Antagonistic microorganisms and nitrogen fertilization in control of tomato southern blight

The present study assessed the efficacy of formulated biocontrol agents and nitrogen fertilization on southern blight control. Antagonism test in vitro was performed to assess the inhibitory activity of Bacillus methylotrophicus and Trichoderma asperellum against the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into the substrate added with ammonium nitrate doses and inoculated with the formulated biocontrol agents Ônix (B. methylotrophicus) or Quality (T. asperellum). Subsequently, seedlings were inoculated with S. rolfsii. Plant mortality, shoot and root weight were assessed 11 days after the last inoculation. Agents had effective inhibitory activity against S. rolfsii; thus, they could reduce southern blight severity when combined with ammonium nitrate. However, plant mortality was not reduced by them.(AU)

Antagonistic microorganisms and nitrogen fertilization in control of tomato southern blight

The present study assessed the efficacy of formulated biocontrol agents and nitrogen fertilization on southern blight control. Antagonism test in vitro was performed to assess the inhibitory activity of Bacillus methylotrophicus and Trichoderma asperellum against the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into the substrate added with ammonium nitrate doses and inoculated with the formulated biocontrol agents Ônix (B. methylotrophicus) or Quality (T. asperellum). Subsequently, seedlings were inoculated with S. rolfsii. Plant mortality, shoot and root weight were assessed 11 days after the last inoculation. Agents had effective inhibitory activity against S. rolfsii; thus, they could reduce southern blight severity when combined with ammonium nitrate. However, plant mortality was not reduced by them.(AU)

Volatile Organic Compounds, Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples.

Ammonium nitrate fuel oil is an explosive mixture found in most antipersonnel landmines (APL) buried throughout the Colombian territory. During more than 50 years of internal conflict, the Colombian government has found that trained dogs are the most effective method to detect APL. However, the olfactive signature in ANFO is unknown and also if there are differences in detection related to the explosive manufacturing origin. Therefore, this work begins with the analytical validation of the method used to determine ammonia, in its derivatized form as carbamate, released by home-made ANFO using HS-SPME-GC-FID. Once validated, the method was used to identify ammonia and other organic volatile compounds present in ANFO, under laboratory and simulated field conditions. The validation process includes the evaluation of the optimum conditions for the derivation and extraction of butylcarbamate, the determination of the working ranges with linear response in FID, the limits of detection and quantification, the sensitivity, and the precision. The results of the validation established linearity and sensitivity in a concentration between 20 and 120 mg/L, as well as low limits of detection and quantification of 6.4 and 21.4 mg/L, respectively. Also, an intermediate precision of 11% for butylcarbamate with a repeatability of 8%. The validated method showed in real samples of home-made ANFO besides ammonia, the presence of low molecular methylamines, and also exhibited differences in volatile compositions according to the origin. The objective of this work is to offer a reliable analytical methodology for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds from ANFO.

Chemical composition and deoxynivalenol in wheat of Central- Southern Paraná: nitrogen fertilization in top dressing associated with Azospirillum brasilense / Composição química e desoxinivalenol em trigo da região Centro- Sul do Paraná: adubação nitrogenada em cobertura associada com Azospirillum brasilense

The impact of agricultural management practices on the quality of grain was evaluated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. BRS Tangará) from the Central-Southern region of Paraná State (Ponta Grossa) in the crop years of 2010 and 2011. The field trial was carried out in succession with soybean (2010) and corn (2011). The treatments included inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense and increasing levels of nitrogen application in top dressing (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1). The experimental design was in randomized block, factorial 2 x 5 (inoculation x N level), with four replications. The parameters evaluated were water activity, moisture, protein, and grain contamination by deoxynivalenol (DON). The data were subjected to analysis of variance, comparison of means by Tukeys test (p<0.05) and regression for nitrogen level. The inoculation of seeds with A. brasilense increased the protein content in grain in 2010 (+1.6%; 16.9 g 100g-1) and 2011 (+1.7%, 15.7 g 100g-1), independently of the nitrogen level (p<0.01). Level of nitrogen in 2010 presented a positive linear response with protein content, increasing by 14.2% using non-inoculated seeds (p<0.01, R2=0.955) and 14.4% for those inoculated with A. brasilense (p<0.01, R2=0.906). However, in 2011 a quadratic response was observed between nitrogen level and protein content (p<0.01, R2=0.99), with stabilization or reduction in protein content using high levels of nitrogen (˃120 kg ha-1). The contamination by DON was greater using high levels of nitrogen (3574 μg kg-1, 120 kg ha-1; non-inoculated seeds) in 2011, with a quadratic response between nitrogen levels and contamination of grains (p<0.05, R2=0.772). Furthermore, 37.5% of the samples presented contamination by DON higher than the maximum tolerated limit established by Brazilian legislation (2000 μg kg-1; whole-wheat grain). The data demonstrates that proper management of nitrogen enhances intrinsic effects arising from plant breeding.(AU)

O impacto de tratos culturais na qualidade do grão foi avaliado em trigo (Triticum aestivum L. cultivar BRS Tangará) da região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná (Ponta Grossa), nos anos agrícolas de 2010 e 2011. O cultivo foi realizado em sucessão a cultura da soja (2010) e do milho (2011). Os tratamentos consistiram de inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e aplicação de doses crescentes de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1). O delineamento experimental foi em bloco casualizado, fatorial 2 x 5 (inoculação x dose N), com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram atividade de água, umidade, proteína e contaminação dos grãos por desoxinivalenol (DON). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) e regressão para doses de nitrogênio. A inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense resultou em aumento no teor de proteína no grão em 2010 (+1,6%; 16,9 g 100g-1) e 2011 (+1,7%; 15,7 g 100g-1), independente da dose de nitrogênio (p<0,01). As doses de nitrogênio em 2010 apresentaram resposta linear positiva com o teor de proteína, com aumento de 14,2% utilizando sementes não inoculadas (p<0,01; R2=0,955), e 14,4% para inoculadas com A. brasilense (p<0,01; R2=0,906). Entretanto, em 2011 observou-se resposta quadrática entre adubação e teor de proteína (p<0,01; R2=0,99), com estabilização ou redução na resposta sob doses elevadas de nitrogênio (˃120 kg ha-1). A contaminação por DON foi maior sob dose elevada de nitrogênio (3574 μg kg-1; 120 kg ha-1; sementes não inoculadas) em 2011, com resposta quadrática entre adubação e contaminação (p<0,05; R2=0,772). Outrossim, 37,5% das amostras apresentaram contaminação por DON superior ao limite máximo tolerado estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (2000 μg kg-1; trigo integral). Os dados demonstraram que o manejo adequado de nitrogênio pode incrementar efeito intrínseco oriundo de melhoramento genético.(AU)

Chemical composition and deoxynivalenol in wheat of Central- Southern Paraná: nitrogen fertilization in top dressing associated with Azospirillum brasilense / Composição química e desoxinivalenol em trigo da região Centro- Sul do Paraná: adubação nitrogenada em cobertura associada com Azospirillum brasilense

The impact of agricultural management practices on the quality of grain was evaluated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. BRS Tangará) from the Central-Southern region of Paraná State (Ponta Grossa) in the crop years of 2010 and 2011. The field trial was carried out in succession with soybean (2010) and corn (2011). The treatments included inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense and increasing levels of nitrogen application in top dressing (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1). The experimental design was in randomized block, factorial 2 x 5 (inoculation x N level), with four replications. The parameters evaluated were water activity, moisture, protein, and grain contamination by deoxynivalenol (DON). The data were subjected to analysis of variance, comparison of means by Tukey’s test (p<0.05) and regression for nitrogen level. The inoculation of seeds with A. brasilense increased the protein content in grain in 2010 (+1.6%; 16.9 g 100g-1) and 2011 (+1.7%, 15.7 g 100g-1), independently of the nitrogen level (p<0.01). Level of nitrogen in 2010 presented a positive linear response with protein content, increasing by 14.2% using non-inoculated seeds (p<0.01, R2=0.955) and 14.4% for those inoculated with A. brasilense (p<0.01, R2=0.906). However, in 2011 a quadratic response was observed between nitrogen level and protein content (p<0.01, R2=0.99), with stabilization or reduction in protein content using high levels of nitrogen (˃120 kg ha-1). The contamination by DON was greater using high levels of nitrogen (3574 μg kg-1, 120 kg ha-1; non-inoculated seeds) in 2011, with a quadratic response between nitrogen levels and contamination of grains (p<0.05, R2=0.772). Furthermore, 37.5% of the samples presented contamination by DON higher than the maximum tolerated limit established by Brazilian legislation (2000 μg kg-1; whole-wheat grain). The data demonstrates that proper management of nitrogen enhances intrinsic effects arising from plant breeding.

O impacto de tratos culturais na qualidade do grão foi avaliado em trigo (Triticum aestivum L. cultivar BRS Tangará) da região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná (Ponta Grossa), nos anos agrícolas de 2010 e 2011. O cultivo foi realizado em sucessão a cultura da soja (2010) e do milho (2011). Os tratamentos consistiram de inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e aplicação de doses crescentes de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1). O delineamento experimental foi em bloco casualizado, fatorial 2 x 5 (inoculação x dose N), com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram atividade de água, umidade, proteína e contaminação dos grãos por desoxinivalenol (DON). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) e regressão para doses de nitrogênio. A inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense resultou em aumento no teor de proteína no grão em 2010 (+1,6%; 16,9 g 100g-1) e 2011 (+1,7%; 15,7 g 100g-1), independente da dose de nitrogênio (p<0,01). As doses de nitrogênio em 2010 apresentaram resposta linear positiva com o teor de proteína, com aumento de 14,2% utilizando sementes não inoculadas (p<0,01; R2=0,955), e 14,4% para inoculadas com A. brasilense (p<0,01; R2=0,906). Entretanto, em 2011 observou-se resposta quadrática entre adubação e teor de proteína (p<0,01; R2=0,99), com estabilização ou redução na resposta sob doses elevadas de nitrogênio (˃120 kg ha-1). A contaminação por DON foi maior sob dose elevada de nitrogênio (3574 μg kg-1; 120 kg ha-1; sementes não inoculadas) em 2011, com resposta quadrática entre adubação e contaminação (p<0,05; R2=0,772). Outrossim, 37,5% das amostras apresentaram contaminação por DON superior ao limite máximo tolerado estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (2000 μg kg-1; trigo integral). Os dados demonstraram que o manejo adequado de nitrogênio pode incrementar efeito intrínseco oriundo de melhoramento genético.

Evaluation of interspecific hybrids and cultivars of Brachiaria spp. submitted to sourcers and levels of nitrogen fertilization / Avaliação de híbridos interespecíficos e cultivares da Brachiaria spp. submetidos a fontes e doses de adubação nitrogenada

The management of nitrogen supply (N) is a very important issue concerned to plant growth and the environment healthy. For farmers, to know how much N the plant requires enables the application of appropriate amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, maximizing the use of this material. The availability of N has been identified as one of the main limiting factors, but also a management tool in the production of grasses. The nitrogen in the soil either, as a constituent of organic matter or in the mineral form (ammonium and nitrate), has a limited supply and can be depleted rapidly in a few crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sources and nitrogen levels in four genotypes of Brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata and two interspecific hybrids of Brachiaria spp) on the total and the leaf dry matter production, leaf percentage and leaf: stem ratio. The soil was an Psament-Entisol, coming from a pasture of Brachiaria decumbens with low organic matter content. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo, from October 2009 to April 2010. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks and the treatments were arranged in a factorial 4 x 2 x 4, four genotypes of Brachiaria , two N sources (urea and ammonium nitrate) and four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 or 225 mg dm-3) with five replicates, totaling 16

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Evaluation of interspecific hybrids and cultivars of Brachiaria spp. submitted to sourcers and levels of nitrogen fertilization / Avaliação de híbridos interespecíficos e cultivares da Brachiaria spp. submetidos a fontes e doses de adubação nitrogenada

The management of nitrogen supply (N) is a very important issue concerned to plant growth and the environment healthy. For farmers, to know how much N the plant requires enables the application of appropriate amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, maximizing the use of this material. The availability of N has been identified as one of the main limiting factors, but also a management tool in the production of grasses. The nitrogen in the soil either, as a constituent of organic matter or in the mineral form (ammonium and nitrate), has a limited supply and can be depleted rapidly in a few crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sources and nitrogen levels in four genotypes of Brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata and two interspecific hybrids of Brachiaria spp) on the total and the leaf dry matter production, leaf percentage and leaf: stem ratio. The soil was an Psament-Entisol, coming from a pasture of Brachiaria decumbens with low organic matter content. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo, from October 2009 to April 2010. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks and the treatments were arranged in a factorial 4 x 2 x 4, four genotypes of Brachiaria , two N sources (urea and ammonium nitrate) and four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 or 225 mg dm-3) with five replicates, totaling 16

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Nitrogen fertilizers sources effect in mulberry cultivars to silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocoon production / Efeito de fontes de nitrogênio em cultivares de amoreira para produção de casulos do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori)

The cocoon production is improved when the larvae are fed with leaves which have excellent nutritional quality. The fertilization allows the replacement of nutrients on the mulberry crop, providing the necessary minerals for the ideal mulberry performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether urea, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate improve leaf nutritional quality to reach better quality cocoon. Mulberry plants from cultivars IZ 56 / 4; IZ 64; SM FM and FM 86 were fertilized with urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, 30; 60 and 90 days before the silkworm production. Another plants were not fertilized and were part of the control group. The larvae were fed with leaves of the same treatment from the third to the fifth instar. We obtained the weight of filled and empty cocoon, silk gross weight and silk net weight based on the 30 heaviest cocoons of each larvae group. The filled and empty cocoons were heavier when mulberries from FM SM cultivar were fertilized with ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, respectively. The urea provided better results in IZ 56/4 and FM SM, the ammonium sulfate was the best for FM SM and the ammonium nitrate for IZ 56/4 and FM SM. The absence of nitrogen fertilization provides worst results in IZ 56/4 and FM SM cultivars. The silk gross weight and the silk net weight were greater when ammonium nitrate was used. For the cultivar 56

A produção de casulos é favorecida quando as lagartas são alimentadas com folhas de excelente qualidade nutricional. A adubação possibilita a reposição de nutrientes no amoreiral, atendendo a demanda pelos minerais necessários ao desempenho da amoreira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se uréia, nitrato de amônio e sulfato de amônio implicam em aumento da qualidade nutricional da folha que resulte na obtenção de casulos de melhor qualidade. Plantas de amoreira, das cultivares IZ 56/4, IZ 64, FM SM e FM 86, foram adubadas com uréia, sulfato de amônio e nitrato de amônio, 30, 60 e 90 dias antes da criação do bicho-da-seda. Outras plantas não foram adubadas e fizeram parte do grupo testemunha. Lagartas foram alimentadas com folhas do mesmo tratamento do terceiro até o quinto instar. O peso do casulo e da casca sérica foram determinados, sendo calculado o teor de seda bruta (TSB) e líquida (TSL). Os casulos e cascas séricas apresentaram maior peso quando as amoreiras da cultivar FM SM foram adubadas com sulfato de amônio e nitrato de amônio, respectivamente. A uréia proporcionou melhores resultados em IZ 56/4 e FM SM, o sulfato de amônio em FM SM e o nitrato de amônio em IZ 56/4 e FM SM. A ausência de adubação nitrogenada prejudicou mais as cultivares IZ 56/4 e FM SM. O TSB e TSL foram maiores quando se utilizou nitrato de amônio. Pode-se concluir que os adubos favoreceram dif

Nitrogen fertilizers sources effect in mulberry cultivars to silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocoon production / Efeito de fontes de nitrogênio em cultivares de amoreira para produção de casulos do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori)

The cocoon production is improved when the larvae are fed with leaves which have excellent nutritional quality. The fertilization allows the replacement of nutrients on the mulberry crop, providing the necessary minerals for the ideal mulberry performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether urea, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate improve leaf nutritional quality to reach better quality cocoon. Mulberry plants from cultivars IZ 56 / 4; IZ 64; SM FM and FM 86 were fertilized with urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, 30; 60 and 90 days before the silkworm production. Another plants were not fertilized and were part of the control group. The larvae were fed with leaves of the same treatment from the third to the fifth instar. We obtained the weight of filled and empty cocoon, silk gross weight and silk net weight based on the 30 heaviest cocoons of each larvae group. The filled and empty cocoons were heavier when mulberries from FM SM cultivar were fertilized with ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, respectively. The urea provided better results in IZ 56/4 and FM SM, the ammonium sulfate was the best for FM SM and the ammonium nitrate for IZ 56/4 and FM SM. The absence of nitrogen fertilization provides worst results in IZ 56/4 and FM SM cultivars. The silk gross weight and the silk net weight were greater when ammonium nitrate was used. For the cultivar 56

A produção de casulos é favorecida quando as lagartas são alimentadas com folhas de excelente qualidade nutricional. A adubação possibilita a reposição de nutrientes no amoreiral, atendendo a demanda pelos minerais necessários ao desempenho da amoreira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se uréia, nitrato de amônio e sulfato de amônio implicam em aumento da qualidade nutricional da folha que resulte na obtenção de casulos de melhor qualidade. Plantas de amoreira, das cultivares IZ 56/4, IZ 64, FM SM e FM 86, foram adubadas com uréia, sulfato de amônio e nitrato de amônio, 30, 60 e 90 dias antes da criação do bicho-da-seda. Outras plantas não foram adubadas e fizeram parte do grupo testemunha. Lagartas foram alimentadas com folhas do mesmo tratamento do terceiro até o quinto instar. O peso do casulo e da casca sérica foram determinados, sendo calculado o teor de seda bruta (TSB) e líquida (TSL). Os casulos e cascas séricas apresentaram maior peso quando as amoreiras da cultivar FM SM foram adubadas com sulfato de amônio e nitrato de amônio, respectivamente. A uréia proporcionou melhores resultados em IZ 56/4 e FM SM, o sulfato de amônio em FM SM e o nitrato de amônio em IZ 56/4 e FM SM. A ausência de adubação nitrogenada prejudicou mais as cultivares IZ 56/4 e FM SM. O TSB e TSL foram maiores quando se utilizou nitrato de amônio. Pode-se concluir que os adubos favoreceram dif