The analytic methods of Groddeck and Jung in light of the philosophy of nature.

The philosophy of nature as Jung's background has been overlooked, despite its relevance for understanding the roots of analytical psychology. The German psychoanalyst Georg Groddeck shared such a background, so that a comparison is possible between his clinical view and Jung's. It is shown that natural philosophers Paracelsus, Johann von Goethe and Carl Gustav Carus had a major impact on Jung and Groddeck. Both of the latter followed Carus's theory of a creative, superindividual, and compensatory unconscious - continuing the Naturphilosophie tradition and rejecting reductionist biophysical medicine. Groddeck and Jung's holistic perspective led them to advocate natural healing, face-to-face dialectical analysis, and the uniqueness of each treatment. Thus, they were against using techniques, and instead established general methods for analytic therapy. Groddeck's thinking was closer to Jung's than to Freud's in both theory and practice. Therefore, two alternative strands should be considered within psychoanalysis: Freud's classical drive theory and Groddeck's underground two-person psychology. Thereby, Jung's analytic descendants and the relational psychoanalysts who stemmed from Groddeck's ideas could be regarded as 'cousins' due to the similarities arising from their common origin in the philosophy of nature.

La philosophie de la nature en tant que contexte pour Jung n'a pas été suffisamment prise en compte, alors qu'elle est incontournable pour comprendre les racines de la psychologie analytique. Le psychanalyste allemand Georg Groddeck partageait cet intérêt, et ainsi une comparaison est possible entre ses perspectives cliniques et celles de Jung. Il est montré que les philosophes de la nature, tels Paracelse, Johann von Goethe et Carl Gustav Carus, ont eu un impact considérable sur Jung et Groddeck. Ces deux derniers ont suivi la théorie de Carus d'un inconscient créatif, super-individuel et compensatoire, qui est dans la droite ligne de la tradition de la Naturphilosophie et rejette la médecine biophysique réductionniste. Les perspectives holistiques de Groddeck et de Jung les conduisirent à se faire les avocats de la guérison naturelle, de l'analyse dialectique en face à face et de la singularité de chaque cure. Ainsi, ils étaient opposés à l'utilisation de techniques, et au lieu de cela ils établirent plutôt des méthodes générales pour la thérapie analytique. La pensée de Groddeck était plus proche de celle de Jung que de celle de Freud, à la fois en théorie et en pratique. Ainsi, deux courants alternatifs devraient être pris en compte dans la psychanalyse: la théorie freudienne classique des pulsions et la psychologie « avant-garde ¼ à deux personnes. Ainsi, les descendants analytiques de Jung et les psychanalystes relationnels issus des idées de Groddeck pourraient être considérés comme 'cousins' du fait des similarités qui proviennent de leur origine commune dans la philosophie de la nature.

La filosofía de la naturaleza como antecedente en Jung ha sido subestimado, a pesar de su relevancia para la comprensión de las raíces de la psicología analítica. El psicoanalista alemán George Groddeck compartió dichos antecedentes, por lo cual es posible la comparación entre su perspectiva clínica y la de Jung. Se ha demostrado que los filósofos naturales Paracelso, Johan von Goethe, y Carl Gustav Carus han tenido un impacto importante en Jung y en Groddeck. Ambos han sido seguidores de la teoría de Carus de un inconsciente creativo, supraindividual y compensatorio - continuando con la tradición de la Naturphilosophie y rechazando a la medicina reduccionista y biofísica. Las perspectivas holísticas de Groddeck y Jung los condujeron a promover la sanación natural, el análisis dialéctico cara-a-cara y la singularidad de cada tratamiento. Así, ellos estaban en contra de usar técnicas, y en cambio establecieron métodos generales para la terapia analítica. El pensamiento de Groddeck fue más cercano a Jung que a Freud tanto en la teoría como en la práctica. De este modo, dos líneas de pensamiento alternativas deberían ser consideradas al interior del psicoanálisis: teoría clásica de las pulsiones de Freud, y la psicología de dos-personas de Groddeck. Por lo tanto, los descendientes analíticos de Jung y los psicoanalistas relacionales quienes surgen a partir de las ideas de Groddeck podrían ser considerados como 'primos' debido a las similitudes que emergen a partir de su origen común en la filosofía de la naturaleza.

Working With a Holocaust Survivor's Daughter DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC.

Through a detailed clinical vignette, this essay explores the impact of a life-threatening pandemic on a Holocaust survivor's daughter whose father was a victim of life-threatening events. The following issues are discussed: intermingling of the patient's perception of the pandemic with her mental representation of the Holocaust, changes in analytic technique necessary during the period of lockdown, and the disentanglement of the patient's perception of current reality from her fantasies regarding her father's Holocaust past.

The Millennial Turn in Psychoanalysis.

Cultural changes that take place over time lead to shifts in our understanding of psychopathology, leading to revisions in our theories and techniques of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Shaped by the seismic changes in the culture that took place during their childhood years, millennials grew up with life experiences that were different from the previous generations. These unique experiences led to different problems in living for millennials. Who is the millennial patient and what does the millennial patient need from the analyst? These questions are examined. Clinical and training implications are explored and illustrated with case examples.

Trauma, proceso y representación / Traumatisme, processus et représentation / Trauma, process and representation

El autor reflexiona desde una perspectiva contemporánea sobre el concepto de trauma y su relación con los procesos de representación. Partiendo de una dicotomía en la que todo se centraría en el conflicto intrapsíquico o bien al contrario solamente en las vivencias externas que interfieren en el desarrollo, se busca una posición sintética en que los aspectos traumáticos puedan irse integrando. Teniendo en cuenta lo traumático como algo que no solo depende de la intensidad del trauma, sino también de la capacidad de los objetos circundantes para ayudar a tramitarlo, se reflexiona sobre la actitud técnica más propicia en el analista: se da una especial importancia a su implicación en las construcciones, así como la trascendencia de poderse involucrar en la relación con los pacientes. Se trae el caso de un paciente con la historia de unos padres divorciados poco implicados en su crianza, y se relata cómo el involucrarse el analista en sus planes de veraneo supone un poderlo despertar de un cierto letargo. (AU)

The author articulates a contemporary perspective on the concept of trauma and its relationship to the processes of representation. Shifting from a dichotomy where the entire focus is on intrapsychic conflict, versus a focus only on the external experiences that interfere with development, a synthetic position, more integrative of traumatic aspects, is sought. Considering the traumatic as something that not only depends upon the intensity of the trauma, but also upon the capacity of the surrounding objects in helping to process it, the author reflects upon the most conducive technical attitude, according particular importance to the analyst’s involvement in constructions, as well as the vital importance of the ability to engage in their relationship with patients. Case material is presented, detailing a patient with divorced parents who had little involvement in his upbringing, and how the analyst becoming involved in his summer plans brought about a certain awakening from lethargy within him. (AU)

Partant d’une perspective contemporaine, l’auteur réfléchit sur le concept de traumatisme et sa relation avec les processus de représentation. A partir d’une dichotomie où tout se centrerait sur le conflit intrapsychique ou bien au contraire seulement sur les vécus externes qui interfèrent dans le développement, il cherche une position synthétique dans laquelle les aspects traumatiques peuvent peu à peu s’intégrer. Considérant ce qui est traumatique comme quelque chose qui ne dépend pas seulement de l’intensité du traumatisme mais également de la capacité des objets environnants pour aider à le traiter, il réfléchit sur l’attitude technique plus propice chez l’analyste: il attribue une importance spéciale à son implication dans les constructions, ainsi qu’à la transcendance de pouvoir s’engager dans la relation avec les patients. Il apporte le cas d’un patient avec une histoire de parents divorcés peu impliqués dans son éducation, et il raconte comment l’implication de l’analyste dans ses projets d’été suppose pouvoir le réveiller d’une certaine léthargie. (AU)

Asthma and allergy as risk factors for suicidal behavior among young adults.

An association between allergic disease, depression and suicidality has been reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between suicidality and asthma, allergy, internet addiction, stress, sleep quality, pain/discomfort, and depression, among emerging adults. PARTICIPANTS: 929 college students completed an online survey between October 2015 and April 2017. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using multivariate analysis techniques was implemented. RESULTS: Using structural equation modeling, we found that allergies and stress were directly related to pain/discomfort; pain/discomfort was associated to poor sleep, depression, and suicidality. Sleep quality was also affected by stress; while sleep, stress, pain/discomfort, and internet addiction were directly related to depression (all p < .05). Ultimately, four factors impacted suicidality: stress, pain/discomfort, depression, and, indirectly, sleep quality (all p < .05). Although allergy had some effects, these did not reach statistical significance (p < .09). CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that allergy might impact suicidality indirectly through increased pain/discomfort, poor sleep, and depression.

O campo analítico como campo do sonhar: o lá, o aí, o aqui e o acolá como vértices de observação participante / The analytic field as a field of dreaming: the over there, the there, the here, and the farther place as vertexes of participant observation / El campo analítico como campo del sueño: el allá, el ahí el aqui, el más allá, como vértices de observación participante / Le champ analytique en tant que champ de rêver: le là-bas, le là, l'ici et le plus loin vus comme les sommets d'observation participante

O autor propõe que o campo analítico seja considerado um campo dos sonhos. São estudados fatores desse campo que transformam as experiências emocionais em sonhos, ampliando a rede simbólica do pensamento. Ou que impedem que isso ocorra. O analista, como observador participante do campo, pode abordá-lo sob diferentes vértices. Os sonhos relatados que correspondem a situações da realidade externa, isto é, no lá, podem também ser abordados como algo que ocorre no aí, isto é, no mundo interno. A abordagem dos mesmos sonhos ocorrendo no campo analítico, isto é, no aqui, revela os sonhos-a-dois. Construções hipotéticas sobre como sonhos e não-sonhos ocorreram no desenvolvimento inicial do paciente indicam o trabalho no acolá. O analista oscila entre os vários vértices, e essa oscilação é intuída com base na capacidade de simbolização do paciente. O texto é concluído com uma abordagem detalhada de fatores envolvidos no desenvolvimento da capacidade de reverie do analista.

The author suggests that the analytical field be considered a field of dreams. He studies its factors that transform emotional experiences into dreams. This transformation either expands the symbolic net of thinking or it prevents this from happening. The analyst, as the participant observer of the field, can approach it from different angles. The reported dreams which correspond to situations of external reality - that is, situations that happen over there - may also be regarded as happening in the inner world - that is, there. When they happen in the psychoanalytic field - that is, here, the approach of the same dreams reveals dreams-for-two. Hypothetical constructions on how dreams and non-dreams happened in the patient's initial development indicate the work in the further place. The analyst oscillates between these several vertexes. This oscillation is intuited based on the symbolizing capacity of the patient. The author concludes his paper with a detailed examination of the contributing factors in the development of the analyst's capacity for reverie.

El autor propone que el campo analítico sea considerado como un campo de los sueños. Se estudian factores de ese campo que transforman las experiencias emocionales en sueños, ampliando la red simbólica del pensamiento o impidiendo que esto ocurra. El analista, como observador participante del campo, puede abordarlo bajo diferentes vértices. Los sueños relatados que corresponden a situaciones de la realidad externa, es decir, del allá, pueden también ser abordados como ocurriendo en el ahí, es decir, en el mundo interno. El enfoque de los mismos sueños ocurriendo en el campo analítico, es decir, en el aquí, revelan los sueños soñados entre los dos. Las construcciones hipotéticas sobre cómo sueños y no-sueños ocurrieron en el desarrollo inicial del paciente, indican el trabajo en el más allá. El analista oscila entre los varios vértices, y esa oscilación depende de la capacidad de simbolización del paciente. El texto se completa con un enfoque detallado de los factores envueltos en el desarrollo de la capacidad de reverie del analista.

L'auteur propose que le champ analytique soit considéré un champ de rêves. On étudie les facteurs de ce champ capables de transformer les expériences émotionnelles dans des rêves, en élargissant le réseau symbolique de la pensée, ou dans des facteurs qui empêchent que cela ait lieu. L'analyste, en tant qu'observateur participante du champ, peut l'aborder sous de différentes sommets. Les rêves rapportés qui correspondent à des situations de la réalité extérieure, c'est-à-dire, au là-bas, peuvent aussi être abordés comme ayant lieu dans le là, c'est-à-dire, dans le monde intérieur. L'approche des mêmes rêves qui ont lieu dans le champ analytique, c'est-à-dire, dans l'ici, révèlent les rêves-à-deux. Des constructions hypothétiques, concernant le comment les rêves et les non-rêves ont-ils eu lieu dans le développement initial du patient, indiquent le travail dans le plus loin. L'analyste oscille entre ces divers sommets, et cette oscillation est pressentie à partir de la capacité de symbolisation du patient. Le texte fini par un abordage détaillé de facteurs compris dans le développement de la capacité de rêverie de l'analyste.

POST-BIONIAN DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC FIELD THEORY: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTONINO FERRO AND GIUSEPPE CIVITARESE.

The Bi-Personal Field: Experiences in Child Psychoanalysis. By Antonino Ferro. New York: Routledge, 1992 (1999). 232 pp. The Intimate Room: Theory and Technique of the Analytic Field. By Giuseppe Civitarese. New York: Routledge, 2008 (2010). 240 pp. The Necessary Dream: New Theories and Techniques of Interpretation in Psychoanalysis. By Giuseppe Civitarese; translated by Ian Harvey. London: Karnac, 2013 (2014). 246 pp. The Analytic Field and Its Transformations. By Antonino Ferro and Giuseppe Civitarese. London: Karnac, 2015. 224 pp.

Interaction of gliding motion of bacteria with rheological properties of the slime.

Bacteria which do not have organelles of motility, such as flagella, adopt gliding as a mode of locomotion. In gliding motility bacterium moves under its own power by secreting a layer of slime on the substrate. The exact mechanism by which a glider achieves motility is yet in controversy but there are evidences which support the wave-like undulation on the surface of the organism, as a possible mechanism of motility. Based on this observation, a model of undulating sheet over a layer of slime is examined as a possible model of the gliding motion of a bacterium. Three different non-Newtonian constitutive equations namely, finite extendable nonlinear elastic-peterline (FENE-P), Simplified Phan-Thien-Tanner (SPTT) and Rabinowitsch equations are used to capture the rheological properties of the slime. It is found that the governing equation describing the fluid mechanics of the model under lubrication approximation is same for all the considered three constitutive equations. In fact, it involves a single non-Newtonian parameter which assumes different values for each of the considered constitutive relations. This differential equation is solved using both perturbation and semi-analytic procedure. The perturbation solution is exploited to get an estimate of the speed of the glider for different values of the non-Newtonian parameter. The solution obtained via semi-analytic procedure is used to investigate the important features of the flow field in the layer of the slime beneath the glider when the glider is held fixed. The expression of forces generated by the organism and power required for propulsion are also derived based on the perturbation analysis.

The capacity to tell a joke: Reflections from work with Asperger children.

The capacity to tell a joke is a highly complex interpersonal event that depends upon the maturation of certain developmental achievements which are absent or stunted in children with Asperger's Syndrome. These include the ability to know another's mind, a sense of interpersonal timing and, most notably, a capacity for abstract thinking. The author discusses Freud's () notion of joke-work, which is akin to dream-work, both of which are pathways to forming mental representations. Freud considered joke-work as a mental activity that operated on the verbal level and the author examines the preverbal dimensions that are rooted in the earliest mother/infant interactions. An extended case discussion of the psychoanalytic treatment of an Asperger boy is offered to illustrate these points and to demonstrate the activity of joke-work as a means of building mental representations.

NARCISSISTIC DEFENSES IN THE DISTORTION OF FREE ASSOCIATION AND THEIR UNDERLYING ANXIETIES.

This paper examines particular distortions in the process of free association characteristics of patients with narcissistic personality disorders. The author proposes that the dominant narcissistic transference developments typical of the early and middle phases of the analytic treatment of these patients are reflected in these distortions of free association. This paper gathers the various patterns that these defensive distortions present, along with technical interventions geared to deal with them.

Becoming related: the education of a psychoanalyst.

The author uses a "professional memoir," a story about his first experiences in clinical work, to illustrate what he believes to be certain fundamental aspects of an analytic attitude. Taking place in a psychiatric hospital, it is meant to highlight the central place of intuition, emotional receptivity, empathy, relatedness-and their inherent dangers-in engaging therapeutically with patients' emotional disturbances. The author postulates that these and related aspects of clinical psychoanalysis are not sufficiently emphasized in psychoanalytic training and are often eclipsed by idealizations of psychoanalytic theories and their derivative techniques, third-party demands for evidence-based data, preoccupations with neurobiological correlates of experience, etc. Despite the clinical fact that psychoanalysis can be extraordinarily helpful to patients, he questions whether clinical psychoanalysis is rightly regarded as a "treatment."

Analytic mind use and interpsychic communication: driving force in analytic technique, pathway to unconscious mental life.

Developed from established psychoanalytic knowledge among different psychoanalytic cultures concerning unconscious interpsychic communication, analysts' use of their receptive mental experience--their analytic mind use, including the somatic, unconscious, and less accessible derivatives--represents a significant investigative road to patients' unconscious mental life, particularly with poorly symbolized mental states. The author expands upon this tradition, exploring what happens when patients unconsciously experience and identify with the analyst's psychic functioning. The technical implications of the analyst's "instrument" are described, including the analyst's ego regression, creation of inner space, taking mind as object, bearing uncertainty and intense affect, and self-analysis. Brief case vignettes illustrate the structure and obstacles to this work.