Grape skin flour obtained from wine processing as an antioxidant in beef burgers.

The objective of this study was to determine the best level of wine making by-product meal (WBM) as a natural antioxidant to replace butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in beef burger stored at -20 °C for up to 120 days. The treatments consisted of control (basic formulation - BF, without antioxidant); BF with BHT; and BF with WBM0.5, WBM1.0, WBM1.5, and WBM2.0, with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g WBM/100 g BF, respectively. Up to 60 days of storage, the lipid oxidation value between BHT and WBM0.5 treatments did not differ and were lower than the values presented by the other treatments. On day 90 and 120, the lipid oxidation values of treatments BHT, WBM0.5, and WBM1.0 did not differ and were lower than the values presented by WBM1.5 and WBM2.0 treatments. Burgers from all treatments with WBM inclusion had crude fiber values above 3 g/100 g. WBM1.5 and WBM2.0 treatments had the worst scores for appearance, aroma, juiciness and tenderness, in addition to the highest cooking losses. WBM can be used at up to 1 g/100 g to replace BHT in frozen beef burgers. Higher levels of WBM inclusion increased lipid oxidation and negatively affected the sensory quality of burgers.

Healthy beef burgers: Effect of animal fat replacement by algal and wheat germ oil emulsions.

The present study aimed to reformulate beef burgers to make them healthier through total replacement of pork backfat by algal (Al) and/or wheat germ (WG) oils emulsions. The addition of oils emulsions increased the protein and decreased the proportions of lipids in the burgers between 26% and 38%. Colour and technological parameters were not affected by the addition of oils, but increased all TPA parameters. α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) increased in reformulated samples. The wheat germ oil reduced the SFA concentration. The use of algal and/or wheat germ oils emulsions increase PUFA concentration. Beef burgers containing algal oil can be claimed as "high omega-3 content". Both oils improved the n-6/n-3 and PUFA/SFA nutritional ratios. Sensory differences were observed in the flavour and overall quality parameters. The formulations containing algal oil emulsion were similar to the Control. As a general conclusion, the use of algal oil emulsion as pork backfat substitute improve nutritional characteristics of burger without affecting technological or sensory properties.

Use of Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) Oil Emulsion as Animal Fat Replacement in Beef Burgers.

The present study evaluated the replacement of beef fat in beef burgers using a tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oil emulsion, in order to reduce total fat and saturated fatty acids in the studied samples. Three formulations were processed: Control-100% beef fat; tiger nut 50% (TN50)-50% of beef fat replaced using tiger nut oil emulsion and tiger nut 100% (TN100)-100% of beef fat replaced by tiger nut oil emulsion. The physicochemical parameters were affected after fat replacement. Moreover, the protein and fat contents decreased in those sample with tiger nut oil emulsion, thus the formulation TN100 can be considered as "reduced fat content". Regarding color, an increased L* and b* value parameters was observed after TN100 while the values of a* remained similar to the Control samples. The hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were similar in all formulations. The addition of tiger nut oil emulsion as a substitute for beef fat reduced saturated fat and increased the mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was found to be in highest proportions in burgers. The TN100 samples were considered as acceptable by consumers. Therefore, total replacement of beef fat using tiger nut oil emulsions in beef burger resulted in a well-accepted and healthier meat product with reduced total and saturated fat contents, as well as increased unsaturated fatty acids.

Partial replacement of meat and fat with hydrated wheat fiber in beef burgers decreases caloric value without reducing the feeling of satiety after consumption.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of hydrated wheat fiber replacing meat and fat in beef burgers on technological characteristics, sensory acceptance and hunger satisfaction. The different levels of hydrated wheat fiber (1 g fiber: 6 g water) were 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0 g of fiber/80 g burger portion. Results showed that the greater the addition of hydrated wheat fiber, the lower the protein (P < .0001) and lipid (P = .0006) content and consequently the greater the reduction in caloric value. Burgers with up to 3.75 g fiber/80 g portion showed the same (P > .05) sensory acceptance as the Control burgers (those without added fiber). Sandwiches comprised of burgers with 2.5 and 5.0 g fiber/80 g portion caused the same (P > .05) hunger satisfaction (satiety feeling) as those comprised of Control burgers for up to 3 h after consumption. Burgers containing 3.75 g fiber/80 g burger may represent an interesting alternative for people who want to reduce caloric intake and/or increase the proportion of insoluble fiber in their diet.