Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors positively impact on multiple aging regulatory pathways: Could they be used to protect against human aging?

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-a classical blood pressure regulator-largely contributes to healthy organ development and function. Besides, RAS activation promotes age-related changes and age-associated diseases, which are attenuated/abolished by RAS-blockade in several mammalian species. RAS-blockers also increase rodent lifespan. In previous work, we discussed how RAS-blockade downregulates mTOR and growth hormone/IGF-1 signaling, and stimulates AMPK activity (together with klotho, sirtuin, and vitamin D-receptor upregulation), and proposed that at least some of RAS-blockade's aging benefits are mediated through regulation of these intermediaries and their signaling to mitochondria. Here, we included RAS-blockade's impact on other aging regulatory pathways, that is, TGF-ß, NF-kB, PI3K, MAPK, PKC, Notch, and Wnt, all of which affect mitochondria. No direct evidence is available on RAS/RAS-blockade-aging regulatory pathway-mitochondria interactions. However, existing results allow to conjecture that RAS-blockers neutralize mitochondrial dysfunction by acting on the discussed pathways. The reviewed evidence led us to propose that the foundation is laid for conducting clinical trials aimed at testing whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)-even at subclinical doses-offer the possibility to live longer and in better health. As ACEi and ARB are low cost and well-tolerated anti-hypertension therapies in use for over 35 years, investigating their administration to attenuate/prevent aging effects seems simple to implement.

The anti-aging, anti-tuberculosis and antioxidant potential benefits of Saudi Arabia Olea-Europaea Leaves extracts / Potenciais benefícios antienvelhecimento, antituberculose e antioxidantes dos extratos de folhas de Olea-Europaea da Arábia Saudita

The olive leaf extract and olive leaf indicated a high potential for application in food additives and foodstuffs. It could be these bio-products useful and important in condition therapy related with oxidative stress and can use it to develop functional foods and to improve the food's shelf life. The olive leaf chemical composition of Oleaeuropaea L. grown from eljouf in Saudi Arabia, using solvents of increasing polarity cyclohexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol was determined using by GC/MS. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), anti-aging, and anti-tuberculosis of olive leaf extracts were evaluated. The results indicated that extract of Oleaeuropaea L. has a considerable contains in polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and their derivatives) regarding its antioxidant effects, the major components were detected by GC/MS in Olea dichloromethane extract are Hexadecanoic acid (15.82%), 7(4Dimethylaminophenyl)3,3,12trimethyl3,12dihydro6 Hpyrano[2,3c]acridin 6 one (11.21%), and in Olea chloroform extract are Hexatriacontane (12.68%), nTetratr iacontane (10.95%). The results concluded that the plant extract of chloroform showed no anti-aging activities and the lower anti-aging activities for cyclohexane extract, while, the Olea dichloromethane extract was the most active extract. The obtained data confirmed that the most active extract of anti-tubercolisis was for chloroform and ethyl acetate extract, while, anti-tubercolisis activity of ethanolic extract was the lower. The extract amount as well as the solvent polarity influence the inhibitory activity. A favorable connection was demonstrated inter alia the leaf extracts antioxidant activity and the content of total phenol.

O extrato de folha de oliveira e a folha de oliveira indicaram alto potencial para aplicação em aditivos alimentares e alimentos. Esses bioprodutos podem ser úteis e importantes na terapia de condições relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo e podem ser utilizados para desenvolver alimentos funcionais e melhorar a vida útil dos alimentos. A composição química da folha de oliveira de Olea europaea L. cultivada em Eljouf na Arábia Saudita, usando solventes de polaridade crescente ciclohexano, diclorometano, acetato de etil clorofórmio, metanol e etanol foi determinada usando GC/MS. Além disso, foi avaliada a atividade antioxidante (difenilpicrilhidrazil - DPPH) antienvelhecimento e antituberculose de extratos de folha de oliveira. Os resultados indicaram que o extrato de Olea europaea L. que consideravelmente possui polifenois (hidroxitirosol, oleuropeína e seus derivados) quanto aos seus efeitos antioxidantes, os componentes majoritários detectados por GC/MS no extrato diclorometânico de Olea são o ácido hexadecanoico (15,82%), 7-(4-Dimetilaminofenil)-3,3,12-trimetil-3,12-dihidro-6H-pirano[2,3c]acridin-6-ona (11,21%) e no extrato de clorofórmio de Olea são Hexatriacontane (12,68%), nTetratr iacontane (10,95%). Os resultados concluíram que o extrato vegetal de clorofórmio não apresentou atividades antienvelhecimento e as atividades antienvelhecimento mais baixas para o extrato de cicloexanona, enquanto o extrato de Olea diclorometano foi o extrato mais ativo. Os dados obtidos confirmaram que o extrato mais ativo de antituberculose foi para clorofórmio e extrato de acetato de etila, enquanto a atividade antituberculose de extrato etanoico foi menor. A quantidade de extrato, bem como a polaridade do solvente influenciam a atividade inibitória, atividade e o teor de fenol total.

Selection of Mexican Medicinal Plants by Identification of Potential Phytochemicals with Anti-Aging, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Oxidant Properties through Network Analysis and Chemoinformatic Screening.

Many natural products have been acquired from plants for their helpful properties. Medicinal plants are used for treating a variety of pathologies or symptoms. The axes of many pathological processes are inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence. This work is focused on identifying Mexican medicinal plants with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects through network analysis and chemoinformatic screening of their phytochemicals. We used computational methods to analyze drug-like phytochemicals in Mexican medicinal plants, multi-target compounds, and signaling pathways related to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence mechanisms. A total of 1373 phytochemicals are found in 1025 Mexican medicinal plants, and 148 compounds showed no harmful functionalities. These compounds displayed comparable structures with reference molecules. Based on their capacity to interact with pharmacological targets, three clusters of Mexican medicinal plants have been established. Curatella americana, Ximenia americana, Malvastrum coromandelianum, and Manilkara zapota all have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects. Plumeria rubra, Lonchocarpus yucatanensis, and Salvia polystachya contained phytochemicals with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence reported activity. Lonchocarpus guatemalensis, Vallesia glabra, Erythrina oaxacana, and Erythrina sousae have drug-like phytochemicals with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects. Between the drug-like phytochemicals, lonchocarpin, vallesine, and erysotrine exhibit potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects. For the first time, we conducted an initial virtual screening of selected Mexican medicinal plants, which was subsequently confirmed in vivo, evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of Lonchocarpus guatemalensis Benth in mice.

Nonclinical evaluation of a Vitis vinifera extract towards a novel antiaging cosmetic ingredient.

BACKGROUND: Skin aging is regulated by multiple physiological processes, such as oxidative stress. Natural products have been considered as a promising source of antioxidant compounds. As a result, few innovative products on the market based on natural products tackle additional underlying mechanisms of skin aging. AIMS: The present work reports the nonclinical evaluation of a novel extract from the skin of V. vinifera fruits (codified as ACH37 extract), with the aim of supporting its use as an antiaging cosmetic ingredient candidate in clinical trials. METHODS: We employed enzymatic, phenotypic, and gene expression assays, both in vitro and ex vivo, to investigate the action of the ACH37 extract in different biological processes that could be related to skin aging mechanisms. RESULTS: The ACH37 extract was able to scavenge reactive oxygen species (DPPH, O2 - ), prevent inflammation (LPS- and UV-induced COX-2, IL-1ß, and IL-8 expression), modulate extracellular matrix remodeling (inhibiting elastase, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-12, as well as associated expression), increase telomere length, telomerase activity, and reverse the UV-induced suppression of genes involved in skin protection. In addition, the ACH37 extract permeated human skin explants and presented antioxidant efficacy ex vivo. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the ACH37 extract acts on multiple targets commonly related to skin aging, being a promising antiaging active ingredient candidate to be further investigated in clinical trials.

A state-of-the-art review on the MicroRNAs roles in hematopoietic stem cell aging and longevity.

Aging is a biological process determined through time-related cellular and functional impairments, leading to a decreased standard of living for the organism. Recently, there has been an unprecedented advance in the aging investigation, especially the detection that the rate of senescence is at least somewhat regulated via evolutionarily preserved genetic pathways and biological processes. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain blood generation over the whole lifetime of an organism. The senescence process influences many of the natural features of HSC, leading to a decline in their capabilities, independently of their microenvironment. New studies show that HSCs are sensitive to age-dependent stress and gradually lose their self-renewal and regeneration potential with senescence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally inhibit translation or stimulate target mRNA cleavage of target transcripts via the sequence-particular connection. MiRNAs control various biological pathways and processes, such as senescence. Several miRNAs are differentially expressed in senescence, producing concern about their use as moderators of the senescence process. MiRNAs play an important role in the control of HSCs and can also modulate processes associated with tissue senescence in specific cell types. In this review, we display the contribution of age-dependent alterations, including DNA damage, epigenetic landscape, metabolism, and extrinsic factors, which affect HSCs function during aging. In addition, we investigate the particular miRNAs regulating HSCs senescence and age-associated diseases. Video Abstract.

Novel Nanotechnological Strategies for Skin Anti-aging.

BACKGROUND: Nanoparticle formulations development for anti-aging treatment is increasing due to their multifunctional properties. These nanotechnological strategies can target cellular/ molecular pathways of the skin affected by the aging process. However, a review of these strategies is required to discuss their efficacy/safety and establish the needs for further research. OBJECTIVE: Innovative nanotechnological advances for skin anti-aging/rejuvenation are summarized and discussed in this work. METHODS: The information in this review was extracted from recent and relevant studies using nanotechnology for anti-aging treatment from scientific databases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results show an enhanced skin anti-aging effect of actives-loaded nanoparticles of next generation (nanostructured lipid carriers, fullerenes, transfersomes, protransfersomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, glycerosomes, phytosomes) compared with nanocarriers of first generation or conventional formulations. Anti-aging active ingredients such as, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, quercetagetine, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, myricetin, silibinin, curcuminoids, isoflavones); vitamins (E, D₃, CoQ10); acids (hyaluronic, ascorbic, rosmarinic, gallic); extracts (Citrus sinensis, Tagetes erecta L., Achillea millefolium L., Citrus aurantium L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Aloe vera, propolis earned by Apis mellifera); and other compounds (adenosine, beta-glucan, heptapetide DEETGEF, resveratrol, cycloastragenol, melatonin, botulinum toxin, grapeseed oil), have been successfully entrapped into nanoparticles for skin rejuvenation. This encapsulation has improved their solubility, bioavailability, stability, permeability, and effectivity for skin anti-aging, providing a controlled drug release with minimized side effects. CONCLUSION: Recent studies show a trend of anti-aging herbal active ingredients-loaded nanoparticles, enhancing the moisturizing, antioxidant, regenerating and photoprotective activity of the skin. Suitable safety/shelf-life stability of these novel formulations is key to a successful translation to the clinic/industry.

Recent Advances in Herbal-Derived Products with Skin Anti-Aging Properties and Cosmetic Applications.

Although aesthetic benefits are a desirable effect of the treatment of skin aging, it is also important in controlling several skin diseases, mainly in aged people. The development of new dermocosmetics has rapidly increased due to consumers' demand for non-invasive products with lower adverse effects than those currently available on the market. Natural compounds of plant origin and herbal-derived formulations have been popularized due to their various safe active products, which act through different mechanisms of action on several signaling pathways for skin aging. Based on this, the aim of the review was to identify the recent advances in herbal-derived product research, including herbal formulations and isolated compounds with skin anti-aging properties. The studies evaluated the biological effects of herbal-derived products in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies, highlighting the effects that were reported in clinical trials with available pharmacodynamics data that support their protective effects to treat, prevent, or control human skin aging. Thus, it was possible to identify that gallic and ferulic acids and herbal formulations containing Thymus vulgaris, Panax ginseng, Triticum aestivum, or Andrographis paniculata are the most promising natural products for the development of new dermocosmetics with skin anti-aging properties.

Estratégias anti-aging baseadas em moléculas químicas naturais como potentes ativadores de telomerase / Anti-aging strategies based on natural chemical molecules as potent telomerase activators / Estrategias antienvejecimiento basadas en moléculas químicas naturales como potentes activadores de la telomerasa

Mesmo em tempos modernos, os grandes avanços tecnológicos não permitem de forma comprovada retardar o envelhecimento nos seres humanos. Neste sentido, uma das estratégias é o uso moléculas químicas naturais que possuem a ação de ativadores de telomerase, uma vez de que a telomerase é uma ribonucleoproteína transcriptase reversa que possui a função de alongar os telômeros e neutralizar a erosão normal dos telômeros. Neste contexto, este estudo de revisão dedicou-se a aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o uso de moléculas químicas naturais derivadas de plantas que possuem função de ativadores de telomerase para atividade anti-aging. Inúmeras moléculas têm sido propostas e, estudas os seus mecanismos com o intuito de desenvolver novas ferramentas para prevenir/retardar e tratar doenças relacionadas a idade e o envelhecimento. Adicionalmente, o uso de moléculas como ativadores da telomerase têm sido um meio de prolongar o encurtamento dos temoleros, como no caso, de moléculas isolada da erva Astragalus membranaceus (TA-65), curcumina, silbinina e alicina; ademais, outras moléculas de origem natural possuem atividade anti-aging comprovadas, conforme reportadas nesta revisão. Sendo assim, a procura por biomarcadores à base de compostos químicos naturais que estimulem a telomerase, a fim de prolongar a vida dos telômero e assim, retardar o processo de envelhecimento do organismo têm despertado o interesse de diversos pesquisadores ao redor do mundo.

Even in modern times, the great technological advances do not allow in a proven way to delay aging in humans. In this sense, one of the strategies is the use of natural chemical molecules that have telomerase activators, since telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that has the function of lengthening telomeres and neutralizing the normal erosion of telomeres. In this context, this review study was dedicated to deepening the knowledge about the use of natural chemical molecules derived from plants that have telomerase activator function for anti-aging activity. Numerous molecules have been proposed and their mechanisms studied in order to develop new tools to prevent/delay and treat aging-related diseases. Additionally, the use of molecules as telomerase activators has been a means of prolonging the shortening of temolers, as in the case of molecules isolated from the herb Astragalus membranaceus (TA-65), curcumin, silbinin and allicin; in addition, other molecules of natural origin have proven anti-aging activity, as reported in this review. Therefore, the search for biomarkers based on natural chemical compounds that stimulate telomerase in order to prolong the life of telomeres and, thus delay the aging process of the organism has aroused the interest of several researchers around the world.

Aún en los tiempos modernos, los grandes avances tecnológicos no permiten de manera comprobada retrasar el envejecimiento en los humanos. En este sentido, una de las estrategias es el uso de moléculas químicas naturales que tengan activadores de la telomerasa, ya que la telomerasa es una ribonucleoproteína transcriptasa inversa que tiene la función de alargar los telómeros y neutralizar la erosión normal de los telómeros. En este contexto, este estudio de revisión se dedicó a profundizar en el conocimiento sobre el uso de moléculas químicas naturales derivadas de plantas que tienen función activadora de la telomerasa para la actividad antienvejecimiento. Se han propuesto numerosas moléculas y se han estudiado sus mecanismos para desarrollar nuevas herramientas para prevenir/retrasar y tratar enfermedades relacionadas con el envejecimiento. Adicionalmente, el uso de moléculas como activadores de la telomerasa ha sido un medio para prolongar el acortamiento de temolers, como es el caso de moléculas aisladas de la hierba Astragalus membranaceus (TA-65), curcumina, silbinina y alicina; además, otras moléculas de origen natural han demostrado actividad antienvejecimiento, como se reporta en esta revisión. Por ello, la búsqueda de biomarcadores basados en compuestos químicos naturales que estimulen la telomerasa para prolongar la vida de los telómeros y así retrasar el proceso de envejecimiento del organismo ha despertado el interés de varios investigadores a nivel mundial.

Chitosans and Nanochitosans: Recent Advances in Skin Protection, Regeneration, and Repair.

Chitosan displays a dual function, acting as both an active ingredient and/or carrier for pharmaceutical bioactive molecules and metal ions. Its hydroxyl- and amino-reactive groups and acetylation degree can be used to adjust this biopolymer's physicochemical and pharmacological properties in different forms, including scaffolds, nanoparticles, fibers, sponges, films, and hydrogels, among others. In terms of pharmacological purposes, chitosan association with different polymers and the immobilization or entrapment of bioactive agents are effective strategies to achieve desired biological responses. Chitosan biocompatibility, water entrapment within nanofibrils, antioxidant character, and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, whether enhanced by other active components or not, ensure skin moisturization, as well as protection against bacteria colonization and oxidative imbalance. Chitosan-based nanomaterials can maintain or reconstruct skin architecture through topical or systemic delivery of hydrophilic or hydrophobic pharmaceuticals at controlled rates to treat skin affections, such as acne, inflammatory manifestations, wounds, or even tumorigenesis, by coating chemotherapy drugs. Herein, chitosan obtention, physicochemical characteristics, chemical modifications, and interactions with bioactive agents are presented and discussed. Molecular mechanisms involved in chitosan skin protection and recovery are highlighted by overlapping the events orchestrated by the signaling molecules secreted by different cell types to reconstitute healthy skin tissue structures and components.

Potential application of Spirulinain dermatology.

Spirulinais an edible cyanobacterium known worldwide for its high nutritional value, and the interest in its biological activity and bioactive compounds, such as pigments, phenolics, peptides, and lipids, has been increasing. Due to the variety of its properties, the potential application of Spirulina in health is wide, including dermatological area. In a context of increasing demand for natural products and actives in cosmetics, this microorganism becomes a great source. This article aims to review what has already been reported in literature about the potential effects of Spirulina or its isolated compounds in skin, for either aesthetic or clinical purposes. In many studies, Spirulina and its components show a good influence in proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, extracellular matrix, and collagen production, as well as exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Thus, they promote a healthy environment for skin's cells and structure, cooperating for the highlighted anti-aging, photoprotection, and wound-healing effects. Some compounds of the cyanobacterium also exert a lighting property through tyrosinase inhibition. Its antimicrobial action can also be advantageous to skin contributing to anti-acne, antibiofilm, and anti-herpes effects. In face of many attributes and due to its rich composition, Spirulina presents multi-benefits and shows an improvement in the general aspect of skin. However, some applications are still in need of studying and more clinical evidence is necessary.

Difusão e propaganda sobre antienvelhecimento na mídia brasileira: um estudo de representações sociais / Diffusion and propaganda about anti-aging in brazilian media: a study of social representations / Difusión y propaganda sobre el antienvejecimiento en los medios de comunicación brasileños: un estudio de las representaciones sociales

Esta pesquisa buscou mapear conteúdos relativos ao antienvelhecimento em revistas de grande circulação e no noticiário brasileiro, entre 1º de janeiro de 2016 e 31 de dezembro de 2019. Foram investigadas as revistas Claudia, Boa Forma, VIP e Carbono Uomo. Houve ainda coleta no portal de notícias G1, da Rede Globo de Televisão, voltado ao público geral. Foram criados dois corpora distintos formados pelos conteúdos do G1 e das revistas que, então, foram submetidos à Classificação Hierárquica Descendente pelo software IRaMuTeQ, dando origem a dois subcorpora e quatro classes para cada um. Os resultados apontam uma forte tendência mercadológica nas revistas, que buscam conduzir os leitores ao consumo de produtos e à realização de procedimentos estéticos. Por outro lado, as notícias jornalísticas apregoam um modelo de vida mais saudável como principal prática antienvelhecimento, ao mesmo tempo que alertam sobre os riscos envolvidos nos procedimentos e produtos estéticos irregulares. Em geral, o conteúdo das revistas dissipa representações sociais que idealizam um padrão de beleza do corpo jovial, associando a velhice à fealdade, enquanto o do portal de notícias G1 voltam-se à saúde e longevidade.(AU)

This survey aimed to map anti-aging content, in magazines with wide circulation and also in Brazilian news, between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019. Claudia, Boa Forma, VIP and Carbono Uomo magazines were studied. News were also collected from the G1 news portal, from Globo television network, aimed at the general audience. Two distinct corpora formed by the contents of the G1 and the magazines were created, which were then submitted to the Descending Hierarchical Classification, by the IRaMuTeQ software, leading to two subcorpora and four classes for each. The results show a strong market orientation in the magazines, which aim to lead readers to purchase products and undertake aesthetic procedures. The news reports, on the other way, promote a healthier life model as the main anti-aging practice, while warning about the risks involved in irregular aesthetic procedures and products. In general, the content of the magazines spreads social representations which idealize a pattern of beauty of a young body, connecting old age with ugliness, whereas that of the G1 news portal are focused on health and longevity.(AU)

Esta iniciativa buscó mapear material de antienvejecimiento, en revistas de gran tirada y en las noticias de Brasil, entre el 1 de enero de 2016 y el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Se analizaron las revistas Claudia, Boa Forma, VIP y Carbono Uomo. También se recogieron noticias del sitio de noticias G1 y de la red de televisión Globo, ambas dirigidas al público en general. Se crearon dos corpora distintos formados por el contenido del G1 y de las revistas, que luego fueron sometidos a la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente, por el software IRaMuTeQ, dando lugar a dos subcorpora y cuatro clases para cada uno de los corpora. Los resultados señalan una fuerte orientación del mercado de promoción en las revistas, que buscan llevar a los lectores a consumir productos y realizar procedimientos estéticos. En cambio, las noticias periodísticas difunden un modelo de vida más saludable como la principal práctica antienvejecimiento, mientras que al mismo tiempo advierten sobre los riesgos que implican los procedimientos irregulares y los productos estéticos. De forma general, el contenido de las revistas difunde representaciones sociales que idealizan un estándar de belleza del cuerpo joven, asociando la vejez con la fealdad, mientras que el del portal de noticias G1 se orienta a la salud y la longevidad.(AU)

Chemical and Skincare Property Characterization of the Main Cocoa Byproducts: Extraction Optimization by RSM Approach for Development of Sustainable Ingredients.

Methylxanthines and polyphenols from cocoa byproducts should be considered for their application in the development of functional ingredients for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Different cocoa byproducts were analyzed for their chemical contents, and skincare properties were measured by antioxidant assays and anti-skin aging activity. Musty cocoa beans (MC) and second-quality cocoa beans (SQ) extracts showed the highest polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities. In the collagenase and elastase inhibition study, the highest effect was observed for the SQ extract with 86 inhibition and 36% inhibition, respectively. Among cocoa byproducts, the contents of catechin and epicatechin were higher in the SQ extract, with 18.15 mg/100 g of sample and 229.8 mg/100 g of sample, respectively. Cocoa bean shells (BS) constitute the main byproduct due to their methylxanthine content (1085 mg of theobromine and 267 mg of caffeine/100 g of sample). Using BS, various influencing factors in the extraction process were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM), before scaling up separations. The extraction process developed under optimized conditions allows us to obtain almost 2 g/min and 0.2 g/min of total methylxanthines and epicatechin, respectively. In this way, this work contributes to the sustainability and valorization of the cocoa production chain.

Dermocosmetic applications of microalgal pigments.

Among photosynthetic microorganisms, Cyanobacteria and Microalgae species have been highly studied thank to their high value-added compounds for several industrial applications. Thus, their production is increasing in the last decade to produce raw material for cosmetics. In fact, the daily routine includes the use of cosmetics and sunscreens to protect against the environmental changes, mainly the increment of ultraviolet (UV) radiation rate with a consequent skin damage and premature aging due to this overexposure. As it is well discussed, chemical UV filters are extensively incorporated into sunscreens formulas; however, they can induce allergenic reactions as well. For these reasons, some pigments derived from microalgae, such as astaxanthin, lutein, ß-carotene as well as other biocompounds are now well described in the literature as well as biotechnologically manufactured as natural ingredients to be incorporated into skin care products with multifunctional benefits even for sunscreen purposes. Hence, this investigation summarizes the recent studies about the main pigments from photosynthetic microorganisms' biomasses as well as their uses in dermocosmetics with novel attributes, such as anti-aging agents, makeups, skin lightening and whitening, among others.

Hallmarks of Testicular Aging: The Challenge of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Therapies Using Natural and/or Pharmacological Compounds to Improve the Physiopathological Status of the Aged Male Gonad.

The evolutionary theory of aging supports a trade-off relationship between reproduction and aging. Aging of the male reproductive system primarily affects the testes, leading to a decrease in the levels of sexual hormones, alterations in sperm quality and production, and a decline in fertility that does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis are events considered as predictors of pathogenesis and the development of age-related diseases that are frequently observed in aged testes. Although the molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood, accumulating evidence points toward pro-inflammatory molecules and reactive oxygen species as primary contributing factors for testicular aging. However, the real impact of aging-related testicular alterations on fertility, reproductive health, and life span is far from being fully revealed. This work discusses the current knowledge on the impact of aging in the testis, particularly of aging-related dysregulated inflammation and oxidative damage on the functioning of its different cell populations. More interestingly, this review covers the potential benefits of anti-aging interventions and therapies using either pharmacological compounds (such as non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication) or more natural alternatives (such as various nutraceuticals or even probiotics) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Some of these are currently being investigated or are already in clinical use to delay or prevent testicular aging.

Characterization of skin aging through high-frequency ultrasound imaging as a technique for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-aging products and procedures: A review.

INTRODUCTION: High-frequency ultrasound skin imaging analysis (HFUS) is a non-invasive technique that allows a unique approach to the analysis of skin aging, as well as in evaluating the effectiveness of dermatological and cosmetic products, especially for skin rejuvenation. OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of skin aging and different anti-aging strategies from the perspective of high-frequency ultrasound. METHODS: A bibliographic survey was carried out, selecting relevant articles that evaluated the characterization of the skin features from different points of view such as gender (male and female), age (young skin and mature skin), and ethnicity, in addition to individual variations between body regions and daily variations. RESULTS: Some studies also evaluated the impact of cosmetic treatments and esthetic procedures in the skin. Parameters such as dermal thickness, echogenicity, skin texture, and subepidermal low-echogenic band (SLEB) were analyzed. It can be concluded that there is a trend, although not unanimous in the consequences of aging on the skin, being different between men and women, plus the individual nuances resulted from each one's lifestyle and exposure to the sun. CONCLUSION: As for the technique, it is concluded that high-frequency ultrasound is an important evaluative alternative for dermatological studies and the effectiveness of anti-aging products and treatments.

Target action of antioxidants using iontophoresis.

BACKGROUND: The use of antioxidants in applications for topical use seems promising, however, many studies must be performed to ensure processes and products that can effectively bring benefits to combat the action of free radicals in the skin. For topical antioxidants to be effective against free radicals from the skin, it is essential that the antioxidants compounds permeate the different skin layers, to reach deeper layers of the epidermis in active form and stay there for a sufficient time to cause the beneficial effects. AIM: This work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant action of formulations with phenolic compounds as well as to comprehend the skin retention profile of these actives. METHODS: The antioxidant potential was recognized with isolated phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, and ferulic acid) or in combinations, using different in vitro methods (DPPH ABTS , FRAP , ß-carotene/linoleic acid system and ORAC). The skin retention study was performed through in vitro assay with Franz's diffusion cell associating, or not, the cathodic iontophoresis. RESULTS: Gallic acid showed the greatest antioxidant activity and was selected for a study of skin permeation following gel application to porcine skin, with or without cathodic iontophoresis. Gallic acid retention in deeper skin layers was promoted by iontophoresis, and increased skin antioxidant activity was detected after only 20 min of iontophoresis. The present study demonstrated the importance of polymeric gelling agents for optimizing the antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: The cathodic iontophoresis represents a promising strategy to promote a target action of antioxidants in the skin.

Prosopis juliflora as a new cosmetic ingredient: Development and clinical evaluation of a bioactive moisturizing and anti-aging innovative solid core.

Prosopis juliflora is an invasive plant distributed throughout the world and presents metabolites of interest for cosmetology. The aim of this work was to develop a new polysaccharide-based ingredient from P. juliflora and analyze its application in a solid core formulation that upon contact with water instantly forms a gel to improve moisturizing and anti-aging skin properties. Purified extracts by gel chromatography were characterized by NMR and LC-DAD-MS-MS. The in vitro and in vivo safety, antioxidant activity, formulation development and clinical evaluation were performed. The extract was characterized as containing an α-glucan and phenolics. It was non-cytotoxic, non-phototoxic and no skin reactions were observed in vivo. Antioxidant activity were present through different mechanisms. Clinical evaluation reinforced the potential of P. juliflora in skin hydration and microrelief improvement. This innovative form proved to be a prototype of a new product and the first study of an α-glucan as a cosmetic ingredient.

Effect of alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) cell culture extract on wound healing repair in a human keratinocyte cell line.

BACKGROUND: Fitzroya cupressoides, commonly known as alerce, is an endemic conifer unique to southern South America. Alerce wood is renowned for its durability and resistance to biological degradation due to the presence of a particular class of secondary metabolite. Alerce extracts have been used in traditional medicine for different skin lesion treatments. AIMS: To develop a cell culture system to produce alerce extract and evaluate its cytotoxicity and effects on in vitro wound healing. METHODS: Cell cultures and aqueous extracts were prepared from alerce needles. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in keratinocytes (HaCaT line) and melanocites (C32 line) using the XTT assay. Wound healing was assayed with the scratch test in HaCaT cells, using mitomycin C to evaluate the role of cell division in the wound closure. RESULTS: Alerce cell culture extract has a significant effect on wound healing at different concentrations. No positive effects on the viability of normal and cancerous skin cells were observed. These results suggest that alerce extracts stimulate cell division in human skin epidermal cells in the context of wound repair. CONCLUSIONS: Bioactive compounds extracted from alerce cell cultures show promise as ingredients in dermocosmetic formulations, but further clinical studies are required to support these findings at the tissue level.

Envelhecimento ativo e a indústria da perfeição / Active ageing and the culture of perfection

Resumo Nas últimas duas décadas, o envelhecimento ativo adquiriu expressão relevante enquanto paradigma de políticas públicas para fazer face aos desafios colocados pelo envelhecimento demográfico. Definido, primeiramente pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), de forma a enfatizar a responsabilidade da sociedade no seu conjunto relativamente à qualidade de vida ao longo do processo de envelhecimento, o paradigma do envelhecimento ativo, atualmente, tem vindo a concentrar-se, sobretudo, no adiamento da idade da reforma e na redução dos custos com a saúde nos últimos anos de vida, a partir de uma lógica de responsabilização individual. Para a elaboração deste artigo, foram consultados vários sítios on-line de clínicas médicas portuguesas nas quais se praticam consultas/tratamentos de medicina antienvelhecimento, analisando os anúncios publicitários dos serviços prestados, bem como artigos de opinião redigidos pelos próprios médicos dessa especialidade, dirigidos a um público leigo. Conclui-se que, a par da responsabilização individual pela saúde e, de forma mais geral, pela forma como se envelhece, assistimos hoje à expansão de um amplo mercado de produtos e serviços antienvelhecimento que nos permitem argumentar que o ideal de envelhecimento ativo poderá estar ao serviço de uma indústria da perfeição.

Abstract In the last two decades, Active Ageing acquired significant importance in scientific and political forums as a new paradigm of public policies to meet challenges posed by the ageing population. Defined by the WHO as to emphasize society's responsibility regarding quality of life as people age, the Active Ageing paradigm represents, nowadays, a progressive narrowing of action scope and accountability. In recent years, assuming the logic of individual accountability, it serves as basis for the accusation of individual negligence in not adopting a healthy lifestyle. This study analyses the websites of several Portuguese medical clinics specialized in anti-ageing medicine, where one can find advertisements of the services provided, and, in some cases, opinion articles drawn up by doctors of this medical specialty, for a lay audience. Considering the increasing international dimension of the aesthetic and hormonal enhancement biotechnologies market, the ideal of Active ageing can, today, be at the service of the culture of perfection.