Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygr in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation

Abstract Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygr was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygr was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygr was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Resumo Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygr foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygr foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygr era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.

Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygir in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation / Propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do lago Aygir na Turquia e uso de bebidas, pescarias e irrigação

Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygır foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygır foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygır era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.

S0859, an N-cyanosulphonamide inhibitor of sodium-bicarbonate cotransport in the heart.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracellular pH (pH(i)) in heart is regulated by sarcolemmal H(+)-equivalent transporters such as Na(+)-H(+) exchange (NHE) and Na(+)-HCO(3) (-) cotransport (NBC). Inhibition of NBC influences pH(i) and can be cardioprotective in animal models of post-ischaemic reperfusion. Apart from a rabbit polyclonal NBC-antibody, a selective NBC inhibitor compound has not been studied. Compound S0859 (C(29)H(24)ClN(3)O(3)S) is a putative NBC inhibitor. Here, we provide the drug's chemical structure, test its potency and selectivity in ventricular cells and assess its suitability for experiments on cardiac contraction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: pH(i) recovery from intracellular acidosis was monitored using pH-epifluorescence (SNARF-fluorophore) in guinea pig, rat and rabbit isolated ventricular myocytes. Electrically evoked cell shortening (contraction) was measured optically. With CO(2)/HCO(3) (-)-buffered superfusates containing 30 muM cariporide (to inhibit NHE), pH(i) recovery is mediated by NBC. KEY RESULTS: S0859, an N-cyanosulphonamide compound, reversibly inhibited NBC-mediated pH(i) recovery (K (i)=1.7 microM, full inhibition at approximately 30 microM). In HEPES-buffered superfusates, NHE-mediated pH(i) recovery was unaffected by 30 microM S0859. With CO(2)/HCO(3) (-) buffer, pH(i) recovery from intracellular alkalosis (mediated by Cl(-)/HCO(3) (-) and Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange) was also unaffected. Selective NBC-inhibition was not due to action on carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, as 100 microM acetazolamide (a membrane-permeant CA-inhibitor) had no significant effect on NBC activity. pH(i) recovery from acidosis was associated with increased contractile-amplitude. The time course of recovery of pH(i) and contraction was slowed by S0859, confirming that NBC is a significant controller of contractility during acidosis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Compound S0859 is a selective, high-affinity generic NBC inhibitor, potentially important for probing the transporter's functional role in heart and other tissues.

Modelling myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion.

Substrate depletion and increased intracellular acidity are believed to underlie clinically important manifestations of myocardial ischaemia. Recent advances in measuring ion concentrations and metabolite changes have provided a wealth of detail on the processes involved. Coupled with the rapid increase in computing power, this has allowed the development of a mathematical model of cardiac metabolism in normal and ischaemic conditions. Pre-existing models of cardiac cells such as Oxsoft HEART contain highly developed dynamic descriptions of cardiac electrical activity. While biophysically detailed, these models do not yet incorporate biochemical changes. Modelling of bioenergetic changes was based and verified against whole heart NMR spectroscopy. In the model, ATP hydrolysis and generation are calculated simultaneously as a function of [Pi]i. Simulation of pH regulation was based on the pHi dependency of acid efflux, examined in time-course studies of pHi recovery (measured in myocytes with the fluorophore carboxy-SNARF-1) from imposed acid and alkali loads. The force-[Ca2+]i relationship of myofibrils was used as the basis of modelling H+ competition with Ca2+, and thus of pH effects on contraction. This complex description of biochemically important changes in myocardial ischaemia was integrated into the OXSOFT models. The model is sufficiently complete to simulate calcium-overload arrhythmias during ischaemia and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. The timecourse of both metabolite and pH changes correlates well with clinical and experimental studies. The model possesses predictive power, as it aided the identification of electrophysiological effects of therapeutic interventions such as Na(+)-H+ block. It also suggests a strategy for the control of cardiac arrhythmias during calcium overload by regulating sodium-calcium exchange. In summary, we have developed a biochemically and biophysically detailed model that provides a novel approach to studying myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion.

Modeling of internal pH, ion concentration, and bioenergetic changes during myocardial ischemia.

Arrhythmias are caused by the interdependent processes of change in energy metabolism and alterations in sarcolemmal ion gradients that occur during ischemia. Depletion of energy metabolites and increased proton concentrations in ischemic heart may underlie the observed phenomena of reduced contractile force and also of malignant ventricular arrhythmias that can lead to tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Recent advances in measuring changes in ion concentrations and metabolites during cardiac ischemia have provided a wealth of detail on the processes involved. Some of the experimental data have been used to construct a computer model that integrates cardiac energetics with electrophysiological changes. This is a novel approach to studying myocardial ischemia, and the resulting model would aid in the prediction of the effects of therapeutic interventions.

[Fallot's tetralogy: current status of its treatment]. / Tetralogía de Fallot: estado actual de su terapéutica.

A comprehensive review of all the present therapeutic possibilities in Fallot's tetralogy is presented: A) From the cardiological viewpoint: Pharmacological and Interventional procedures (Baloon dilatation, coil embolisation, pulmonary artery stenting and ablation procedures) are discussed. B) From the surgical viewpoint: Palliative and intracardiac corrective procedures are reviewed. Indications for surgery are evaluated, including primary versus two stage procedures. Postsurgical sequelae are described: both early and late and the need for reoperation. Finally, late post-op complications, such as arrhythmias and sudden death, are commented on among the long term follow-up.