The A19G polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of the human obese gene does not affect leptin levels in severely obese patients.

Recently, the presence of different polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the ob gene has been associated with variations in leptin levels. However, the results of these studies are still contradictory. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the presence of the A19G polymorphism in an Italian population of obese patients and to verify its association with leptin levels and anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical parameters. Two hundred five obese patients [body mass index (BMI) > 36 kg/m2; 135 women and 70 men; mean age, 46.9+/-14.23 yr] were screened for presence of the polymorphism; 61 normal-weight controls (mean BMI, 21.05 kg/m2; 53 women, 8 men) were also screened to compare polymorphism frequency. For obese patients, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, resting energy expenditure, body composition, fasting leptin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and caloric intake were determined. Genotype frequencies in obese and control subjects were compared using the contingency table chi-square test; in obese subjects an ANOVA was performed to evaluate association between the polymorphism and several clinical parameters. No significant differences in genotype distribution between control and obese subjects were found. No significant correlations were found between this polymorphism and serum leptin levels and the other parameters considered. These findings confirm the results obtained in both a Finnish and a French population; taken together, these observations might rule out a significant role for the A19->G polymorphism in the regulation of leptin levels and other clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters.

Leptin plasma concentrations are dependent on body fat distribution in obese patients.

AIM: To evaluate whether fat distribution plays a role in determining serum leptin concentrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One-hundred and forty-seven obese patients, 77 males and 70 females, aged 45.1 +/- 13.2 y (mean +/- s.d.; range 21-73 y), with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 30 to 55 kg/m2 (mean 42.3 +/- 5.9). Ultrasound assessment of the thickness of subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat was carried out and calculation of their ratio as abdominal fat index (AFI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body composition by bioelectrical impedance to evaluate the percentage of fat mass (FM%) and total amount of fat (FMKg) were also determined. Plasma leptin was measured by radio immuno assay (RIA). RESULTS: In the whole group of patients, serum leptin concentrations were 37.2 +/- 18.4 ng/ml (range 6-101.3 ng/ml); in spite of BMI values not being significantly different, women had leptin values significantly higher (47.4 +/- 17.4 ng/ml) (P < 0.01) than males (28.1 +/- 15.1 ng/ml), also after correction for fat mass. The mean thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat was 33.7 +/- 12.9 mm and it was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in female (40.9 +/- 10.6 mm) than in male (27.1 +/- 11.2 mm) patients; preperitoneal thickness was 22.9 +/- 7.1 mm, with significantly (P < 0.05) higher values in males (24.2 +/- 6.8 mm) than in females (21.7 +/- 7.3 mm). Accordingly, AFI (in all patients 0.84 +/- 0.6) was significantly higher in males (1.09 +/- 0.6) than in females (0.56 +/- 0.2). In the overall population, leptin concentrations were directly and significantly related to subcutaneous but not preperitoneal fat; they showed a strong inverse relationship with AFI and WHR. When the results were evaluated dividing the patients according to gender, subcutaneous fat thickness showed a stronger association with leptin levels in males than in females, whereas no association was found with preperitoneal fat thickness. Leptin and AFI values were significantly related only in men. WHR values were not correlated with leptin concentrations in either sex. When fat mass was added to the model, subcutaneous fat thickness, AFI and WHR remained independently associated with leptin concentrations. Age and diabetes did not influence these measures. CONCLUSIONS: Fat distribution contributes to the variability in serum leptin in obese patients. In particular, subcutaneous abdominal fat is a determinant of leptin concentration, also independently of the amount of fat mass, whereas the contribution of preperitoneal visceral fat is not significant.

Serum leptin concentration in moderate and severe obesity: relationship with clinical, anthropometric and metabolic factors.

OBJECTIVE: To study clinical, anthropometric and metabolic determinants of serum leptin concentrations in a series of patients with a wide range of obesity. SUBJECTS: 400 patients, 116 males and 284 females, aged 44+/-12.3 years with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 31 to 82 kg/m2 (mean 41.4+/-7.1). MEASUREMENTS: Energy intake by 7-day recall, resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry, body composition determined by bioelectrical impedance; C index, an anthropometric index of abdominal fat distribution, and waist-hip ratio (WHR), blood glucose serum leptin concentrations, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and insulin concentrations HOMA IRI (homeostastis model assessment of insulin resistance index). RESULTS: Leptin concentrations were higher in obese than in normal subjects and in females than in males without differences between diabetic and non-diabetic patients; leptin concentrations were not related to age and showed a strong negative association with energy intake only in the group of women with BMI less than 40. Leptin concentrations showed a direct correlation with BMI and body fat values (expressed either as percentage of total body mass or absolute fat mass) independent of age and sex. After adjustment for fat mass, leptin values higher than predicted were found in women whereas concentrations lower than predicted were found predominantly in men. Leptin showed an inverse correlation with WHR and C-index, the latter persisting also after correction for gender and fat mass. REE, but not REE/kg fat-free mass (FFM) was inversely related to leptin also after correction for sex and absolute fat mass. Leptin concentrations were directly associated with HOMA IRI, insulin and HDL cholesterol and inversely associated with triglycerides and uric acid. The relationship of leptin with HOMA IRI was still evident after adjusting for sex but was lost when absolute fat mass was added to the model; HDL cholesterol and triglycerides appeared to be variables independent of leptin concentrations even when both sex and fat mass were added to the model. CONCLUSIONS: In a large group of obese patients (half of whom had severe obesity, gender, BMI and fat mass accounted for the largest proportion of serum leptin concentrations variability. We found that in obese subjects there is an effect of fat distribution on leptin concentrations and that, after excluding variability due to absolute fat mass, patients with a greater amount of abdominal fat have relatively low leptin concentrations which in turn relates to a metabolic profile compatible with an increased cardiovascular risk. Women with milder obesity may retain some degree of control of food intake by leptin.

Reduced growth hormone (GH) responsiveness to combined GH-releasing hormone and pyridostigmine administration in the Prader-Willi syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether the blunted GH secretion in Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a true deficiency, or merely secondary to obesity. We have investigated the role of obesity in the blunted GH secretion in PWS. DESIGN: We studied the GH response to a combined administration of GHRH (1 microgram/kg i.v. at 0 min) and pyridostigmine (PD) (60 and 120 mg by mouth for children and adults, respectively, at time -60 min), as well as the baseline IGF-I levels, in a group of patients with PWS. Two different control groups were studied with GHRH + PD using the same doses and methods as above: prepubertal and pubertal obese subjects, and prepubertal short normal children. Moreover, in 14 patients with PWS and in the group of short normals the GH response to at least two stimulation tests (insulin tolerance test, clonidine, L-dopa, arginine) had been previously determined. PATIENTS: Twenty-two PWS patients (10 males and 12 females), 21 with essential obesity (11 males and 10 females), and eight short normal children (4 males and 4 females) were studied after obtaining informed consent. MEASUREMENTS: Blood samples were taken at -60, -30 and 0 min and then 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after GHRH administration. Serum GH was measured in duplicate by IRMA, and IGF-I by RIA after acid ethanol extraction. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test for unpaired data, and analysis of variance for parametric or nonparametric data, where appropriate. RESULTS: The GH response to GHRH + PD was significantly lower in PWS patients (AUC: mean +/- SE: 599 +/- 99 micrograms/l/h) if compared with either short normal children (3294 +/- 461 micrograms/l/h: P < 0.0001) or obese subjects (1445 +/- 210 micrograms/l/h: P < 0.005). Low IGF-I concentrations were found in all PWS patients, so that PWS group had mean IGF-I levels significantly lower than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that subjects with PWS had a reduced GH responsiveness to GHRH + PD associated with subnormal IGF-I levels. These findings suggested that short stature in PWS may be at least partially correlated to the presence of GH deficiency, and that impaired GH secretion is not secondary to obesity.

[Impaired glucose tolerance in obesity in children and adolescents]. / Ridotta tolleranza glucidica nell'obesità infanto-giovanile.

The incidence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in obese juvenile has not yet been well defined. Glycemic and insulin responses to OGTT were evaluated in 398 obese juveniles (and 70 healthy control subjects) to investigate possible correlations with age, body mass index (BMI) and obesity duration. Subjects were subdivided into two groups according to OGTT results: obese with normal glucose tolerance (OB-NGT) and obese with impaired glucose tolerance (OB-IGT). IGT was found in 11% of subjects but no correlations were observed in relation to age, BMI and obesity duration. There was no difference in the glycemic response to OGTT in terms of the biological parameters examined. Insulin plasma levels were twice as high in OB-NGT in comparison to control subjects and OB-NGT. Basal insulinemia increased with BMI in OB-IGT but not in OB-NGT.

[Assessment of bone resorption/neoformation indexes in obese women before and after weight loss]. / Valutazione degli indici di riassorbimento/neoformazione ossea in donne obese prima e dopo riduzione ponderale.

Serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels, as indexes of bone formation, and urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretions relative to creatinine, as indexes of bone resorption, were measured in 10 obese women before and after two months of hypocaloric diet. In basal condition, serum osteocalcin, but not alkaline phosphatase levels, were higher in obese than in controls (7 +/- 0.4 vs 5.3 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). Urinary calcium/creatinine and hydroxyproline/creatinine ratios were also significantly higher than those in normals (0.37 +/- 0.05 vs 0.2 +/- 0.01 and 0.035 +/- 0.004 vs 0.02 +/- 0.002, respectively). After weight loss, serum osteocalcin significantly increased (9.5 +/- 0.5 ng/ml), while urinary calcium/creatinine and hydroxyproline/creatinine ratios fell to the normal values (0.23 +/- 0.03 and 0.026 +/- 0.001). In conclusion, it appears that obesity, at least in young women, is associated with a high bone turnover, which seems to be reversible with weight loss.

[No correlation between insulinemic levels and arterial hypertension in obese females]. / Assenza di correlazione tra livelli insulinemici ed ipertensione arteriosa in donne obese.

High blood pressure and impaired glucose tolerance are frequently associated with obesity: it has been suggested that hyperinsulinemia could represent one of the possible pathogenetic connections between obesity and systodiastolic hypertension. In order to verify this hypothesis we examined fasting and post-load insulin and glucose levels in a group of 102 obese females, 58 hypertensive and 44 normotensive. All of the subjects underwent standard OGTT in order to measure their glycemic and insulinemic levels. No differences were found between two groups, as regard age and degree of obesity; blood pressure values were significantly different (p less than 0.01). No significative differences were detected for glycemic and insulinemic levels between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. These results indicate that hyperinsulinemia is not the prominent link between obesity and arterial hypertension; the relationship between these two conditions may be indirect.

Dissociated thyromimetic effects of 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) at the pituitary and peripheral tissue levels.

Although TRIAC is bound at least twice as avidly to nuclear receptor as T3, its thyromimetic potency is relatively low and its effect at the pituitary level on thyrotropin (TSH) secretion seems to be dissociated from that at the peripheral tissue level. In order to gain further insight into the complex effects of this thyroid hormone analog, we studied the effects of long-term TRIAC administration (2.8 mg/day for 2 months) on TSH secretion, circulating free thyroid hormone (FT4 and FT3) levels and some parameters able to evaluate the peripheral thyroid hormone action, in 5 mild obese subjects on low caloric diet (1200 kcal/day). The results were compared to those obtained in 5 mild obese subjects matched for age, sex and weight on low caloric diet alone. TRIAC administration completely inhibited the secretion of both basal and TRH-stimulated TSH in few days, and consequently serum FT4 and FT3 concentrations progressively dropped to very low levels, while no significant changes in both TSH and free thyroid hormone levels were recorded in the control group. The body weight significantly fell in both groups, without any difference between TRIAC treated and untreated patients. The heart rate was constant throughout the course of the study in both groups of patients. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid concentrations significantly decreased in both groups, and the decrement recorded in TRIAC treated patients was not significantly different from that found in patients on diet alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of an acute injection of melatonin on the basal secretion of hypophyseal hormones in prepubertal and pubertal healthy subjects.

It is well known that the pineal gland can modulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Melatonin, the main hormone produced by the pineal gland, acts at the hypothalamic site, whereas hypophyseal sensitivity to melatonin seems to change with age. To investigate the influence of pubertal development on the role of the pineal gland in the regulation of the secretion of pituitary hormones, FSH, LH, Prl, TSH and GH responses to melatonin were evaluated in a group of 9 prepubertal and 10 pubertal healthy subjects of both sexes. Melatonin was given im at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight at 3 p.m. Venous blood samples were drawn -20, 0, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min, after melatonin injection. According to the same experimental protocol, venous blood samples were collected during a saline infusion on a separate occasion. FSH, LH, Prl, TSH and GH plasma levels were measured with RIA. In pubertal subjects, a significant rise in the mean Prl levels was seen 90 min after melatonin as compared with those during saline infusion. The Prl melatonin response area was significantly lower in prepubertal treated subjects and significantly higher in pubertal ones compared with the respective controls. The mean GH values showed a significant decrease 120 min after melatonin only in prepubertal subjects; no significant variations were seen in 8 of 10 pubertal subjects, whereas in the last 2 a marked increase was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of melatonin on PRL secretion during different photoperiods of the day in prepubertal and pubertal healthy subjects.

The effect of melatonin on PRL secretion has not been established yet. In an attempt to establish whether PRL response to melatonin changes in relation to the photoperiods of the day and pubertal maturation, we evaluated PRL plasma levels after melatonin administration in 19 prepubertal and pubertal healthy subjects of both sexes in two different periods of the day: in the morning, when the sensitivity to melatonin is low, and in the afternoon, when the responsiveness to melatonin is higher. Melatonin was given im at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW PRL plasma levels were determined with double antibody RIA method. When melatonin was administered in the morning, all pubertal subjects and 7 of 9 prepubertal ones showed no significant variation of PRL levels; a significant decrease was observed in the other 2 prepubertal subjects. On the contrary, when melatonin was given in the afternoon, a significant increase in PRL plasma levels was seen in all pubertal subjects; no significant changes were found in 6 prepubertal ones, while in the other 3 a marked decrease could be observed. The results reveal that the response of PRL to melatonin depends upon the times of day of administration and on pubertal development.