Colon and rectum neuroendocrine tumors: experience of the National Cancer Institute in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, comprising nearly 0.49% of all malignancies. The majority occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. AIM: To analyze the demographic factors, clinicopathologic features, treatment employed, prognostic factors and the oncologic results related to colorectal NETs. METHODS: Between the period from 1996 to 2010 174 patients were treated. From these, 34 were localized in the colon and rectum. Demographic factors, stage, therapeutics and its results were analyzed. All patients were followed for more than three years with image exams, urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIIA), serum chromogranin A and prostatic acid phosphatase. RESULTS: The median age was 54,4 years (22-76), the majority was female (64,7%). Out of the 12 patients with colon NETs, one (8.3%) patient was classified as Stage IA; one (8.3%) as Stage IB; three (25%) as Stage IIIB and seven (58.4%) as Stage IV. Out of the 22 patients with rectum NETs, six (27.3%) were classified as Stage IA; four (18.2%) as IB; three (13.6 %) as IIIA; one (4.5%) as IIIB and eight (36.4%) as IV. Of rectal NETs, nine (41%) were treated with endoscopic resection, six (27.2%) underwent conventional surgical treatment and six (27.2%) were treated with chemotherapy. Eleven patients with colon NETs (91.6%) were surgically treated, seven of them with palliative surgery, one (8.4%) was treated with endoscopic resection and no patient was submitted to chemotherapy. After an average follow-up of 55 months, 19 (55%) patients were alive. Analyzing the overall survival was obtained an average overall survival of 29 months in Stage IA, 62 months in IB, 12 months in IIIA, 31 months in IIIB and 39 months in IV. CONCLUSION: The treatment of colon and rectal NETs is complex, because it depends of the individuality of each patient. With adequate management, the prognosis can be favorable with long survival, but it is related to the tumor differentiation degree, efficacy of the chosen treatment and to the patient adhesion to the follow-up after treatment.

Prognostic significance of p53 protein expression in early gastric cancer.

Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been associated with abnormalities in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair and synthesis, apoptosis, and it has been implicated in the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of p53 gene mutation and its possible prognostic implications in early gastric cancer. In a retrospective study, we studied 80 patients with early gastric cancer treated surgically between 1982 and 2001. Mutation of p53 gene was investigated in surgical gastric specimens by immunohistochemistry, and results were analyzed in relation to gender, age, macroscopic appearance, size and location of tumor, presence of lymph nodes, Lauren's histological type, degree of differentiation, and the 5-year survival. The expression of p53 was more frequent among the intestinal type (p = 0.003), the differentiated (p = 0.007), and the macroscopically elevated tumors (p = 0.038). Nevertheless, the isolated expression of p53 was not associated with the 5-year survival, or with the frequency of lymph node involvement. The degree of differentiation was detected as an independent factor related to the outcome of patients (0.044). Significantly shorter survival time was found in p53-negative compared with p53-positive patients, when considering the degree of differentiation of tumors, as assessed by Cox regression analysis (0.049). The association of p53 with the intestinal type, the degree of differentiation and morphological characteristics, may reflect the involvement of chronic inflammatory process underlying early gastric cancer. In this population sample, the expression of p53 alone has no prognostic value for early gastric cancer. However, the significant difference in p53 expression between subgroups of degree of differentiation of tumors can influence post-operative outcome of patients and may be related to possible distinct etiopathogenic subtypes.

[Transhiatal versus transthoracic esophagectomy: experience of the Brazilian National Cancer Institute]. / Esofagectomia trans-hiatal versus transtorácica: experiência do Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA).

OBJECTIVE: Analyses of morbidity, mortality and overall survival after transhiatal (TH) or transthoracic (TT) esophagectomy. METHODS: Retrospective non randomized study of 68 patients with esophagus neoplasia operated in the Brazilian National Cancer Institute between 1997 and 2005. We divided in two groups: Group 1--TH (33 patients); and Group 2--TT (35 patients). RESULTS: The mean age was 40.7 years old (25-74 years old), being 73.5% male. Middle third tumors predominated in Group 2 (48.6% vs. 21.2%, p = 0,02). The mean of dissected lymph nodes was biggest in Group 2 (21.6 vs. 17.8 lymph nodes, p = 0.04), however without difference in number of metastatic lymph nodes (4.1 vs. 3.9 linfonodos, p = 0.85). The mean of operative time was higher in Group 2 (410 vs. 270 minutes, p = 0.001). Also the mean of length of stay was higher in Group 2 (19 vs. 14 days, p = 0.001). The operative morbidity was 50%, without statistical difference between the groups (42.4% vs. 57.1%, p = 0,23). Esophageal leakage occurred in 13.2% of cases, also without statistical difference (9.1% vs. 17.1%, p = 0.23). The mortality was 5.8% (04 patients), without statistical difference (1.4% vs. 4.4%, p = 0,83). CONCLUSION: In our study, the morbidity and mortality showed no statistical difference in relation to the access performed, although higher operative time and length of stay were observed in TT access. The 3 and 5-years overall survival also were biggest in TT access, probably due to the biggest frequency of patients on initial stages between the submitted to the TT access.

Compartment surgery in treatment strategies for retroperitoneal sarcomas: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are rare tumors and radical surgery is still the only curative treatment. We aim to estimate postoperative morbidity and mortality and identify significant prognostic factors for survival of patients with RPS and then evaluate the effect of en bloc resection on survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective follow-up study of 91 patients with RPS who underwent surgery at the Section of Abdominopelvic Surgery of the National Cancer Institute-Brazil (INCA) between June 1992 and January 2008. Overall and 2-, 5-, and 10-year disease-free survival rates were calculated and univariate and Cox multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The most common complaints were abdominal pain and mass. Resection was possible in 83.5% and curative resection in 55.3%. Six patients died within the postoperative period (mortality = 6.6%) and 28 had complications (30.8%). Leiomyosarcomas and liposarcomas predominated, as well as G3. The median tumor diameter was 20.5 cm. There were 124 organs resected in association, with only 42 proven invaded. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 32.0 and 36.8%, respectively. Cell differentiation, curative or palliative resection, blood transfusion, and re-resection were significant variables. Compartment surgery had no impact on survival, but it increased the duration of surgery, the need for blood transfusion, and overall morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that early diagnosis and curative resection of retroperitoneal sarcomas can improve long-term survival. Adjacent organs with evidence of direct invasion must be removed en bloc; others should be spared.

What is the prognostic significance of metastatic lymph nodes in GIST?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: So many variables have been identified as prognostic factors influencing survival after curative resection in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), but the role of lymph node metastasis remains uncertain. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-nine patients with c-Kit positive gastric GIST who underwent surgical resection at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute between 1983 and 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. The prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis was investigated. The endpoints were overall survival and disease free survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 35 months. The 5-years estimate survival rate was 53%. Three patients presented lymph node metastasis and developed recurrence disease. Univariate analysis for overall survival identified the size >13.5cm (p = 0.01) and recurrence (p = 0.03) as prognostic factors. Size > 13.5cm and recurrence were independent factors (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively) in the multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis for disease free survival identified the size > 13.5cm (p = 0.04) and the grade (p = 0.04) as prognostic factors but, only the size > 13.5cm was an independent factor in the multivariate analysis. Lymph node metastasis had no prognostic significance for overall and disease free survival (p = 0.65 and p = 0.57, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: GIST lymph node metastasis was not related to poor survival in this study, but more studies are needed to identify the real incidence and the proper role of the GIST metastatic nodal disease.