Analysis of Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaf extracts using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap/MS: In vivo antioxidant activity on D-galactose-induced aging mice.

Making health-enhancing tea from Forsythia suspensa leaves has been a tradition of Chinese folk culture for centuries. However, these leaves were not officially recognized as a new food source until 2017 by the Chinese government. In this study, ethyl acetate fractions from Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in vitro antioxidant assays and in vivo D-galactose-induced aging mice model. The antioxidant activity of the leaves was higher than that of fruit both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical constituents present in these ethyl acetate fractions were comprehensively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap/MS. A total of 20 compounds were identified, among which forsythoside E, (+)-epipinoresinol, dihydromyricetin, chlorogenic acid, and ursolic acid were exclusively detected in the ethyl acetate fraction of Forsythia suspensa leaves, but absent in the ethyl acetate fraction derived from its fruit. This study provides theoretical support for the utilization of Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves.

Application of Multiplex Immunoassay in Aging Research: A Methodological Approach.

One of the characteristics of aging and age-related disorders is the formation and evolution of a chronic, low-grade, and hence subclinical, inflammatory state known as inflammaging. Although the progression of inflammaging is now recognized as one of the main driving forces of aging and one of the main risk factors for morbidity and mortality in older subjects, current knowledge on the causative agents of inflammaging itself and chronic, aging-related diseases is still incomplete. In this chapter, we offer a methodological approach for assessing inflammation associated with aging through the use of multiplex immunoassay, which enables the rapid, reproducible, and simultaneous dosage of several cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators with little biological sample usage.

Analysis of Cytokine-Inducible SH2-Containing Protein (CISH) in the Study of Immunosenescence.

The aging immune system undergoes significant changes, leading to a state known as immunosenescence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immunosenescence is crucial for developing targeted interventions to enhance immune functions in older individuals. This bio-protocol review focuses on the application of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for the mRNA quantification of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), an immune regulator overexpressed in T-cell responses from older adults. We outline a comprehensive protocol for the quantitative assessment of CISH mRNA expression, providing a valuable tool for researchers investigating immunosenescence.

Characterization of Age-Dependent Changes in Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration Using a Mouse Model of Acute Muscle Injury.

Acute skeletal muscle injury initiates a process of necrosis, debris clearance, and ultimately tissue regeneration via myogenesis. While skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are responsible for populating the proliferative myogenic progenitor pool to fuel muscle repair, recruited and resident immune cells have a central role in the regulation of muscle regeneration via the execution of phagocytosis and release of soluble factors that act directly on MuSCs to regulate myogenic differentiation. Therefore, the timing of MuSC proliferation and differentiation is closely linked to the populations and behaviors of immune cells present within skeletal muscle. This has important implications for aging and muscle repair, as systemic changes in immune system function contribute to a decline in muscle regenerative capacity. Here, we present adapted protocols for the isolation of mononuclear cells from skeletal muscles for the quantification of immune cell populations using flow cytometry. We also describe a cardiotoxin skeletal muscle injury protocol and detail the expected outcomes including immune cell infiltration to the injured sites and formation of new myocytes. As immune cell function is substantially influenced by aging, we extend these approaches and outcomes to aged mice.

UV-aging reduces the effects of biodegradable microplastics on soil sulfamethoxazole degradation and sul genes development.

In recent years, the biodegradable plastics has extensively used in industry, agriculture, and daily life. Herein, the effects of two biodegradable microplastics (BMPs), poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), on soil sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation and sul genes development were comparatively studied based on the type, dosage, and state. The addition of virgin BMPs significantly increased soil DOC following a sequential order PBAT > PHA and high dose > low dose. Meanwhile virgin PBAT significantly reduced soil pH. In general, the addition of BMPs not only promoted soil SMX degradation but also increased the abundance of sul genes, with an exception that pH reduction in virgin PBAT inhibited the proliferation of sul genes. The driving effects of BMPs on soil microbial diversity following the same order as that on DOC. Specific bacteria stimulated by BMPs, such as Arthrobacter and two genera affiliated with phylum TM7, accounted for the accelerated degradation of SMX. Intriguingly, UV-aging hindered the release of DOC from BMPs and the reduction in pH, mitigated the stimulation of microbial communities, and ultimately reduced the promotion effect of BMPs on SMX degradation and sul genes proliferation. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to the proliferation risk of ARGs in the environment affected by BMPs and UV-aging can be employed sometimes to reduce this risk.

One-class modelling applied to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for determining document forgeries related to paper aging.

One of the great challenges of document analysis is determining document forgeries. The present work proposes a non-destructive approach to discriminate natural and artificially aged papers using infrared spectroscopy and soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) algorithms. This is of particular interest in cases of document falsifications made by artificial aging, for this study, SIMCA, and Data-Driven SIMCA (DD-SIMCA) classification models were built using naturally aged paper samples, taken from three time periods: 1st period from 1998 to 2003; 2nd period from 2004 to 2009; and 3rd period from 2010 to 2015. Artificially aged samples (exposed to high temperature or UV radiation) were used as test sets. Promising results in detecting document falsifications related to aging were obtained. Samples artificially aged at high temperature were correctly discriminated from the authentic samples (naturally aged) with 100% accuracy. In contrast, the samples under the photodegradation process showed a lower classification performance, with results above 90%.

Application of FTIR two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis in characterizing environmental behaviors of microplastics: A systematic review.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment, continuously undergo aging processes and release toxic chemical substances. Understanding the environmental behaviors of MPs is critical to accurately evaluate their long-term ecological risk. Generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) is a powerful tool for MPs studies, which can dig more comprehensive information hiding in the conventional one-dimensional spectra, such as infrared (IR) and Raman spectra. The recent applications of 2D-COS in analyzing the behaviors and fates of MPs in the environment, including their aging processes, and interactions with natural organic matter (NOM) or other chemical substances, were summarized systematically. The main requirements and limitations of current approaches for exploring these processes are discussed, and the corresponding strategies to address these limitations and drawbacks are proposed as well. Finally, new trends of 2D-COS are prospected for analyzing the properties and behaviors of MPs in both natural and artificial environmental processes.

Computational Analysis of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Workflow: From T-Cell Isolation to Bioinformatics Analysis.

The T-cell receptor (TCR) is the key molecule involved in the adaptive immune response. It is generated by the V(D)J recombination, responsible of the enormous diversity of the TCR repertoire, a crucial feature determining the individual capability to response to antigens and to build immunological memory. A pivotal role in the recognition of antigen is played by the hypervariable complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the V-beta chain of TCR. Investigating the CDR3 supports the understanding of the adaptive immune system dynamics in physiological processes, such as immune aging, and in disease, especially autoimmune disorders in which T cells are main actors. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) paved the way for a great progress in the investigation of TCR repertoire, enhancing the read depth in the process of library generation of sequencing and the number of samples that can be analyzed simultaneously. Therefore, the leverage of big datasets stressed the need to develop computational approach, by bioinformatics, to unravel the characteristics of the TCR repertoire.

Instrumentos de avaliação multidimensional de fragilidade para uso no cuidado de idosos com doença cardiovascular / Multidimensional frailty assessment tools for use in the care of older adults with cardiovascular disease / Instrumentos de evaluación multidimensional de la fragilidad en la atención de adultos mayores con enfermedad cardiovascular

Objetivo: identificar quais os instrumentos disponíveis para avaliação multidimensional da fragilidade em idosos com doença cardiovascular, potencialmente aplicáveis durante a realização do Processo de Enfermagem. Método: revisão sistemática conduzida em oito bases de dados/portais, para identificação de estudos que apresentassem instrumentos multidimensionais de avaliação de fragilidade em idosos com doença cardiovascular e que fossem aplicáveis ao processo de enfermagem. Resultados: foram incluídos 19 instrumentos multidimensionais. O Brief Frailty Index for Coronary Artery Disease foi desenvolvido para uso no cuidado cardiovascular de idosos. O Frailty Index for Adults e o Maastricht Frailty Screening Tool for Hospitalized Patients foram desenvolvidos para uso no Processo de Enfermagem. Conclusão: apesar de apenas um instrumento ter sido desenvolvido para o idosos com doença cardiovascular e apenas dois serem aplicáveis ao processo de enfermagem, a maioria deles tem potencial de adaptação e validação para uso nesta população durante a avaliação de enfermagem.

Objective: to identify which tools are available for multidimensional frailty assessment of older adult with cardiovascular disease and which are potentially applicable during the Nursing Process. Method: a systematic review conducted in eight databases/portals to identify studies that presented multidimensional frailty assessment tools for older adult with cardiovascular disease and that were applicable to the nursing process. Results: a total of 19 multidimensional tools were included. The Brief Frailty Index for Coronary Artery Disease was developed for use in the cardiovascular care of older adult. The Frailty Index for Adults and the Maastricht Frailty Screening Tool for Hospitalized Patients were developed for use in the Nursing Process. Conclusion: although only one tool was developed for older adults with cardiovascular disease and only two are applicable to the nursing process, most of them have the potential to be adapted and validated for use in this population during nursing assessment.

Objetivo: identificar qué instrumentos están disponibles para la evaluación multidimensional de la fragilidad en personas mayores con enfermedad cardiovascular, que se puedan aplicar en el Proceso de Enfermería. Método: revisión sistemática realizada en ocho bases de datos/portales, para identificar estudios que presentaran instrumentos multidimensionales para la evaluación de la fragilidad en adultos mayores con enfermedad cardiovascular y que fueran aplicables al proceso de enfermería. Resultados: se incluyeron 19 instrumentos multidimensionales. El Brief Frailty Index for Coronary Artery Disease se desarrolló para usarlo en el cuidado cardiovascular de las personas mayores. El Frailty Index for Adults y la Maastricht Frailty Screening Tool for Hospitalized Patients se elaboraron para ser usados en el Proceso de Enfermería. Conclusión: aunque sólo se elaboró un instrumento para adultos mayores con enfermedad cardiovascular y sólo dos son aplicables al proceso de enfermería, la mayoría de ellos tienen el potencial para ser adaptados y validados para ser usados en esa población en la evaluación de enfermería.

Rastreamento da síndrome metabólica em participantesdo programa Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade / Metabolic syndrome screening in the participantsat the Open University of the Third Age

Hábitos alimentares inadequados, sedentarismo e a maior expectativa de vida da população contribuem significativamente para a prevalência da síndrome metabólica. Essa doença predispõe uma pessoa a desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares, as quais têm um amplo impacto na saúde pública, induzindo sobrecarga no sistema de saúde e reduzindo a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. A síndrome metabólica é uma doença multifatorial e está relacionada ao processo de envelhecimento, contudo, ainda há uma lacuna significativa, em termos de estudos, sobre a prevalência da condição em populações idosas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou rastrear a prevalência da síndrome metabólica em participantes da Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade (UNATI), localizada em Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Os critérios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólica abordados nesta pesquisa incluem: circunferência abdominal ≥ 90 cm para homens e ≥ 80 cm para mulheres, triglicerídeos ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL para homens e ≤ 50 mg/dL para mulheres, pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 130 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 85 mmHg ou estar em farmacoterapia para hipertensão, além de glicemia de jejum ≥ 100 mg/dL ou estar em tratamento farmacológico para diabetes. Um total de 44 idosos foram avaliados, apresentando uma média de idade de 66,9 ± 7,1 anos, com uma predominância de mulheres (88%). Os resultados revelaram uma prevalência alarmante de síndrome metabólica, atingindo 36,4% da amostra estudada. Além disso, observou-se uma alta prevalência de condições associadas, como hipertensão arterial (67,2%), sobrepeso (58,6%) e obesidade visceral (31%). Esses achados ressaltam a importância da implementação de medidas preventivas direcionadas à promoção da qualidade de vida saudável e ao controle dos fatores de risco metabólicos.

Inadequate dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, and increased life expectancy significantly contribute to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. This condition predisposes an individual to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, which have a broad impact on public health, inducing a burden on the healthcare system and reducing the quality of life of affected individuals. Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease and is related to the aging process; however, there is still a significant gap in terms of studies on the prevalence of the condition in elderly populations. In this context, this study aimed to screen the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in participants of the Open University for the Third Age (UNATI), located in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome addressed in this research include: abdominal circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL for men and ≤ 50 mg/dL for women, systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg or being on pharmacotherapy for hypertension, in addition to fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or being on pharmacological treatment for diabetes. A total of 44 elderly individuals were evaluated, with a mean age of 66.9 ± 7.1 years, predominantly women (88%). The results revealed an alarming prevalence of metabolic syndrome, affecting 36.4% of the studied sample. Furthermore, a high prevalence of associated conditions was observed, such as arterial hypertension (67.2%), overweight (58.6%), and visceral obesity (31%). These findings underscore the importance of implementing preventive measures aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles and controlling metabolic risk factors.

An interpretable deep learning framework identifies proteomic drivers of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative pathology in aged individuals, but many questions remain on its pathogenesis, and a cure is still not available. Recent research efforts have generated measurements of multiple omics in individuals that were healthy or diagnosed with AD. Although machine learning approaches are well-suited to handle the complexity of omics data, the models typically lack interpretability. Additionally, while the genetic landscape of AD is somewhat more established, the proteomic landscape of the diseased brain is less well-understood. Here, we establish a deep learning method that takes advantage of an ensemble of autoencoders (AEs) - EnsembleOmicsAE-to reduce the complexity of proteomics data into a reduced space containing a small number of latent features. We combine brain proteomic data from 559 individuals across three AD cohorts and demonstrate that the ensemble autoencoder models generate stable latent features which are well-suited for downstream biological interpretation. We present an algorithm to calculate feature importance scores based on the iterative scrambling of individual input features (i.e., proteins) and show that the algorithm identifies signaling modules (AE signaling modules) that are significantly enriched in protein-protein interactions. The molecular drivers of AD identified within the AE signaling modules derived with EnsembleOmicsAE were missed by linear methods, including integrin signaling and cell adhesion. Finally, we characterize the relationship between the AE signaling modules and the age of death of the patients and identify a differential regulation of vimentin and MAPK signaling in younger compared with older AD patients.

Microbiome as an endocrine organ and its relationship with eye diseases: Effective factors and new targeted approaches.

Microbiome is an endocrine organ that refers to both the complicated biological system of microbial species that colonize our bodies and their genomes and surroundings. Recent studies confirm the connection between the microbiome and eye diseases, which are involved in the pathogenesis of eye diseases, including age-related macular disorders, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, dry eye, and uveitis. The aim of this review is to investigate the microbiome in relation to eye health. First, a brief introduction of the characteristics of the gut microorganisms terms of composition and work, the role of dysbiosis, the gut microbiome and the eye microbiome in the progression of eye illnesses are highlighted, then the relationship among the microbiome and the function of the immune system and eye diseases, the role of inflammation and aging and the immune system, It has been reviewed and finally, the control and treatment goals of microbiome and eye diseases, the role of food factors and supplements, biotherapy and antibiotics in relation to microbiome and eye health have been reviewed.

Reorganization of structural connectivity in the brain supports preservation of cognitive ability in healthy aging.

The global population is aging rapidly, and a research question of critical importance is why some older adults suffer tremendous cognitive decline while others are mostly spared. Past aging research has shown that older adults with spared cognitive ability have better local short-range information processing while global long-range processing is less efficient. We took this research a step further to investigate whether the underlying structural connections, measured in vivo using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), show a similar shift to support cognitive ability. We analyzed the structural connectivity streamline probability (representing the probability of connection between regions) and nodal efficiency and local efficiency regional graph theory metrics to determine whether age and cognitive ability are related to structural network differences. We found that the relationship between structural connectivity and cognitive ability with age was nuanced, with some differences with age that were associated with poorer cognitive outcomes, but other reorganizations that were associated with spared cognitive ability. These positive changes included strengthened local intrahemispheric connectivity and increased nodal efficiency of the ventral occipital-temporal stream, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus for older adults, and widespread local efficiency primarily for middle-aged individuals.

We utilized network neuroscience methods to investigate why some older adults suffer tremendous cognitive decline while others are mostly spared. Past functional research found that older adults with spared cognitive ability have better local short-range information processing while global long-range processing is less efficient. We took this research a step further to investigate whether structural connectivity reorganizes to preserve cognitive ability. We analyzed age and fluid intelligence as a function of structural connectivity and regional graph theory measures using partial least squares. Some differences with age were associated with poorer cognitive outcomes, but other reorganizations spared cognitive ability. Beneficial reorganizations included strengthened local intrahemispheric connectivity and increased nodal efficiency of focal regions for older adults, as well as widespread increased local efficiency for middle-aged individuals.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation rescues mitochondrial and energy metabolism functions and ameliorates inflammatory states in the ovaries of aging mice.

Noninvasive pharmacological strategies like nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation can effectively address age-related ovarian infertility by maintaining or enhancing oocyte quality and quantity. This study revealed that ovarian nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels decline with age, but NMN administration significantly restores these levels, preventing ovarian atrophy and enhancing the quality and quantity of ovulated oocytes. Improvements in serum hormone secretion and antioxidant factors, along with decreased expression of proinflammatory factors, were observed. Additionally, a significant increase in the number of ovarian follicles in aging individuals was noted. Scanning electron microscopy data indicated that NMN significantly alters the density and morphology of lipid droplets and mitochondria in granulosa cells, suggesting potential targets and mechanisms. Transcriptomic analysis and validation experiments collectively suggested that the beneficial effects of NMN on aging ovaries are mediated through enhanced mitochondrial function, improved energy metabolism, and reduced inflammation levels. Our results suggest that NMN supplementation could improve the health status of aging ovaries and enhance ovarian reserve, offering new insights into addressing fertility challenges in older women through assisted reproductive technology.

Cognitive processing speed improvement after cochlear implantation.

Background: Untreated hearing loss has an effect on cognition. It is hypothesized that the additional processing required to compensate for the sensory loss affects the cognitive resources available for other tasks and that this could be mitigated by a hearing device. Methods: The impact on cognition of cochlear implants (CIs) was tested in 100 subjects, ≥60 years old, with bilateral moderately-severe to profound post linguistic deafness using hearing aids. Data was compared pre and 12 and 18 months after cochlear implantation for the speech spatial qualities questionnaire, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail making test B (TMTB) and digit symbol coding (DSC) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale version IV and finally the timed up and go test (TUG). Subjects were divided into young old (60-64), middle old (65-75) and old old (75+) groups. Cognitive test scores and times were standardized according to available normative data. Results: Hearing significantly improved pre- to post-operatively across all age groups. There was no change post-implant in outcomes for TMTB, TUG or MMSE tests. Age-corrected values were within normal expectations for all age groups for the TUG and MMSE. However, DSC scores and TMTB times were worse than normal. There was a significant increase in DSC scores between baseline and 12-months for 60- to 64-year-olds (t[153] = 2.608, p = 0.027), which remained at 18 months (t[153] = 2.663, p = 0.023). Discussion: The improved attention and processing speed in the youngest age group may be a consequence of reallocation of cognitive resources away from auditory processing due to greatly improved hearing. The oldest age group of participants had cognition scores closest to normal values, suggesting that only the most able older seniors tend to come forward for a CI. Severe to profoundly deaf individuals with hearing aids or cochlear implants were still poorer than age-equivalent normally hearing individuals with respect to cognitive flexibility, attention, working memory, processing speed and visuoperceptual functions. Due to a lack of data for the TUG, TMTB and DSC in the literature for hearing impaired individuals, the results reported here provide an important set of reference data for use in future research.

Evaluation of the Performance and Safety of a New Micro-Needle Technology in Comparison With the Classic Needle on the Antiaging Effects of a Biorevitalizing Solution: A Randomized Split Face/Neck Study.

BACKGROUND: Skin biorevitalization involves multiple intradermal injections to enhance skin quality, but precise dermal targeting can be challenging due to variations in skin thickness smaller, less painful needles with fewer skin reactions are attractive options. AIMS: This study evaluates a new Micro-Needle device's performance and safety in comparison with the classic needle used in skin biorevitalization. PATIENTS/METHODS: Subjects with facial and neck skin aging were enrolled. Safety outcomes, including immediate and local tolerability, were assessed. Performance outcomes measured skin radiance, wrinkles and photoaging grade, hydration, subepidermal low echogenic band, dermis thickness, and skin elasticity. Both subjects and investigators recorded Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores. RESULTS: Micro-Needle injections demonstrated superior performance compared to the classic needle, influenced by the specific skin zones and thickness. Micro-Needle was superior for skin wrinkles at D49 for periorbital zone and nasolabial folds by -14.5% (p = 0.01) and -15% (p = 0.004), respectively, and for neck by 9.6% (p = 0.0008). The Nanosoft device showed a faster improvement for skin hydration at D42 for the cheek zone (p = 0.04) and at D75 for the neck area (p = 0.01); and for skin radiance at D75 (p = 0.03) and at D120 (p = 0.0098). Ex vivo studies confirmed the Micro-Needle's accuracy in product placement in the dermis. Adverse events were milder with Micro-Needle and no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Both needles significantly improved skin quality, but Micro-Needle enhanced the outcomes of skin biorevitalization procedures, particularly in terms of skin wrinkle reduction, elasticity, and overall skin hydration.

Nucleoporin Nsp1 surveils the phase state of FG-Nups.

Transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) relies on intrinsically disordered FG-nucleoporins (FG-Nups) forming a selective barrier. Away from the NPC, FG-Nups readily form condensates and aggregates, and we address how this behavior is surveilled in cells. FG-Nups, including Nsp1, together with the nuclear transport receptor Kap95, form a native daughter cell-specific cytosolic condensate in yeast. In aged cells, this condensate disappears as cytosolic Nsp1 levels decline. Biochemical assays and modeling show that Nsp1 is a modulator of FG-Nup condensates, promoting a liquid-like state. Nsp1's presence in the cytosol and condensates is critical, as a reduction of cytosolic levels in young cells induces NPC defects and a general decline in protein quality control that quantitatively mimics aging phenotypes. These phenotypes can be rescued by a cytosolic form of Nsp1. We conclude that Nsp1 is a phase state regulator that surveils FG-Nups and impacts general protein homeostasis.

Complexity of confined water vitrification and its glass transition temperature.

The ability of vitrification when crossing the glass transition temperature (Tg) of confined and bulk water is crucial for myriad phenomena in diverse fields, ranging from the cryopreservation of organs and food to the development of cryoenzymatic reactions, frost damage to buildings, and atmospheric water. However, determining water's Tg remains a major challenge. Here, we elucidate the glass transition of water by analyzing the calorimetric behavior of nano-confined water across various pore topologies (diameters: 0.3 to 2.5 nm). Our approach involves subjecting confined water to annealing protocols to identify the temperature and time evolution of nonequilibrium glass kinetics. Furthermore, we complement this calorimetric approach with the dynamics of confined water, as seen by broadband dielectric spectroscopy and linear calorimetric measurements, including the fast scanning technique. This study demonstrated that confined water undergoes a glass transition in the temperature range of 170 to 200 K, depending on the confinement size and the interaction with the confinement walls. Moreover, we also show that the thermal event observed at ~136 K must be interpreted as an annealing prepeak, also referred to as the "shadow glass transition." Calorimetric measurements also allow the detection of a specific heat step above 200 K, which is insensitive to annealing and, thereby, interpreted as a true thermodynamic transition. Finally, by connecting our results to bulk water behavior, we offer a comprehensive understanding of confined water vitrification with potential implications for numerous applications.

Frontoparietal atrophy trajectories in cognitively unimpaired elderly individuals using longitudinal Bayesian clustering.

INTRODUCTION: Frontal and/or parietal atrophy has been reported during aging. To disentangle the heterogeneity previously observed, this study aimed to uncover different clusters of grey matter profiles and trajectories within cognitively unimpaired individuals. METHODS: Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 307 Aß-negative cognitively unimpaired individuals were modelled between ages 60-85 from three cohorts worldwide. We applied unsupervised clustering using a novel longitudinal Bayesian approach and characterized the clusters' cerebrovascular and cognitive profiles. RESULTS: Four clusters were identified with different grey matter profiles and atrophy trajectories. Differences were mainly observed in frontal and parietal brain regions. These distinct frontoparietal grey matter profiles and longitudinal trajectories were differently associated with cerebrovascular burden and cognitive decline. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest a conciliation of the frontal and parietal theories of aging, uncovering coexisting frontoparietal GM patterns. This could have important future implications for better stratification and identification of at-risk individuals.