De traducciones y desplazamientos: el proceso de aprobación de la Política Pública para la población afrodescendiente en Cali / Of Translations and Displacements: The Process of Approval of the Public Policy for the Afro-Descendant Population in Cali

Resumen Con base en los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la Teoría del Actor Red, el artículo analiza el proceso de traducción que hizo posible la aprobación de la política pública para los afrodescendientes que residen en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. A partir del precepto metodológico de "seguir a los actores", se reconstruye el conjunto de negociaciones, alianzas y consensos desplegados por los mediadores de la política para lograr la adhesión de otros agentes a la misma. Aunque el resultado final de estas acciones fue el esperado, el carácter siempre cambiante de las identidades e intereses de los actores y agrupamientos sociales implicados en estos procesos pone en evidencia la fragilidad de las alianzas y lealtades que se construyen entre ellos.

Abstract: Based on the theoretical and methodological contributions of the Network Actor Theory, this article analyzes the translation process that made the approval of the public policy for Afro­descendants residing in the city of Cali, Colombia possible. Based on the methodological precept of "following the actors," it reconstructs the set of negotiations, alliances, and consensuses deployed by the mediators of the policy to achieve the adhesion of other agents to it. Although the final outcome of these actions was as expected, the ever­changing nature of the identities and interests of the actors and social groupings involved in these processes highlights the fragility of the alliances and loyalties built among them.

Descentralización fiscal y apertura económica en Colombia 19902020 / Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Openness in Colombia 1990-2020

Resumen El proceso de descentralización fiscal en Colombia, determinada por la descentralización hacia el mercado, tiene una relación intrínseca con las políticas de apertura económica que pueden ser rastreadas desde finales de la década de los años 60 del siglo XX, en la que se evidencia como el aumento del gasto derivado de las políticas de descentralización fiscal conllevaron a la adopción de políticas enfocadas en la liberalización y desregulación de la economía. Todo esto en sincronía con la puesta en marcha de la Modernización del Estado en Colombia. Este proceso genera un aumento de la opresión fiscal de corte indirecto y regresivo en el país y una pérdida de derechos del pueblo colombiano a partir de los postulados de eficiencia y eficacia impartida por el mercado, los cuales han evidenciado todo lo contrario al no comprender la descentralización atada a las relaciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas en el país que han generado una captura del Estado con procesos de corrupción, detrimentos patrimoniales y baja responsabilidad en la prestación de los servicios públicos y los derechos sociales.

Abstract The process of fiscal decentralization in Colombia, which is determined by decentralization to the market, has an intrinsic relationship with the policies of economic openness, which can be traced back to the late 1960s, which shows how increased spending from fiscal decentralization policies led to the adoption of policies focused on the liberalization and deregulation of the economy. All this in synchrony with the implementation of the Modernization of the State in Colombia. This process generates an increase in indirect and regressive fiscal oppression in the country and a loss of rights of the Colombian people from the postulates of efficiency and effectiveness imparted by the market, which have proven quite the opposite by not understanding the decentralization tied to social, economic, cultural and political relations in the country, which have generated a capture of the State with processes of corruption, property detriments, and low responsibility for the provision of public services and social rights.

The performance of retail investors, trading intensity and time in the market: evidence from an emerging stock market.

We analyze all stock transactions executed by the universe of individual (or retail) investors of the Colombian Stock Exchange (5,380,810 trades performed by 42,211 individual investors between 2006 and 2016). Retail investors had negative abnormal returns on a gross excess return basis that ranged between 4% and 4.4% per year (depending on whether the alpha was estimated using the CAPM, Fama-French model or Carhart model). When transaction costs are considered, the underperformance of retail investors becomes even more pronounced, and the most active traders perform worse than less active traders even on a gross excess return basis. The underperformance of retail investors can be explained by their bad timing but only prior to the bankruptcy of Interbolsa, the largest stock brokerage house in Colombia at the time (2012). Once we control for the number of trades and other variables, we find that retail investors present in the market for a longer period of time and trading more actively outperform the other investors (on both a gross and net basis).

Menores infractores y procesos educativos: análisis cualitativo desde la perspectiva de los actores en Santander Colombia / Minor Offenders and Educational Processes: Qualitative Analysis from the Perspective of Actors, in Santander, Colombia

Resumen El Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) en Colombia es un sistema penal diferenciado fundamentado en la resocialización, restitución de de rechos e inclusión educativa. Este artículo analiza los procesos de educación de la Fundación Hogares Claret, operario del SRPA en Santander. Es de resaltar que, el proceso educativo requiere un modelo pedagógico propio acorde al perfil de los jóvenes, así como la revisión de los criterios de selección y la calidad de los profesores y las instituciones educativas.

Abstract The Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents (SRPA) in Colombia is a diffe rentiated criminal system based on resocialization, restitution of rights, and educa tional inclusion. This article discusses the education processes at the Hogares Claret Foundation, operator of SRPA, in Santander. It should be noted that the educational process requires its own pedagogical model according to the profile of young people, as well as the revision of the selection criteria and the quality of teachers and educational institutions.

Retos ambientales para los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial modernos o de segunda generación: el caso de los municipios intermedios de Colombia / Environmental Challenges for Modern or Second-Generation Land Use Planning (LUP): the case of Colombia's Intermediate Municipalities

Resumen Los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Modernos son la oportunidad para insertar la sostenibilidad ambiental a través de los contenidos mínimos exigidos por la Ley 388. Los primeros POT lograron algunos avances al respecto con iniciativas particulares de diferentes orígenes. Posteriormente instrumentos políticos, técnicos y jurídicos han promovido otros adelantos en sostenibilidad ambiental que en la mayoría de los casos no se han conseguido implementar. Al final, los avances son escasos, y mejorar la sostenibilidad ambiental se hace cada vez más urgente al reconocer el estado de deterioro del ambiente y con ello de la calidad de vida.

Abstract Modern land use planning is the opportunity to insert environmental sustainability through the minimum content required by the Law 388. The first LUP achieved some progress in this respect with particular initiatives from different origin. Subsequently, political, technical, and legal instruments have promoted other advances in environmental sustainability, which in most cases, have not been implemented. In the end, advance is scarce, and improving environmental sustainability becomes increasingly urgent in recognizing the state of deterioration of the environment and with it, the quality of life.

Prevalence of dementia in Colombian populations / Prevalência de demência em populações Colombianas

With the gradual increase in the life expectancy of the population due to scientific progress and public health at the service of society, the prevalence of dementia has been increasing at different rates worldwide. Currently, the prevalence rates range between 5% and 7% (6.4% in the U.S. and up to 8.5 % in Latin America) in subjects older than 60 years. Thelowest prevalence rate (2.1%) has been reported from sub-Saharan Africa, probably due to selective mortality under 60 years of age. By contrast, a very high prevalence of dementia (23.6% dementia in individuals 60 years) was observed in the city of Neiva, Southern Colombia. We believe that this high rate could be explained by the presence of several risk factors such as very low schooling, low socio-economic strata, chronic diseases, the inclusion of geriatric homes among others, and additional unknown factors.

Com o aumento gradual da expectativa de vida das pessoas, devido aos progressos científico e de saúde pública a serviço da sociedade, a prevalência de demência tem aumentado a taxas bastante divergentes em todo o mundo. Atualmente, as taxas de prevalência variam entre 5% e 7% (6,4% em os EUA até 8,5% na América Latina) em indivíduos com idade superior a 60 anos. Prevalência mais baixa (2,1%) foi relatada na África sub-saariana, provavelmente devido a mortalidade seletiva abaixo dos 60 anos de idade. Ao contrário, uma alta prevalência de demência (23,6% de demência em pessoas ?60 anos) foi observada na cidade de Neiva, no sul da Colômbia. Acreditamos que essa taxa alta pode ser explicada pela presença de vários fatores de risco, como: baixa escolaridade, níveis socio-económicos mais baixos, doenças crônicas, inclusão de instituições geriátricas, entre outros, e outros possíveis fatores desconhecidos.

Prevalence of dementia in Colombian populations.

With the gradual increase in the life expectancy of the population due to scientific progress and public health at the service of society, the prevalence of dementia has been increasing at different rates worldwide. Currently, the prevalence rates range between 5% and 7% (6.4% in the U.S. and up to 8.5 % in Latin America) in subjects older than 60 years. The lowest prevalence rate (2.1%) has been reported from sub-Saharan Africa, probably due to selective mortality under 60 years of age. By contrast, a very high prevalence of dementia (23.6% dementia in individuals >60 years) was observed in the city of Neiva, Southern Colombia. We believe that this high rate could be explained by the presence of several risk factors such as very low schooling, low socio-economic strata, chronic diseases, the inclusion of geriatric homes among others, and additional unknown factors.

Com o aumento gradual da expectativa de vida das pessoas, devido aos progressos científico e de saúde pública a serviço da sociedade, a prevalência de demência tem aumentado a taxas bastante divergentes em todo o mundo. Atualmente, as taxas de prevalência variam entre 5% e 7% (6,4% em os EUA até 8,5% na América Latina) em indivíduos com idade superior a 60 anos. Prevalência mais baixa (2,1%) foi relatada na África sub-saariana, provavelmente devido a mortalidade seletiva abaixo dos 60 anos de idade. Ao contrário, uma alta prevalência de demência (23,6% de demência em pessoas >60 anos) foi observada na cidade de Neiva, no sul da Colômbia. Acreditamos que essa taxa alta pode ser explicada pela presença de vários fatores de risco, como: baixa escolaridade, níveis socio-económicos mais baixos, doenças crônicas, inclusão de instituições geriátricas, entre outros, e outros possíveis fatores desconhecidos.