Effects of anti-inflammatory diclofenac assessed by toxicity tests and biomarkers in adults and larvae of Danio rerio.

The entrance of the anti-inflammatory diclofenac in water bodies is a consequence of inappropriate use, incorrect disposal, and inefficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in removing this drug from sewage, among others. Effects of diclofenac on non-target aquatic organisms still need to be clarified. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxic effects of the diclofenac on larvae and adults of Danio rerio. The LC50 values were 5.49 mg/L and 5.22 mg/L for the adult and larvae, respectively. A set of biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers were evaluated in fish exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of 2 µg/L DCF and a no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of 3 mg/L diclofenac. At the NOEC, an increase in activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme and an increase in ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters in gills of adult fish was observed; also, an increase in lipoperoxidation (LPO) was seen in the gills of adults and whole larvae. These results indicate that diclofenac activates the fish detoxification processes and may affect fish health.

Acute toxic and genotoxic effects of formalin in Danio rerio (zebrafish).

Formalin is a readily soluble chemical used as a sanitizing agent in the home and hospital. Formaldehyde solutions are routinely used in aquaculture for the prophylaxis and treatment of parasites and fungi, but the adverse effects of their application need to be further investigated. Danio rerio or zebrafish has characteristics favorable to its handling and breeding, and it is highly sensitive to various chemicals, being an ideal experimental model for this type of investigation. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the toxic and genotoxic effects of formalin and to determine the lethal concentrations of this chemical to support its safe use in disinfection processes. Acute and chronic tests were performed using methods in accordance with international protocols. The genotoxic effect of formalin was evaluated with the micronucleus test using blood samples, which were collected at 96 and 192 h of exposure. The LC50-96h of formalin in D. rerio was 45.73 mg L-1, demonstrating its high resistance compared to other species. Regarding the genotoxic effect, the sublethal concentrations of formalin showed a positive correlation with micronuclei according to the increase in its concentration independent of the time of exposure. The incidence of micronuclei increased with concentration, and the addition of 1 mg L-1 formalin corresponded to an increase of 2.9% in the average number of micronuclei. In other words, formalin at even sublethal concentrations caused genotoxic effects in peripheral blood erythrocytes of D. rerio. Therefore, we recommend further studies and other tests involving this chemical for its use at environmentally safe concentrations.

Farmacocinética de la ulamina administrada en perros como prueba aguda intravenosa e intramuscular / Pharmacokinetic disposition of ulamina in dogs administered as intravenous and intramuscular acute test

Se realizó una investigación con el objeto de describir la disposición farmacocinética del antimonial pentavalente genérico ulamina en 8 perros sanos, como prueba aguda intravenosa e intramuscular, después de administrar una dosis de 25 mg/kg. Las curvas obtenidas para ambas vías muestran un descenso de las concentraciones plasmáticas de 184,91± 86,06 μg/mL a 86,06±39,24 μg/mL y 164,61 ± 23,80 μg/mL a 100,94 ± 45,3 μg/mL, hasta la hora 4,0 para las vía IV e IM, respectivamente, que corresponden a la fase alfa de distribución. Seguidamente se aprecia un descenso lento, con antimonio detectable más allá de la hora 24 para ambas vías, denominada fase beta o de eliminación. La droga se absorbe rápidamente y mostró alta biodisponibilidad. La vida media (t1/2β) IV fue de 8,1 horas y t1/2 β IM fue 13,35 horas. El volumen de distribución (Vd) IV fue de 0,17 L/Kg e IM fue de 0,23 L/Kg. No se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar AUC y t1/2β, después de administrar ulamina IV e IM, proponiéndose esta última como ruta de administración por resultar más práctica y segura. La ulamina constituiría una opción terapéutica para el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis humana y canina, por lo que se sugiere la aplicación de ensayos con dosis múltiples para evaluar la fase de eliminación y determinar si hay acumulación de antimonio, lo cual justificaría una disminución de la dosis.

A study was carried out to describe the pharmacokinetic disposition of pentavalent antimony generic ulamina in 8 healthy dogs in acute intravenous and intramuscular test after a dose of 25mg/Kg. The curves obtained for both routes show a decrease in plasma concentrations of 184.91 ± 86.06 μ g / mL to 86.06 ± 39.24 μ g / mL and 164.61 ± 23.80 μ g / mL to 100.94 ± 45.3, μ g / mL to 4.0 hours for the IM and IV, respectively, corresponding to the alpha phase distribution. There was a decrease slowly, with antimony detectable beyond 24.0 hours for both routes, called beta or disposal. The drug is rapidly absorbed and showed high bioavailability. The half life (t1/2β) IV was 8.1 hours and t1/2β IM was 13.35 hours. The volume of distribution (Vd) IV was 0.17 L /Kg and MI was 0.23 L /Kg. No significant differences were found when comparing AUC, and t1/2β, after IV and IM administration ulamina, proposing the latter as a more practical and safe administration route. The ulamina may be a therapeutic option for the treatment of human and canine leishmaniasis, as it is suggested by the application of multiple dose trials to evaluate the phase of removal and to determine if there is an accumulation of antimony, which would warrant a dose reduction.