Is the carotenoid production from Phaffia rhodozyma yeast genuinely sustainable? a comprehensive analysis of biocompatibility, environmental assessment, and techno-economic constraints.

Microorganisms, such as yeasts, filamentous fungi, bacteria, and microalgae, have gained significant attention due to their potential in producing commercially valuable natural carotenoids. In recent years, Phaffia rhodozyma yeasts have emerged as intriguing non-conventional sources of carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin and ß-carotene. However, the shift from academic exploration to effective industrial implementation has been challenging to achieve. This study aims to bridge this gap by assessing various scenarios for carotenoid production and recovery. It explores the use of ionic liquids (ILs) and bio-based solvents (ethanol) to ensure safe extraction. The evaluation includes a comprehensive analysis involving Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), biocompatibility assessment, and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) of two integrated technologies that utilize choline-based ILs and ethanol (EtOH) for astaxanthin (+ß-carotene) recovery from P. rhodozyma cells. This work evaluates the potential sustainability of integrating these alternative solvents within a yeast-based bioeconomy.

Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone treatment in indeterminate form of chronic Chagas disease: Reduced intensity of tissue parasitism and inflammation-A histopathological study.

Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone prodrug effective in vivo during acute infections, and it has less hepatotoxicity effect than the standard drug benznidazole (BZN) which has been used during short- and long-term treatment. In the present study, we induced the indeterminate form of Chagas disease in mice with a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and analysed the histopathological data about the effects of NFOH and BZN on different tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, colon, spleen and brain. After infection, BALB/c mice were treated with NFOH (150 mg/kg) and BZN (60 mg/kg) for 60 days and then submitted to immunosuppression using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Two trained analysts, as part of a blind evaluation, examined the results using serial sections of 3 mm diameter in two different moments. The results showed reactivation of the disease only in the infected nontreated group (POS). After treatment, amastigote nests were found in the heart, colon, liver and skeletal muscle in the POS group and in the heart and liver of the BZN group. Interestingly, amastigote nests were not found in the NFOH and NEG groups. The histopathological analysis showed fewer tissue lesions and parasite infiltrates in the NFOH group when compared with the BZN and POS groups. We have not observed any increase in the levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers (AST/ALT) in the NFOH group. These in vivo studies show the potential for NFOH as an effective and safe compound useful as an anti-T. cruzi agent.

The long-term administration of calcineurin inhibitors decreases antioxidant enzyme activity in the rat parotid and submandibular salivary glands.

AIMS: Calcineurin inhibitors are widely used for prevention of graft rejection and treatment of autoimmune disorders, which result in increased longevity and enhanced quality of life for patients. Unfortunately, the toxic side effects of these drugs (mainly renal, hepatic and cardiac) limit their use. In this work, we studied the effects of long-term treatment of rats with the immunosuppressant cyclosporin (CsA) or tacrolimus (Tac) on salivation, saliva composition and on the major salivary glands (parotid and submandibular) in terms of histological alterations and oxidative stress, evaluated as lipoperoxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive species--TBARS) and antioxidant enzyme activity contents (superoxide dismutase--SOD, catalase--CAT and glutathione peroxidase--GPx). MAIN METHODS: Male adult rats were treated with either CsA (10 mg/kg/day) or Tac (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously for 30 or 60 days. At the end of the experimental periods, pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate was measured, saliva samples were collected and the salivary glands were dissected for morphological and biochemical analyses. KEY FINDINGS: After a 60-day treatment with any of the immunosuppressants, the total protein, Ca(2+) and Na(+) saliva concentrations were decreased but salivary flow rates were unaffected. In addition, both parotid and submandibular glands showed decreased SOD, CAT and GPx activities, increased TBARS contents and histomorphological alterations involving the epithelium and acini. SIGNIFICANCE: Based on these results, we suggest that the systemic long-term administration of the calcineurin inhibitor CsA or Tac induces an impairment of the antioxidant enzymatic defense in the rat major salivary glands, which may, in turn, lead to altered saliva composition.

Intraoral Schwannomas: Presentation of a series of 12 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Schwannomas are benign and not very frequent tumors of the peripheral nerves, derived from the nerve supporting Schwann cells. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected on the clinical manifestations (sex, age), location, size and symptonts of the lesions as well as the evolution time and the initial (presumption) diagnosis. RESULTS: Twelve patients were documented, with a mean age of 29,5 ± 12,1 years (range 16-50) and a balanced gender distribution. The mean duration of the lesions was 42,17± 45,3 months. The lesion located in the floor of the mouth was the largest tumor, measuring about 4 cm in maximum diameter, while the average size of the 12 schwannomas was 2.04± 1.1 cm. CONCLUSION: We present 12 oral schwannomas diagnosed and treated over a period of 10 years. Key words:Schwannomas, oral benign tumor, neurilemmoma.