RESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aims to describe micronutrient intake according to food processing degree and to investigate the association between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and micronutrient inadequacies in a representative sample of Portuguese adult and elderly individuals. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2015/2016) were used. Food consumption data were collected through two 24-h food recalls, and food items were classified according to the NOVA system. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between the micronutrient density and the quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption-crude and adjusted. Negative Binomial regressions were performed to measure the prevalence ratio of micronutrient inadequacy according to ultra-processed food quintiles. RESULTS: For adults, all evaluated vitamins had significantly lower content in the fraction of ultra-processed foods compared to unprocessed or minimally processed foods, except vitamin B2. For the elderly, out of ten evaluated vitamins, seven presented significantly less content in ultra-processed foods compared to non-processed ones. The higher energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in adults was associated with a lower density of vitamins and minerals. This association was not observed in the elderly. For adults, compared with the first quintile of ultra-processed food consumption, the fifth quintile was positively associated with inadequate intakes of vitamin B6 (PR 1.51), vitamin C (PR 1.32), folate (PR 1.14), magnesium (PR 1.21), zinc (PR 1.33), and potassium (PR 1.19). CONCLUSION: Our results corroborate the importance of public health actions that promote a reduction in the consumption of ultra-processed foods.
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Alimentos Procesados , Oligoelementos , Humanos , Adulto , Anciano , Ingestión de Energía , Micronutrientes , Estudios Transversales , Portugal , Comida Rápida , Dieta , Manipulación de Alimentos , VitaminasRESUMEN
This study aims to investigate the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and its association with the non-communicable disease (NCD)-related nutrient profile of adult and elderly populations in Portugal. Cross-sectional data from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2015-2016) of the Portuguese population were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed by two non-consecutive 24-h recalls, and food items were classified according to the NOVA system. We estimated the percentage of dietary energy provided by each of the NOVA food groups and assessed the NCD-related nutrient profile of the overall diet across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption. Weighted t tests, besides crude and adjusted linear and Poisson regressions, were performed. Ultra-processed foods contributed to around 24 and 16 % of daily energy intake for adults and elderly, respectively. In both groups, as the consumption of ultra-processed foods increased, the dietary content of free sugars, total fats and saturated fats increased, while the dietary content of protein decreased. In adults, total energy intake, dietary energy density and content of carbohydrates also increased as the consumption of ultra-processed foods increased, while the dietary content of fibre, Na and K decreased. The prevalence of those exceeding the upper limits recommended for free sugars and saturated fats increased by 544 and 153 % in adults and 619 and 60 % in elderly, when comparing the lowest with the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption. Such a scenario demands for effective strategies addressing food processing in the Portuguese population to improve their diet quality and prevention against diet-related NCD.
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Dieta/normas , Manipulación de Alimentos , Enfermedades no Transmisibles , Estado Nutricional , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Análisis de los Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Distribución de Poisson , PortugalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adolescent weight and fat gain is determined by multiple factors. This study examined the association between changes in body fat indicators, excessive weight and fat gain, and sociodemographic factors among Brazilian adolescents over a 4-year period. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) of 809 middle school students (mean age: 11.8 ± 1.15 years) were evaluated annually, from 2010 to 2013. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the trajectories of BMI and BFP in both boys and girls according to the type of school attended (public or private) and skin colour. General estimating equations logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between sociodemographic variables and the development of overweight or high BFP. RESULTS: Girls from private schools (p = 0.003) and white boys (p = 0.041) experienced bigger increases in BMI, as compared to girls from public schools and black/brown boys, respectively. White boys also had an increased chance of presenting excessive weight (OR = 3.28; CI 95%: 1.13-9.52) and BFP (OR = 3.32; CI 95%: 1.38-8.01) gain than black/brown boys. Conversely, white girls were less likely to present excessive body fat gain when compared to black/brown girls (OR = 0.42; CI 95%: 0.18-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who experienced better socioeconomic conditions, especially boys, were more likely to have greater increases in body fat indicators. Our findings contribute to the better understanding of BMI trajectories and body composition changes during puberty, as well as demonstrates the relationship between socioeconomic variables and adiposity indicators among adolescents in middle-income countries.
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Adiposidad/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Aumento de Peso/fisiología , Adolescente , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Composición Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an educational program aimed at discouraging sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages intake on blood fasting glucose and total cholesterol. Forty-seven fourth grade classes in twenty-two schools have participated in a randomized controlled trial aimed at discouraging soft drink intake in order to prevent excessive weight gain during a school year, in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Of 1140 randomized students, 478 (238 in intervention group and 240 in control group) aged 9-12years old had at least one result on biochemical data and were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the intervention on changes in fasting glucose and total cholesterol at the end of follow-up. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed taking into account the cluster (classes) effect. Statistically significant decrease in fasting glucose (-9.12mg/dL vs. +0.51mg/dL, p<0.001) and total cholesterol (-10.34mg/dL vs. +2.14mg/dL, p<0.001) were observed among students in the intervention group in comparison with controls. In addition, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and hypercholesterolemia decreased in interventions and increased in controls (-2.4% vs. +8.8%, p=0.04 and -10.0% vs. +2.7%, p=0.03, respectively). Discouraging soft drink consumption among children has led to a reduction in fasting glucose and total cholesterol, suggesting that these beverages may play a role in the development of cardiometabolic risk in childhood.
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Glucemia/análisis , Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Colesterol/sangre , Promoción de la Salud , Brasil , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/prevención & control , Masculino , Obesidad/prevención & controlRESUMEN
There is no consensus on the most appropriate nutritional strategy for treating metabolic syndrome (MS), such that cardiovascular risk is reduced. This study was designed to assess the strength of evidence of the benefits of various nutritional interventions in MS remission. Performed in Medline, Cochrane Library and PubMed databases, the virtual search consisted of randomized clinical trials published between 1999 and 2009 in any language, studies involving individuals aged 18 or older and diagnosed with MS, regardless of the criterion. The Boolean operator and was used in the combination of the MeSH terms "Metabolic Syndrome", "Metabolic x Syndrome" and "Metabolic Syndrome X", the entry terms "Dysmetabolic Syndrome X", Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome," "Metabolic X Syndrome" and "Syndrome X, Metabolic", plus the terms "diet", "intervention and diet", "treatment and diet" and "supplementation". For each study included in the review, we estimated the prevalence of MS and the calculation of effectiveness after the follow-up period. Relative risk measures for each study were described by Forest Plot. We identified 131 articles, which, after eligibility criteria, resulted in 15 studies. These studies were divided into four groups: normocaloric diet associated with exercise; isolated normocaloric diet, low-calorie diet combined with exercises; and isolated low-calorie diet. Tests with low-calorie diet associated with exercising revealed higher efficiency values, helping to emphasize the global aspects of lifestyle change in the treatment of MS, in which healthy and low-calorie diet should be complemented with the practice of physical activity.