Sofrimento Psicossocial e Sexualidade em Tempos de Covid-19 e de Ataque aos Direitos Humanos / Psychosocial Suffering and Sexuality in the Context of Covid-19 and Attacks on Human Rights / Sufrimiento Psicosocial y Sexualidad en Tiempos de Covid-19 y Ataque a los Derechos Humanos

Fragmentos da "vida-pandemia" colhidos em projetos de prevenção em territórios periféricos e escolares de São Paulo introduzem este texto. O impacto da perda de pessoas próximas para a Covid-19, a disseminação de informações falsas sobre a prevenção e cuidado e a desorganização do cotidiano atravessado pela pandemia emergem nas experiências de interação com jovens. A desigualdade e o desemprego cresciam antes da pandemia, assim como o número de eventos de saúde mental. Sustentando a integralidade na prevenção coproduzida com os jovens, acompanhamos a resposta sociocomunitária à sindemia em um contexto que expressa o impacto da década de ataques à educação sexual e das escolas online. A sexualidade, tema que originou os diferentes projetos de prevenção, foi difícil de abordar. Diferente da resposta à aids, identidades comunitárias-territoriais foram mobilizadas para produzir "inéditos viáveis" para essa emergência social e sanitária, mobilizando "resistência" à violação, à negligência governamental aos direitos humanos. Neste cenário, soma-se o ataque global aos DH que interpela sua universalidade e indivisibilidade e usa a sexualidade como bandeira para reinterpretar o sentido emancipador de solidariedade na diferença. A noção de sofrimento psicossocial permite lidar com o excesso de individualização e medicalização das experiências de sofrimentos estruturados por este contexto duradouro.'

Fragments of a "pandemic life" collected in prevention projects in outer city and school peripherical territories in São Paulo introduces this article. The impact of the loss of close people to COVID-19, the spread of false information about prevention and care, and the disorganization of daily life emerged from our sustained interaction with young people. Inequality and unemployment were growing before the pandemic, as was the number of mental health events. By co-producing and promoting integrality in prevention with young people, we have followed the social and community response to the syndemic in the context of online schools and school life under the impact of a decade of attacks on sex education. Sexuality, the theme that gave rise to most prevention projects, was challenging to address. Differently from the AIDS responses, community-territorial identities mobilized "untested feasibilities" for this social and health emergency by associating "resistance" to governmental negligence, violation, and the attack on human rights. Globally, this attack questions human rights universality and indivisibility, using sexuality to reinterpret its emancipatory sense of solidarity in difference. The notion of "psychosocial suffering" allows to deal with the excess of individualization and medicalization of suffering experiences structured by inequalities in this long-lasting context.

Fragmentos de "vida pandémica" recogidos en proyectos de prevención atravesados por la pandemia en territorios periféricos y escolares de São Paulo introducen este texto. El impacto de la muerte por Covid-19, la difusión de información falsa y la desorganización de la vida cotidiana emergen en las experiencias de interacción con los jóvenes. La desigualdad y el desempleo crecían antes de la pandemia, al igual que los eventos de salud mental. Apoyando la prevención integral coproducida con jóvenes, acompañamos la respuesta socio-comunitaria a la sindemia. La sexualidad, el tema que origino los proyectos de prevención, fue difícil de abordar con las escuelas en línea y en el contexto que expresa el efecto de la década de ataques a la educación sexual. A diferencia de la respuesta al sida, identidades comunitario-territoriales se movilizaron para producir inéditos viables para esta emergencia social y sanitaria, asociando "resistencia" a la negligencia, violación gubernamental de los derechos humanos. Globalmente, el ataque a los DH cuestiona su universalidad e indivisibilidad utilizando la sexualidad como bandera para reinterpretar el sentido emancipador de la solidaridad en la diferencia. La noción de sufrimiento psicosocial permite lidiar con el exceso de individualización y medicalización de experiencias de sufrimiento estructurado por desigualdades.

Psychosocial Suffering and Sexuality in the Context of Covid-19 and Attacks on Human Rights / Sofrimento Psicossocial e Sexualidade em Tempos de Covid-19 e de Ataque aos Direitos Humanos / Sufrimiento Psicosocial y Sexualidad en Tiempos de Covid-19 y Ataque a los Derechos Humanos

Fragments of a "pandemic life" collected in prevention projects in outer city and school peripherical territories in São Paulo introduces this article. The impact of the loss of close people to COVID-19, the spread of false information about prevention and care, and the disorganization of daily life emerged from our sustained interaction with young people. Inequality and unemployment were growing before the pandemic, as was the number of mental health events. By co-producing and promoting integrality in prevention with young people, we have followed the social and community response to the syndemic in the context of online schools and school life under the impact of a decade of attacks on sex education. Sexuality, the theme that gave rise to most prevention projects, was challenging to address. Differently from the AIDS responses, community-territorial identities mobilized "untested feasibilities" for this social and health emergency by associating "resistance" to governmental negligence, violation, and the attack on human rights. Globally, this attack questions human rights universality and indivisibility, using sexuality to reinterpret its emancipatory sense of solidarity in difference. The notion of "psychosocial suffering" allows to deal with the excess of individualization and medicalization of suffering experiences structured by inequalities in this long-lasting context.

Fragmentos da "vida-pandemia" colhidos em projetos de prevenção em territórios periféricos e escolares de São Paulo introduzem este texto. O impacto da perda de pessoas próximas para a Covid-19, a disseminação de informações falsas sobre a prevenção e cuidado e a desorganização do cotidiano atravessado pela pandemia emergem nas experiências de interação com jovens. A desigualdade e o desemprego cresciam antes da pandemia, assim como o número de eventos de saúde mental. Sustentando a integralidade na prevenção coproduzida com os jovens, acompanhamos a resposta sociocomunitária à sindemia em um contexto que expressa o impacto da década de ataques à educação sexual e das escolas online. A sexualidade, tema que originou os diferentes projetos de prevenção, foi difícil de abordar. Diferente da resposta à aids, identidades comunitárias-territoriais foram mobilizadas para produzir "inéditos viáveis" para essa emergência social e sanitária, mobilizando "resistência" à violação, à negligência governamental aos direitos humanos. Neste cenário, soma-se o ataque global aos DH que interpela sua universalidade e indivisibilidade e usa a sexualidade como bandeira para reinterpretar o sentido emancipador de solidariedade na diferença. A noção de sofrimento psicossocial permite lidar com o excesso de individualização e medicalização das experiências de sofrimentos estruturados por este contexto duradouro.

Fragmentos de "vida pandémica" recogidos en proyectos de prevención atravesados por la pandemia en territorios periféricos y escolares de São Paulo introducen este texto. El impacto de la muerte por Covid-19, la difusión de información falsa y la desorganización de la vida cotidiana emergen en las experiencias de interacción con los jóvenes. La desigualdad y el desempleo crecían antes de la pandemia, al igual que los eventos de salud mental. Apoyando la prevención integral coproducida con jóvenes, acompañamos la respuesta socio-comunitaria a la sindemia. La sexualidad, el tema que origino los proyectos de prevención, fue difícil de abordar con las escuelas en línea y en el contexto que expresa el efecto de la década de ataques a la educación sexual. A diferencia de la respuesta al sida, identidades comunitario-territoriales se movilizaron para producir inéditos viables para esta emergencia social y sanitaria, asociando "resistencia" a la negligencia, violación gubernamental de los derechos humanos. Globalmente, el ataque a los DH cuestiona su universalidad e indivisibilidad utilizando la sexualidad como bandera para reinterpretar el sentido emancipador de la solidaridad en la diferencia. La noción de sufrimiento psicosocial permite lidiar con el exceso de individualización y medicalización de experiencias de sufrimiento estructurado por desigualdades.

Orthohepadnavirus infection in a neotropical bat (Platyrrhinus lineatus).

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of the Orthohepadnavirus genus and represents an important cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatic cancer in humans worldwide. To verify the occurrence and genetic variability of orthohepadnavirus among neotropical bats, we tested 81 liver samples of New World bats from São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, collected during 2012. PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of Surface/Polymerase and Core viral genes confirmed the occurrence of the first isolate of bat orthohepadnavirus detected in South America. These results may contribute to subsequent studies of the origin, variability, host species, and evolution of bat orthohepadnaviruses in South America.

Youth and the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons learned from a human rights-based prevention programme for youths in São Paulo, Brazil.

Youths living in crowded impoverished urban areas face higher risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2. This article presents lessons learned from a preventive intervention project intersected by the COVID-19 crisis that moved from a mix-methods study design to online ethnography. The 'home-officed' research team e-witnessed high-school students' daily lives and collaborated in youths' and community-based organisations' responses in the territories where they study and live. Psychosocial distress increased, also driven by the disastrous governmental response to the health and economic crises. There was growing anxiety about meeting friends and dating, with structural limits for sustaining the recommended social distancing, which added to gender/sexuality-based violence. Simultaneously, we observed students becoming relevant actors through co-producing preventive practices, surpassing risk-group notions and combining SARS-CoV-2 prevention with sexuality, gender, racism and mental-health issues. They managed internet-mediated applications to promote critical thinking and collective actions aimed at health promotion among their peers, from their homes. Freire's concept of 'untested-feasibility' fostered researchers', students' and community leaders' imaginations in the face of this unprecedented crisis, thereby enhancing social responses to the epidemic to become rights-based comprehensive dialogical preventive activities. This ongoing intervention-research stresses how prevention sciences can go beyond reduction of this pandemic to a viral event.

O direito à prevenção da Aids em tempos de retrocesso: religiosidade e sexualidade na escola / El derecho a la prevención del Sida en tiempos de retroceso: religiosidad y sexualidad en la escuela / The right to Aids prevention in times of policy reversals: religiosity and sexuality in Brazilian schools

Esse artigo discute os desafios da prevenção em tempos de crescimento de casos de Aids entre jovens. Opiniões e práticas de estudantes no ensino médio, coletadas em pesquisa realizada de 2013-2017, indicaram que estavam incorporando o discurso preventivo e que a religiosidade tem efeito em crenças e valores antes da iniciação sexual, mas pode interferir negativamente no uso de preservativo desde a primeira relação. Sustentar o direito à prevenção dependerá de ampliarmos a compreensão pública sobre como a religiosidade vivida difere da política-religiosa. Sugere-se monitorar o efeito da retomada de discursos morais que remontam à ditadura civil-militar e da possível descontinuidade de programas de prevenção bem-sucedidos junto aos jovens desde os anos 1990. É urgente compreender a dinâmica entre velhos e novos discursos que estruturam a sexualização (frequentemente via redes sociais) assim como o acesso à recomendada "prevenção combinada" das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST/Aids).(AU)

Este artículo discute los desafíos de la prevención en tiempos de aumento de casos de Sida entre jóvenes. Opiniones y prácticas de estudiantes en la enseñanza media, recolectadas en un estudio realizado entre 2013-2017, indicaron que incorporaron el discurso preventivo y que la religiosidad tiene efecto en creencias y valores antes de la iniciación sexual, pero que puede interferir negativamente en el uso del preservativo desde la primera relación. Mantener el derecho a la prevención dependerá de que ampliemos la comprensión pública sobre cómo la religiosidad vivida difiere de la política-religiosa. Se sugiere el monitoreo del efecto de la reanudación de discursos morales que remiten a la dictadura civil-militar y de la posible discontinuidad de programas de prevención exitosos con los jóvenes desde la década de 1990. Es urgente comprender la dinámica entre viejos y nuevos discursos que estructuran la sexualización (frecuentemente vía redes sociales) así como el acceso a la recomendada "prevención combinada" de las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS)/Sida.(AU)

This article discusses Aids prevention in Brazil in the midst of growing numbers of cases of the disease among young people. A study was conducted between 2013 and 2017 to explore the sexual behavior of high school students and their opinions regarding sexuality. The findings show that students have adopted the prevention discourse and that religiosity influences beliefs and values relating to sexual initiation, negatively affecting condom use from the onset of sexual activity. To ensure the right to prevention is upheld, it will be necessary to broaden public understanding about how religion as it is actually lived differs from religious politics. The effects of the reversion to moral discourses reminiscent of the military dictatorship and possible discontinuity of successful longstanding prevention programs targeting young people should be monitored. There is an urgent need to understand the dynamic between the old and new discourses that shape sexualization (often via social media) and access to "combination prevention" of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)/Aids.(AU)

Violência contra a mulher: vulnerabilidade programática em tempos de sars-cov-2/ covid-19 em são paulo / Violencia contra la mujer: vulnerabilidad programática en tiempos de sars-cov-2 / covid-19 en são paulo / Violence against women: programmatic vulnerability in times of sars-cov-2 / covid-19 in são paulo

Resumo O artigo discute os desafios da assistência à violência contra a mulher (VCM) no início da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19. Informantes-chaves de serviços de acolhimento na cidade de São Paulo entrevistadas destacaram como a crise sanitária ampliou e intensificou a sinergia de violências coproduzidas pela crescente vulnerabilidade social. Os resultados indicaram uma resposta programática contraditória ao inédito contexto psicossocial marcado pela redução brusca da renda familiar e aumento do uso abusivo de álcool e outras drogas. Com governantes individualizando a VCM sem oferecer apoio suficiente para manter distanciamento/isolamento necessário à prevenção de SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19, diminuiu a procura dos serviços pelas mulheres mesmo enquanto as denúncias cresciam. Ao mesmo tempo que as usuárias do serviço perdiam acesso à comunicação remota, as profissionais usavam celulares e recursos pessoais para atendê-las, sem protocolos éticos de sigilo. Antecipa-se a necessidade de ampliação da rede intersetorial e do acolhimento em saúde-mental.

Resumen El artículo analiza los desafíos de la asistencia a las mujeres victimas de violencia (o violencia contra la mujer - VCM) al comienzo de la pandemia SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19. Informantes clave de los servicios de acogida en la ciudad de São Paulo entrevistadas destacaron cómo la crisis de salud se amplió y intensificó la sinergia de la violencia coproducida por la creciente vulnerabilidad social. Los resultados indicaron una respuesta programática contradictoria al contexto psicosocial sin precedentes marcado por una fuerte reducción de los ingresos familiares y un aumento en el abuso del alcohol y otras drogas. Con funcionarios del gobierno federal individualizando la VCM sin ofrecer suficiente apoyo para mantener la distancia/aislamiento necesarios para la prevención del SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19, la demanda de servicios por parte de las mujeres ha disminuido a pesar de que han aumentado las quejas. Al mismo tiempo que las usuarias del servicio perdieron el acceso a la comunicación remota, los profesionales utilizaron teléfonos celulares y recursos personales para atenderlas, sin protocolos éticos de confidencialidad. Se anticipa la necesidad de ampliar la red intersectorial y la acogida en salud mental.

Abstract The article discusses the challenges of assisting violence against women (VAW) at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 crisis. Key informants from public support services in the city of São Paulo were interviewed and emphasized how the health-crisis intensified the violence synergy co-produced by increasing social vulnerability. The results indicate a contradictory programmatic response to the unprecedented psychosocial context marked by a sharp reduction in family income and a rise in alcohol and drug abuse. With government officials individualizing the VAW without offering sufficient support programs to maintain the distance/isolation necessary to prevent SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, women's demand for services have decreased despite the fact that the complaints have increased. Service users were increasingly deprived of the access to remote communication, while professionals were using personal cells and resources to attend them, without ethical confidentiality protocols. The foreseen challenges include expanding the intersectoral network and mental health services.

Rites of Resistance: Sex Workers' Fight to Maintain Rights and Pleasure in the Centre of the Response to HIV in Brazil.

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted from 2011 to 2015 and the authors' long-term engagement in diverse aspects of HIV and human rights advocacy in Brazil, this paper explores key elements of the Brazilian sex workers' movement response to HIV and the broader political factors that profoundly influenced its trajectory. We argue that the movement has constantly challenged representations of prostitution by affirming sex workers' roles as political actors, not just peer educators, in fighting the HIV epidemic and highlight their development of a sex positive and pleasure centred response that fought stigma on multiple fronts. Moments of tension such as the censorship of an HIV prevention campaign and implementation of 'test and treat' projects are analysed, as are the complex questions that Brazil's 2016 political and economic crisis evokes in terms of how to develop and sustain responses to HIV driven by communities but with material commitment from the State. We conclude with what we see to be the unique, central components of Brazilian sex workers' approach to HIV prevention and what lessons can be learned from it for broader collective health movements in Latin America and beyond.

Passivos, ativos and versáteis: men who have sex with men, sexual positions and vulnerability to HIV infection in the northeast of Brazil.

In Brazil, men who practise receptive anal sex (passivos) and both insertive and receptive anal sex (versáteis) are at greater risk of HIV infection than men who practise only insertive anal sex (ativos). In this study, which combined participant observation, 25 biographical interviews and a behavioural survey of 380 self-identified men who had sex with men in the metropolitan region of Recife (Brazil), we investigated how the sex-gender system, through body stylisation (masculine and effeminate) engenders desire and sexual positioning in men's sexual scenes. The analysis indicated that the sex-gender system tends to reinforce images that portray masculine men as ativos and effeminate men as passivos. However, regarding sexual positioning, sexual versatility is most common (83.3%), which can increase the likelihood of HIV infection and transmission. Stylisations also engender differences in violence related to sexual orientation (e.g. effeminate men were 1.9 times more likely to have experienced violence than masculine men) and desirability (e.g. effeminate men are 6.1 times more likely to be rejected erotically than masculine men). Sexual positioning and stylisation jointly enable community sexual scripts and pathways for HIV to circulate, producing individual and social vulnerability to the epidemic.

[Deconstructing gender expectations from a minority standpoint: how to enter into a dialogue with male perpetrators of violence against women?] / Desconstruindo expectativas de gênero a partir de uma posição minoritária: como dialogar com homens autores de violência contra mulheres?

This article discusses limits and possibilities of the practice of a reflection group together with male perpetrators of violence against women. It is based on an ethnographic study, which included participant observation and interviews with the facilitators of a group held in a feminist non-governmental organization in partnership with the criminal justice system. Starting with the discussion of an emblematic scene, we argue in favor of this dialogue process as an alternative that could expand the limits of the judiciary approach. In order to enter into a dialogue with the peer group, the facilitators must consider the minority position of feminist viewpoints in the field of masculinity. This step alone makes it possible to cooperate with the participants such that, as they spontaneously and genuinely share their experiences, they come to acknowledge the inadequacy of their expectations regarding women. This way, a dynamic of care takes place between men, which is conducive to the mitigation of violence and serves as a complement to the promotion of gender equality.

Desconstruindo expectativas de gênero a partir de uma posição minoritária: como dialogar com homens autores de violência contra mulheres? / Deconstructing gender expectations from a minority standpoint: how to enter into a dialogue with male perpetrators of violence against women?

Resumo Este artigo discute limites e possibilidades da prática de um grupo reflexivo junto a homens autores de violência contra mulheres. Apoia-se em um estudo etnográfico que incluiu observação-participante e entrevistas com os facilitadores de um grupo realizado em uma organização feminista não governamental em parceria com a justiça criminal. A partir da discussão de uma cena emblemática, argumentamos a favor de um processo de trabalho dialógico como uma alternativa que pode expandir os limites da abordagem judicial: para dialogar com o grupo de pares, os facilitadores precisam levar em consideração a posição minoritária dos pontos de vista feministas no campo das masculinidades. Só esse passo permite cooperar com os participantes para que, a partir do compartilhamento espontâneo e genuíno de experiências, reconheçam o caráter inadequado de suas expectativas em relação às mulheres. Deste modo instaura-se uma dinâmica de cuidado entre homens, favorável à mitigação das violências e complementar da promoção da equidade de gênero.

Abstract This article discusses limits and possibilities of the practice of a reflection group together with male perpetrators of violence against women. It is based on an ethnographic study, which included participant observation and interviews with the facilitators of a group held in a feminist non-governmental organization in partnership with the criminal justice system. Starting with the discussion of an emblematic scene, we argue in favor of this dialogue process as an alternative that could expand the limits of the judiciary approach. In order to enter into a dialogue with the peer group, the facilitators must consider the minority position of feminist viewpoints in the field of masculinity. This step alone makes it possible to cooperate with the participants such that, as they spontaneously and genuinely share their experiences, they come to acknowledge the inadequacy of their expectations regarding women. This way, a dynamic of care takes place between men, which is conducive to the mitigation of violence and serves as a complement to the promotion of gender equality.

Routine HIV testing in men who have sex with men: from risk to prevention. / Uso rotineiro do teste anti-HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens: do risco à prevenção.

We conducted a critical review of the literature on recurrent use of HIV testing in men who have sex with men (MSM). We performed a narrative review of the literature in which we analyzed the various conceptions on frequent testing over time, the implications for health programs, and the main social markers that influence the incorporation of HIV testing as routine care. Although it has existed since the 1990s, recurrent testing among MSM was frequently interpreted as increased exposure to HIV due to lack of condom use, and therefore as "unnecessary" testing. Beginning in the 2000s, periodic testing has become a programmatic recommendation and has been interpreted as a goal. Individuals' perception of their use of the test has rarely been considered in order to characterize such use as routine care. On the social and cultural level, individual aspects associated with recent or routine testing were included in contexts of favorable norms for testing and less AIDS stigma. Differences in generation, schooling, and types of affective-sexual partnerships play an important part in testing. Such differences highlight that the epidemiological category "men who have sex with men" encompasses diverse relations, identities, and practices that result in specific uses of the test as a prevention strategy. Thus, dialogue between programs, health professionals, and the persons most affected by the epidemic is crucial for building responses with real potential to confront the HIV epidemic, based on respect for human rights.

Uso rotineiro do teste anti-HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens: do risco à prevenção / Uso rutinario del test del VIH entre hombres que practican sexo con hombres: del riesgo a la prevención / Routine HIV testing in men who have sex with men: from risk to prevention

Resumo: Desenvolvemos uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre o uso recorrente do teste anti-HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Procedemos a uma revisão narrativa da literatura, em que analisamos as diversas concepções sobre testagem frequente ao longo do tempo, suas implicações para os programas de saúde e os principais marcadores sociais que influenciam a incorporação do teste anti-HIV como rotina de cuidado. Embora exista desde os anos 1990, a testagem recorrente entre HSH era frequentemente interpretada como exposição aumentada ao HIV em razão da ausência de uso do preservativo e, consequentemente, uma testagem “desnecessária”. A partir dos anos 2000, a testagem periódica passou a ser uma recomendação programática e, sua realização, interpretada como meta a ser atingida. A percepção dos indivíduos sobre o uso que faziam do teste foi raramente considerada para caracterizar este uso como rotina de cuidado. No plano social e cultural, aspectos individuais associados ao teste recente ou de rotina estiveram inscritos em contextos de normas favoráveis ao teste e de menor estigma da AIDS. Diferenças geracionais, de escolarização e relacionadas ao tipo de parceria afetivo-sexual desempenham importantes papéis para o teste. Tais diferenças realçam que a categoria epidemiológica “homens que fazem sexo com homens” abrange diversas relações, identidades e práticas que resultam em usos específicos do teste como estratégia de prevenção. Assim, o diálogo entre programas, profissionais de saúde e as pessoas mais afetadas pela epidemia é central à construção de respostas com efetivo potencial de enfrentamento à epidemia de HIV, e pautadas no respeito aos direitos humanos.

Resumen: Realizamos una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre el uso recurrente del test del VIH en hombres que practican sexo con hombres (HSH). Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura analizando las diversas concepciones sobre los testes frecuentes a lo largo del tiempo, las implicaciones para los programas de salud y los principales marcadores sociales que influyen en la incorporación del test como atención de rutina. Aunque ha existido desde los años 1990, testes recurrentes entre HSH fueron frecuentemente interpretados como una mayor exposición al VIH debido a la falta de uso del condón, y por lo tanto como testes “innecesarios”. A partir de los años 2000, lo testes periódicos se han convertido en una recomendación y han sido interpretadas como una meta. La percepción de las personas sobre el uso que hicieron del test raramente fue considerada para caracterizar este uso como rutina de la atención. En el plano social y cultural, los aspectos individuales relacionados con los testes recientes o de rutina se incluyeron en contextos de normas favorables para las pruebas y disminución del estigma del SIDA. Las diferencias en la generación, la escolarización y los tipos de parejas afectivo-sexuales desempeñan un papel importante en las pruebas. Estas diferencias destacan que la categoría epidemiológica “hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres” abarca diversas relaciones, identidades y prácticas que resultan en usos específicos del test como estrategia preventiva. Por lo tanto, el diálogo entre los programas, los profesionales de la salud y las personas más afectadas por la epidemia del VIH es crucial para construir respuestas con el verdadero potencial para enfrentar la epidemia, sobre la base del respeto a los derechos humanos.

Abstract: We conducted a critical review of the literature on recurrent use of HIV testing in men who have sex with men (MSM). We performed a narrative review of the literature in which we analyzed the various conceptions on frequent testing over time, the implications for health programs, and the main social markers that influence the incorporation of HIV testing as routine care. Although it has existed since the 1990s, recurrent testing among MSM was frequently interpreted as increased exposure to HIV due to lack of condom use, and therefore as “unnecessary” testing. Beginning in the 2000s, periodic testing has become a programmatic recommendation and has been interpreted as a goal. Individuals’ perception of their use of the test has rarely been considered in order to characterize such use as routine care. On the social and cultural level, individual aspects associated with recent or routine testing were included in contexts of favorable norms for testing and less AIDS stigma. Differences in generation, schooling, and types of affective-sexual partnerships play an important part in testing. Such differences highlight that the epidemiological category “men who have sex with men” encompasses diverse relations, identities, and practices that result in specific uses of the test as a prevention strategy. Thus, dialogue between programs, health professionals, and the persons most affected by the epidemic is crucial for building responses with real potential to confront the HIV epidemic, based on respect for human rights.

Abordagem psicossocial e saúde de mulheres negras: vulnerabilidades, direitos e resiliência / Psychosocial approach and health of black women: vulnerabilities, rights and resilience

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica de teorias, técnicas e práticas que visam a potencialização da saúde de mulheres negras com foco em concepções sobre resiliência. Além da literatura acadêmica, em especial da psicologia, o texto mobiliza diferentes fontes sobre relações raciais, inclusive a produção do movimento social. Mulheres negras estão expostas à privação de direitos humanos, à ineficiência dos programas de governo na garantia do direito à educação e à saúde integral, entre outros. Estão também expostas à incidência frequente do racismo e do sexismo, que se traduzem em prejuízos à sua saúde. A concepção processual de resiliência adotada neste artigo, que resulta tanto da reflexão crítica sobre a literatura como de resultados de pesquisa apresentados, fortalece a adoção de uma perspectiva psicossocial, resultante da análise das vulnerabilidades integrada ao quadro dos direitos humanos. Conclui-se pela produtividade de iniciativas que incluam a sabedoria prática das mulheres negras e a valorização de experiências coletivas e transgeracionais que as apoiam para superar os contextos de alta vulnerabilidade a que estão expostas, estimulando a potencialização de processos de resiliência. Nessa perspectiva será necessário considerar não apenas o acolhimento das mulheres negras, mas também suas experiências e instâncias de pertencimento, suas trajetórias, suas redes, comunidades e territórios.

Abstract This article presents a critical overview of theories and practices that aim to enhance black women's health focusing on the concept of resilience. Beyond the academic literature, mostly from Pyschology, this text mobilizes different sources about racial relations, including the social movement production. Black women are exposed to human rights deprivation, to the inefficency of governmental programs that should guarantee the right to education and to comprehensive health care, among others. They are also frequently exposed to racism and sexism that affect their health. The concept of "resilience as a process" adopted in this article, a result of both the critical reflection on the literature and of research data, supports the adoption of a psychosocial approach resulting from vulnerabilities analysis integrated to a human rights based framework. The conclusion calls for initiatives that include the practical knowledge of black women and for valuing their collective and transgenerational experiences that has supported the overcome of their exposure to extreme vulnerable contexts, experiences that enhanced their processes of resilience. In this perspective, there is a need to consider not only black women's assistance and individual care but also their different experiences of belongingness, their trajectories, their networks, communities and territories.

Trans-Specific Health Care: Challenges in the Context of New Policies for Transgender People.

This study aims to understand transgender people's access to the Brazilian public health care system in light of the new public policies for this group in Brazil. Our ethnographic study involved interviews with transgender women at a nongovernmental organization and a direct participant-observation study conducted 2 years later to observe how a new specialized service was providing health care for transgender people. Transgender people reported difficult personal life trajectories, marked by discrimination and binary standards, in their struggle to become recognized as women/men. At the specialized service, gender norms and stereotyping were observed being put into operation by untrained service providers. This dominance of pathologizing models ended up not decreasing transgender patients' access to unsafe care outside of the public sector. The promotion and protection of the right to health thus depends on cultural changes. This may well include changes in technical-scientific discourse regarding the transgender experience to account for the depathologization and gender fluidity recognition.

Investigation and Management of Adnexal Masses in Pregnancy.

Adnexal masses can be found in 0.19 to 8.8% of all pregnancies. Most masses are functional and asymptomatic and up to 70% resolve spontaneously in the second trimester. The main predictors of persistence are the size (>5 cm) and the imagiological morphocomplexity. Those that persist carry a low risk of malignancy (0 to 10%). Most malignant masses are diagnosed at early stages and more than 50% are borderline epithelial neoplasms. Ultrasound is the preferred method to stratify the risk of complications and malignancy, allowing medical approach planning. Pregnancy and some gestational disorders may modify the levels of tumor markers, whereby their interpretation during pregnancy should be cautious. Large masses are at increased risk of torsion, rupture, and dystocia. When surgery is indicated, laparoscopy is a safe technique and should ideally be carried out in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Sex, human rights and AIDS: an analysis of new technologies for HIV prevention in the Brazilian context.

Worldwide, HIV prevention is challenged to change because clinical trials show the protective effect of technologies such as circumcision, preexposure prophylaxis, and the suppression of viral load through antiretroviral treatment. In the face of demands for their implementation on population levels, the fear of stimulating risk compensation processes and of increasing riskier sexual practices has retarded their integration into prevention programs. In this article, following a narrative review of the literature on risk compensation using the PubMed database, we offer a critical reflection on the theme using a constructionist approach of social psychology integrated to the theoretical framework of vulnerability and human rights. The use of biomedical technologies for prevention does not consistently induce its users to the increase of riskier practices, and variations on the specificity of each method need to be carefully considered. Alternatives to the theories of sociocognitive studies, such as social constructionist approaches developed in the social sciences and humanities fields, indicate more comprehensive interpretations, valuing the notions of agency and rights. The critical analysis suggests priority actions to be taken in the implementation process: development of comprehensive programs, monitoring and fostering dialog on sexuality, and technical information. We highlight the need to implement a human rights-based approach and to prioritize dialog, stressing how complementary these technologies can be to meet different population needs. We conclude by stressing the need to prioritize sociopolitical changes to restore participation, dialog about sexuality, and emphasis on human rights such as core elements of the Brazilian AIDS policy.