O papel da amplitude visuoatencional e da consciência fonêmica na aprendizagem da leitura / The role of visual attention span and phonemic awareness in learning to read

Este estudo objetivou verificar as relações entre amplitude visuoatencional (AVA), consciência fonêmica (CF) e desempenho em leitura em uma amostra de 48 alunos de 1º, 3º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública de São Paulo. As crianças foram avaliadas em três sessões em tarefas de leitura de palavras isoladas, AVA, CF, inteligência não verbal, memória fonológica e limiar de identificação de letras. Os resultados indicam que a AVA e a CF se relacionam com a leitura desde o 1º até o 5º ano e que essas relações são mais fortes no 1º ano, mas continuam tendo um papel relevante no 3º ano e no 5º ano, principalmente na leitura de pseudopalavras e palavras irregulares.

This study aimed to verify the relationship between visual attention span (VAS), phonemic awareness (PA) and reading performance in a sample of 48 students from the 1st, 3rd and 5th grade from a public elementary school in Sao Paulo. Children were assessed in three sessions through a battery of tasks, which included single word reading, VAS, PA, nonverbal intelligence, phonological memory and letter identification threshold. Results showed that the VAS and PA correlated with performance in reading from 1st to 5th grade, and they play a more important role at 1st grade, but remain relevant in 3rd and 5th grade, especially in the reading of nonwords and irregular words.

The phonological and visual basis of developmental dyslexia in Brazilian Portuguese reading children.

Evidence from opaque languages suggests that visual attention processing abilities in addition to phonological skills may act as cognitive underpinnings of developmental dyslexia. We explored the role of these two cognitive abilities on reading fluency in Brazilian Portuguese, a more transparent orthography than French or English. Sixty-six children with developmental dyslexia and normal Brazilian Portuguese children participated. They were administered three tasks of phonological skills (phoneme identification, phoneme, and syllable blending) and three visual tasks (a letter global report task and two non-verbal tasks of visual closure and visual constancy). Results show that Brazilian Portuguese children with developmental dyslexia are impaired not only in phonological processing but further in visual processing. The phonological and visual processing abilities significantly and independently contribute to reading fluency in the whole population. Last, different cognitively homogeneous subtypes can be identified in the Brazilian Portuguese population of children with developmental dyslexia. Two subsets of children with developmental dyslexia were identified as having a single cognitive disorder, phonological or visual; another group exhibited a double deficit and a few children showed no visual or phonological disorder. Thus the current findings extend previous data from more opaque orthographies as French and English, in showing the importance of investigating visual processing skills in addition to phonological skills in children with developmental dyslexia whatever their language orthography transparency.