After thermal and mechanical injuries, injection of neutrophilokin extracted from latex-activated neutrophilic supernatant into the mice promoted recovered phagocytic functional activity, higher humoral and cellular immune response and increased the rate of standard burn wound healing. Neutrophilokin also accelerated clavus formation in mice with mechanical injury. Thus, it can be concluded that neutrophils and their low-molecular secretory products play an important role in regulating immune and inflammatory reparative homeostasis in thermal and mechanical injuries.

[Antistressor action of neutrophilokine]. / Antistressornoe deistvie neitrofilokina.

Neutrophilokine, a latex-activated neutrophilic secretory product, was tested for effects on the body's response to immobilization stress. Preadministration of neutrophilokine decreased the magnitude of post-stress changes: neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, and stress-induced ulcerogenesis in the gastric mucosa. It is concluded that triple administration of neutrophilokine induces adaptation to immobilization stress.

[The effect of neutrophilic secretory products on erythropoiesis in bone marrow erythroblastic islands]. / Vliianie sekretornykh produktov neitrofilov na éritropoéz v éritroblasticheskikh ostrovkakh kostnogo mozga.

The secretory products of the neutrophils were shown to exert an activating effect on the erythropoiesis in case of an activating neutrophil supernatant. The latter seems to modify the reactivity of the central macrophages in animals with suppressed endogenous erythropoietin.

[Effect of neutrophil secretory products on erythropoiesis in erythroblastic islets of bone marrow after hemorrhage]. / Vliianie sekretornykh produktov neitrofilov na éritropoéz v éritroblasticheskikh ostrovkakh kostnogo mozga posle krovopoteri.

The effects of activated neutrophilic secretory products on marrow erythroblastic islet erythropoiesis and peripheral blood parameters were studied after experimental blood loss. The supernatant of activated neutrophils was demonstrated to potentiate erythrodieresis in early post-loss period. At the same time the supernatant had a high stimulant effect on erythroblastic islet erythropoiesis. The erythroblastic islets showed increases in new formation and reconstitution, acceleration of amplification wave, which results in peripheral blood reticulocytosis. Thus, neutrophilic secretory products stimulates the synthesis and secretion of central macrophage products, which promotes accelerated maturation of erythroblasts in the erythroblastic islet crown.

[The effect of alpha-1-acidic glycoprotein on neutrophil chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in experimental thermal trauma]. / Vliianie alpha-1-kislogo glikoproteina na khemiliuminestsentsiiu neitrofilov i perekisnoe okislenie lipidov pri éksperimental'noi termicheskoi travme.

Induced chemoluminescence of neutrophils was distinctly inhibited both in intact mice and the animals with thermal injury after administration of acid alpha 1-glycoprotein. At the same time, the glycoprotein decreased the rate of thermal burn-induced activation of lipid peroxidation in rat blood, skin and liver tissue. Antioxidative and therapeutic effects of acid alpha 1-glycoprotein in burns appear to be related to regulation of neutrophil activity.

[Modulating action of intermediate molecular weight peptides on the course of experimental burn injury]. / Moduliruiushchee deistvie srednemolekuliarnykh peptidov na techenie ozhogovoi bolezni v éksperimente.

Preliminary injection of middle mass peptides (MMP) obtained from blood of intact dogs and dogs with burn injury aggravated the response of mice and rats to thermal injury. The mortality among mice with burns grew and the reaction of the lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen) of rats to the thermal burn was intensified. The aggravating action of MMP in mice correlated well with their damaging effect in experiments on human blood neutrophils. A MMP fraction possessing a protecting effect in burns in rats was isolated from the blood of intact dogs. The data obtained are discussed from the standpoint of the pathogenetic importance of MMP in burn disease.

[The pathogenetic significance of antioxidant properties of middle molecular weight peptides in thermal burns]. / O patogeneticheskom znachenii antioksidantnykh svoistv srednemolekuliarnykh peptidov pri termicheskikh ozhogakh.

Antioxidative activity of middle mass peptides (MMP), obtained from blood of dogs with burns and of intact animals, was studied. "Lowry-chromogenic" amino acids containing in the MMP structure were responsible for the antioxidative activity. At the same time, this property of MMP was related also to their pathogenecity. The peptides were able to regulate lipid peroxidation in rats with thermic burns. Regulating effects of MMP on lipid peroxidation in pathogenesis of burns are discussed.

[The effect of the peptide fractions of neutrophilokines on the immune response of mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus]. / Vliianie peptidnykh fraktsii neitrofilokinov na immunyi otvet myshei, zarazhennykh Staphylococcus aureus.

The influence of immunostimulating and immunosuppressing neutrophilokine fractions on the immune response of mice with staphylococcal infection has been studied. When injected into mice with staphylococcal infection, the immunostimulating fraction of the supernatants of activated neutrophils has been found to restore the activity of the immune system of the infected animals. The secretory products of intact neutrophils do not change or decrease the capacity of the animals for immune response under the conditions of the infectious process.