RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Childhood externalizing behavior is found to be relatively persistent. Developmental pathways within types of externalizing behavior have been recognized from childhood to adolescence. We aimed to describe the prediction of adult DSM-IV disorders from developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior over a period of 24 years on a longitudinal multiple birth cohort study of 2,076 children. This has not been examined yet. METHODS: Trajectories of the four externalizing behavior types aggression, opposition, property violations, and status violations were determined separately through latent class growth analysis (LCGA) using data of five waves, covering ages 4-18 years. Psychiatric disorders of 1,399 adults were assessed with the CIDI. We used regression analyses to determine the associations between children's trajectories and adults' psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: All externalizing behavior types showed significant associations with disruptive disorder in adulthood. In all antisocial behavior types high-level trajectories showed the highest probability for predicting adult disorders. Particularly the status violations cluster predicted many disorders in adulthood. The trajectories most often predicted disruptive disorders in adulthood, but predicted also anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that an elevated level of externalizing behavior in childhood has impact on the long-term outcome, regardless of the developmental course of externalizing behavior. Furthermore, different types of externalizing behavior (i.e., aggression, opposition, property violations, and status violations) were related to different adult outcomes, and children and adolescents with externalizing behavior of the status violations subtype were most likely to be affected in adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Control Interno-Externo , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Trastornos Mentales , Desarrollo de la Personalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Países Bajos , Factores Sexuales , TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine continuities of a broad range of psychopathology from childhood into middle adulthood in a general population sample across a 24-year follow-up. METHOD: In 1983, parent ratings of children's problems were collected with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a general population sample of 2,076 children and young adolescents aged 4 to 16 years. In 2007, 24 years later, 1,339 of these individuals were reassessed with the CIDI, a standardized DSM-IV interview. We used univariate logistic regression analyses to determine the associations between children's problems and adults' psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Parent reported total problems scores in the deviant range (>85th percentile) predicted disruptive disorders in adulthood (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.1-2.8). Adjusted for sex, age, and socioeconomic status in all analyses, deviant levels of parent-reported childhood anxiety predicted anxiety disorders in middle adulthood (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0-2.5). Conduct problems (i.e., cruelty to animals, lies) predicted both mood disorders (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-4.8) and disruptive disorders (OR 2.1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.4), whereas oppositional defiant problems predicted only mood disorders (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.0-5.2). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV disorders in adulthood (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.5-1.2). CONCLUSIONS: Children with psychopathology are at greater risk for meeting criteria for DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood than children without psychopathology, even after 24 years. Moreover, different types of continuities of children's psychopathology exist across the lifespan. We found that anxious children, oppositional defiant children, and children with conduct problems are at greater risk for adult psychopathology. Effective identification and treatment of children with these problems may reduce long-term continuity of psychopathology.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil , Trastornos del Humor , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/complicaciones , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Preescolar , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Diagnóstico Precoz , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/etiología , Trastornos del Humor/psicología , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to examine the prediction of adult behavioral and emotional problems from developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior in a 24-years longitudinal population-based study of 2,076 children. The adult psychiatric outcome of these trajectories has not yet been examined. Trajectories of the four externalizing behavior types: aggression, opposition, property violations and status violations were determined separately through latent class growth analysis using data of five waves, covering ages 4-18 years. We used regression analyses to determine the associations between children's trajectories and adults' psychiatric problems based on the Adult Self-Report. The developmental trajectories of the four types of externalizing behavior mostly predicted intrusive, aggressive and rule-breaking behavior in adulthood. Non-destructive behaviors in childhood such as opposition and status violations predict adult problems to a larger extent than destructive behaviors such as aggression and property violations. In general, children who develop through high-level trajectories are likely to suffer from both internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in adulthood, regardless the direction of change (i.e. increasing/decreasing/persisting) of the high-level trajectory. We can conclude that the level rather than the developmental change of externalizing behavior problems has a larger impact on adult outcome.
Asunto(s)
Síntomas Afectivos/diagnóstico , Agresión/psicología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Control Interno-Externo , Desarrollo de la Personalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Síntomas Afectivos/psicología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/psicología , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Países Bajos , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: From a developmental perspective, it is important to know to what extent childhood problem behaviors are transmitted across generations. In a longitudinal community study, we compared child behavior of parents with the behavior of their offspring. Intergenerational transmission was investigated for a broad range of problem behaviors, including internalizing problems and externalizing behavior. Sex differences were investigated as well. METHOD: We compared Child Behavior Checklist scores of 4- to 16-year-old children (N = 271) from a community sample assessed in 1983 with Child Behavior Checklist scores of their 6- to 18-year-old offspring (N = 424) who were assessed in 2007. Multilevel modeling was used to test intergenerational associations. RESULTS: Most forms of problem behavior in children were predicted by the behavior of their parents as children. Parents' Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problem scores in childhood all predicted similar problems in their children. Sex differences were found for Delinquent Behavior: continuity was stronger in mothers than it was in fathers, and it was also stronger in sons than in daughters. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that child behavior continues across generations poses challenges in finding ways to prevent problems from being transmitted across generations.