A new application of avocado oil to enrich the biological activities of polycaprolactone membranes for tissue engineering.

The metabolites synthesized by plants to protect themselves serves as natural antimicrobial agents used in biomaterials. In this study, avocado oil (AO), was incorporated as a plant source and natural antimicrobial agent into polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes. The effects of varying AO ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt%.-PCL@25AO, PCL@50AO, PCL@100AO) on PCL membrane morphology, chemical structure, wettability, antimicrobial activity, and cell viabilities were investigated. It was demonstrated that the AO acts as a pore-forming agent in solvent-casted membranes. Young's modulus of the membranes varied between 602.68 and 31.92 MPa and more flexible membranes were obtained with increasing AO content. Inhibition zones of AO were recorded between 7.86 and 13.97 mm against clinically relevant microbial strains including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Antimicrobial activity of AO was retained in PCL membranes at all ratios. Resazurin assay indicated that PCL@25AO membranes were cytocompatible with mouse fibroblast cells (L929 cell line) on day 6 showing 72.4% cell viability with respect to neat PCL membranes. Viability results were supported by scanning electron microscopy images and DAPI staining. The overall results of this study highlight the potential of PCL@25AO membranes as a biomaterial with antimicrobial properties, cytocompatibility, and mechanical strength suitable for various biomedical applications.

Analysis and authentication of avocado oil by low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Avocado oil is a nutritious, edible oil produced from avocado fruit. It has high commercial value and is increasing in popularity, thus powerful analytical methods are needed to ensure its quality and authenticity. Recent advancements in low-field (LF) NMR spectroscopy allow for collection of high-quality data despite the use of low magnetic fields produced by non-superconductive magnets. Combined with chemometrics, LF NMR opens new opportunities in food analysis using targeted and untargeted approaches. Here, it was used to determine poly-, mono-, and saturated fatty acids in avocado oil. Although direct signal integration of LF NMR spectra was able to determine certain classes of fatty acids, it had several challenges arising from signal overlapping. Thus, we used partial least square regression and developed models with good prediction performance for fatty acid composition, with residual prediction deviation ranging 3.46-5.53 and root mean squared error of prediction CV ranging 0.46-2.48. In addition, LF NMR, combined with unsupervised and supervised methods, enabled the differentiation of avocado oil from other oils, namely, olive oil, soybean oil, canola oil, high oleic (OL) safflower oil, and high OL sunflower oil. This study showed that LF NMR can be used as an efficient alternative for the compositional analysis and authentication of avocado oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Here, we describe the application of LF-NMR for fatty acid analysis and avocado oil authentication. LF-NMR can be an efficient tool for targeted and untargeted analysis, thus becoming an attractive option for companies, regulatory agencies, and quality control laboratories. This tool is especially important for organizations and entities seeking economic, user-friendly, and sustainable analysis solutions.

Characterization of emulgels formulated with phycocyanin and diutan gum as a novel approach for biocompatible delivery systems.

Phycocyanin (PC), a protein derived from algae, is non-toxic and biocompatible. Due to its environmental and sustainable properties, it has been studied as an alternative stabilizer for food emulsions. In this sense, the main objective of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of PC and its use in combination with diutan gum (DG), a biological macromolecule, to prepare emulgels formulated with avocado oil. Z-potential measurements show that the optimum pH for working with PC is 2.5. Furthermore, the system exhibited a structured interface at this pH. The surface tension did not decrease further above 1.5 wt% PC. Interestingly, emulsions formulated with >1.5 wt% PC showed recoalescence immediately after preparation. Although 1.5 wt% had the smallest droplet size, this emulsion underwent creaming due to the low viscosity of the system. DG was used in combination with PC to increase viscosity and reduce creaming. As little as 0.1 wt% DG was sufficient to form an emulgel when incorporated into the previous emulsion, which exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour and viscoelastic properties with very low creaming rates. However, the use of PC in combination with DG resulted in a non-aggregated and stable emulgel with 1.5 wt% PC and 0.1 wt% DG.

Co-Processed Crystalline Solids of Ivermectin with Span® 60 as Solubility Enhancers of Ivermectin in Natural Oils.

Despite being discovered over five decades ago, little is still known about ivermectin. Ivermectin has several physico-chemical properties that can result in it having poor bioavailability. In this study, polymorphic and co-crystal screening was used to see if such solid-state modifications can improve the oil solubility of ivermectin. Span® 60, a lipophilic non-ionic surfactant, was chosen as co-former. The rationale behind attempting to improve oil solubility was to use ivermectin in future topical and transdermal preparations to treat a range of skin conditions like scabies and head lice. Physical mixtures were also prepared in the same molar ratios as the co-crystal candidates, to serve as controls. Solid-state characterization was performed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectra of the co-crystal candidates showed the presence of Span® 60's alkyl chain peaks, which were absent in the spectra of the physical mixtures. Due to the absence of single-crystal X-ray data, co-crystal formation could not be confirmed, and therefore these co-crystal candidates were referred to as co-processed crystalline solids. Following characterization, the solid-state forms, physical mixtures and ivermectin raw material were dissolved in natural penetration enhancers, i.e., avocado oil (AVO) and evening primrose oil (EPO). The co-processed solids showed increased oil solubility by up to 169% compared to ivermectin raw material. The results suggest that co-processing of ivermectin with Span® 60 can be used to increase its oil solubility and can be useful in the development of oil-based drug formulations.

Effect of Predry-treatment on the bioactive constituents and quality of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil from three cultivars growing in China.

Avocado oil has gained a lot of favor in foods and cosmetics because of its high-quality fatty acid composition and bioactive components. This study aimed to compare the effect of various predry-treatments on the yield and quality of avocado oil from three Chinese avocado (Persea americana Mill.) varieties (Hass, Reed, and Pinkerton). The results showed that drying methods had significant effect on the avocado oil yield and its composition. Among the three drying methods the highest yield was obtained by freeze drying, and Hass showed the highest yield in the three avocado varieties with its oil owning the lowest peroxide and anisidine value. Reed oil owned the highest levels of functional micronutrients (e.g., tocopherols, phenolics, squalene). Vacuum drying resulted in higher concentrations of tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolics, squalene, and thus rendered greater DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity. These results are important to improve the quality of Chinese avocado oil.

Endogenous n-Alkanes in Vegetable Oils: Validation of a Rapid Offline SPE-GC-FID Method, Comparison with Online LC-GC-FID and Potential for Olive Oil Quality Control.

The potential of endogenous n-alkane profiling for the assessment of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) adulteration (blends with cheaper vegetable oils) has been studied by relatively few authors. Analytical methods used for this purpose often involve tedious and solvent-intensive sample preparation prior to analytical determination, making them unattractive. A rapid and solvent-sparing offline solid phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography (GC) flame ionization detection (FID) method for the determination of endogenous n-alkanes in vegetable oils was, therefore, optimized and validated. The optimized method demonstrated good performance characteristics in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.999), recovery (on average 94%), and repeatability (residual standard deviation, RSD < 11.9%). The results were comparable to those obtained with online high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-GC- FID ( RSD < 5.1%). As an example of an application to prove the potentiality of endogenous n-alkanes in revealing frauds, the data set obtained from 16 EVOO, 9 avocado oils (AVO), and 13 sunflower oils (SFO), purchased from the market, was subjected to statistical analysis and principal component analysis. Two powerful indices, namely (n-C29 + n-C31)/(n-C25 + n-C26) and n-C29/n-C25, were found to reveal the addition of 2% SFO in EVOO and 5% AVO in EVOO, respectively. Further studies are needed to confirm the validity of these promising indices.

Effects of Three Extraction Methods on Avocado Oil Lipid Compounds Analyzed via UPLC-TOF-MS/MS with OPLS-DA.

Avocado oil is excellent functional oil. Effects of three extraction methods (squeezing extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and aqueous extraction) on the species, composition, and contents of lipids in avocado oil were analyzed via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS/MS), and the differential components of lipids were revealed by OrthogonalPartialLeast Squares-DiscriminantAnalysis (OPLS-DA), S-plot combined with variable importance in the projection (VIP). The results showed that the fatty acid composition of avocado oil mainly consisted of oleic acid (36-42%), palmitic acid (25-26%), linoleic acid (14-18%), and palmitoleic acid (10-12%). A total of 134 lipids were identified first from avocado oil, including 122 glycerides and 12 phospholipids, and the total number of carbon atoms contained in the fatty acid side chains of the lipids was 32-68, and the number of double bonds was 0-9. Forty-eight differential lipid compounds with significant effects of the three extraction methods on the lipid composition of avocado oil were excavated, among which the differences in triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylethanol (PEtOH), and phosphatidylmethanol (PMeOH) contents were highly significant, which provided basic data to support the subsequent guidance of avocado oil processing, quality evaluation, and functional studies.

Environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) and social impact assessment (SIA) of small-scale biorefineries implemented in rural zones: the avocado (Persea Americana var. Americana) case in Colombia.

The objective of this study is to compare the environmental and social performance of two small-scale avocado biorefineries implanted in a rural zone in the North of Colombia. Two small-scale biorefineries were proposed. Small-B1 addressed to produce avocado oil and animal feed, and Small-B2 focused on the guacamole production. The environmental analysis was done by applying the life cycle assessment methodology. Then, agronomic information and process simulation were required to complete the analysis. Moreover, the water footprint of the avocado crops was estimated. Both biorefineries were compared with the direct avocados production and commercialization. The social assessment was achieved by the estimation of quantitative indicators related to wages, jobs, and working hours. The agricultural carbon and water footprints of the creole avocado crop were 0.59 kg CO2-eq/kg and 2.13 m3/kg. In the same way, Small-B1 and Small-B2 obtained a carbon and water footprints of 8.99 kg CO2-eq/kg and 6.63 m3/kg and 0.72 kg CO2-eq/kg and 1.38 m3/kg, respectively. The hotspots of the creole avocado crop are related to the use of fertilizers and fungicides. Then, new strategies should be implemented to reduce the farmer's dependency. The social analysis exhibit a high resilience of the Small-B1 biorefinery since a salary increase to worker about 50% can be proposed. In addition, the installation of this biorefinery can create more than ten jobs. A disjunction was found between the economic, environmental, and social analyses. Thus, the need to establish a multidimensional strategy to design sustainable biorefineries is presented.

Deep quantification of a refined adulterant blended into pure avocado oil.

In this work, a new method has been developed to detect adulterations in avocado oil by combining optical images and their treatment with deep learning algorithms. For this purpose, samples of avocado oil adulterated with refined olive oil at concentrations from 1 % to 15 % (v/v) were prepared. Two groups of images of the different samples were obtained, one in conditions considered as bright and the other as dark, obtaining a total of 1,800 photographs. To obtain these images under both conditions, the exposure or shutter speed of the camera was modified (1/30 s for light conditions and 1/500 s for dark conditions). A residual neural network (ResNet34) was used to process and classify the images obtained. A different model was developed for each condition, and during blind validation of the models, ∼95 % of the images were correctly classified.

Ameliorative effect of avocado oil against lufenuron induced testicular damage and infertility in male rats.

Lufenuron is a benzoylurea pesticide that causes significant histological and histochemical damage in mammals. Avocado is a common food in the human diet that contains antioxidant and antitumor properties. In male rats, avocado oil's protection against lufenuron-induced reproductive deterioration, oxidative stress, and DNA damages was investigated. Twenty-eight mature male rats were selected and distributed into four groups: Group 1, control group were administered distilled water orally; Group 2 received 4 ml/kg avocado; Group 3 was given lufenuron (1.6 mg/kg), and Group 4 was given avocado oil/lufenuron. The findings show that lufenuron treatment reduces reproductive hormone levels, sperm count, motility, viability and causes negative histopathological changes in testicular tissue, such as decreased epithelial height and increased luminal diameter degenerated spermatogenesis. Furthermore, lufenuron reduced the content of antioxidant enzymes while increasing the level of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and corresponding DNA damage. Results showed that lufenuron is associated with testicular function impairment, which leads to infertility. Treatment with avocado oil improved reproductive hormone secretions, enzymatic activity, histological and DNA damage parameters in testis tissues, reducing the negative effects of lufenuron, proving that it may have a therapeutic role against lufenuron-mediated testicular toxicity.

Effect of Mixed Particulate Emulsifiers on Spray-Dried Avocado Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions.

Avocado oil is a very valuable agro-industrial product which can be perishable in a short time if it is not stored in the right conditions. The encapsulation of the oils through the spray drying technique protects them from oxidation and facilitates their incorporation into different pharmaceutical products and food matrices; however, the selection of environmentally friendly emulsifiers is a great challenge. Four formulations of the following solid particles: Gum Arabic, HI-CAP®100 starch, and phosphorylated waxy maize starch, were selected to prepare avocado oil Pickering emulsions. Two of the formulations have the same composition, but one of them was emulsified by rotor-stator homogenization. The rest of the emulsions were emulsified by combining rotor-stator plus ultrasound methods. The protective effect of mixed particle emulsifiers in avocado oil encapsulated by spray drying was based on the efficiency of encapsulation. The best results were achieved when avocado oil was emulsified with a mixture of phosphorylated starch/HI-CAP®100, where it presented the highest encapsulation efficiency.

Effects of Avocado Oil Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity, Cognition, and Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Different Tissues of Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity induces insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurocognitive impairment. Avocado oil (AO) has antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. This study evaluated the effect of AO supplementation on obese mice in the adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and hippocampus. Male C57BL/6J mice received a standard and high-fat diet (20 weeks) and then were supplemented with AO (4 mL/kg of body weight, 90 days) and divided into the following groups: control (control), control + avocado oil (control + AO), diet-induced obesity (DIO), and diet-induced obesity + avocado oil (DIO + AO) (n = 10/group). AO supplementation was found to improve insulin sensitivity and decrease hepatic fat accumulation and serum triglyceride levels in DIO mice. AO improved cognitive performance and did not affect mood parameters. Oxidative marker levels were decreased in DIO + AO mice in all the tissues and were concomitant with increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the epididymal adipose tissue and quadriceps, as well as increased catalase activity in the liver. AO in obese animals further induced reductions in TNF-α and IL-1ß expressions in the epididymal adipose tissue and quadriceps. These results suggest that AO supplementation has the potential to be an effective strategy for combating the effects of obesity in rats, and human studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Rapid Detection of Avocado Oil Adulteration Using Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Avocado oil (AO) has been found to be adulterated by low-price oil in the market, calling for an efficient method to detect the authenticity of AO. In this work, a rapid and nondestructive method was developed to detect adulterated AO based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR, 43 MHz) detection and chemometrics analysis. PCA analysis revealed that the relaxation components area (S23) and relative contribution (P22 and P23) were crucial LF-NMR parameters to distinguish AO from AO adulterated by soybean oil (SO), corn oil (CO) or rapeseed oil (RO). A Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) model was established to identify the types of adulterated oils with a high calibration (0.98) and validation accuracy (0.93). Compared with partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, the support vector regression (SVR) model showed better prediction performance to calculate the adulteration levels when AO was adulterated by SO, CO and RO, with high square correlation coefficient of calibration (R2C > 0.98) and low root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC < 0.04) as well as root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP < 0.09) values. Compared with SO- and CO-adulterated AO, RO-adulterated AO was more difficult to detect due to the greatest similarity in fatty acids' composition being between AO and RO, which is characterized by the high level of monounsaturated fatty acids and viscosity. This study could provide an effective method for detecting the authenticity of AO.

Protective effects of resveratrol and avocado oil against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

This study sought to assess the protective effects of resveratrol and avocado oil in relation to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The rats were divided into five groups, namely the control, paracetamol (600 mg/kg), resveratrol (RES; 10 mg/kg) + paracetamol, avocado oil (AVO; 200 mg/kg) + paracetamol, and RES + AVO + paracetamol groups. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated by measuring biochemical parameters such as the total antioxidant status (TAS) and the total oxidant status (TOS) in each rat's liver homogenates. Any DNA damage was assessed by means of a comet assay. The results showed that the TOS levels were significantly increased in the paracetamol group when compared with the control group. The TOS levels were found to be significantly lower in the paracetamol groups, in comparison with the RES, AVO, and RES + AVO groups. Moreover, the TAS levels significantly increased in the RES and RES + AVO groups when compared with the paracetamol group. The histopathological examination revealed necrotic areas in the rats' livers. Pretreatment with both RES and RES + AVO was found to reverse the oxidative stress parameters, DNA damage, and necrosis induced by paracetamol. These results suggest that a combination of REV and AVO may protect against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity due to their antioxidant properties.

Properties of the avocado oil extracted using centrifugation and ultrasound-assisted methods.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the technologies effect of cold extraction by centrifugation (CE) and ultrasound-assisted (US-CE) methods without adding water, on the avocado oil yield, nutritional composition, physicochemical characteristics, oxidative stability (oxidation temperature and time, besides activation energy) and accelerated shelf life regarding hexane extraction (control). The US-CE improved the physicochemical properties such as acidity, peroxides, and iodine indexes regarding CE and Control. US-CE improved the yield, nutritional quality of fatty acids, oxidative stability, shelf life, and ω-6/ω-3 ratio regarding CE. Furthermore, US-CE improved the ratio yield/time extraction of the oil and increased the oxidation temperature regarding control. The main advantage of oils extracted using CE and US-CE concerning control was higher oxidative stability. The most representative polyunsaturated fatty acids identified in all treatments were γ-linolenic and conjugated α-linolenic acids. α-linolenic acid was only detected in US-CE and control. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-00940-w.

Migration of Avocado Virgin Oil Functional Compounds during Domestic Cooking of Eggplant.

Avocado virgin oil (AVO) was used during eggplant deep-frying, boil, and boil in a water-oil mixture (W/O). There were measured the contents of moisture, dry matter, fat, total (TPC) and ten individual phenols, antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH), and total sterols; as well as the profiles of eight fatty acids and fourteen sterols/stanols. The values of raw and processed foods were compared and studied with multivariate analysis. The antioxidant capacity of AVO lowered after deep frying but augmented in eggplant and water after all treatments. The TPC was steady in AVO and raised in fried eggplant. Thermal treatments added to the initial profiles of the AVO, eggplant and water, nine, eight, and four phenols, respectively. Percentages of the main fatty acids (oleic, palmitic and linoleic), and sterols (ß-sitosterol, campesterol, and Δ5-avenasterol), remained unchanged between the raw and treated AVO; and the lipidic fractions from processed eggplant. Cooking leads to the movement of hydrophilic and lipophilic functional compounds between AVO, eggplant and water. Migration of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids from AVO to eggplant during deep frying and W/O boiling improved the functional properties of eggplant by adding the high biological value lipophilic fraction to the naturally occurring polyphenols.

Thermal Behavior Improvement of Fortified Commercial Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Oil with Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) Leaf Extracts.

Avocado oil is considered a highly prized food due to its nutritional contribution. On the other hand, Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (Elaeocarpaceae), common name "maqui", is an endemic fruit in Chile, well known for its exceptional antioxidant properties. In general, maqui by-products such as leaves are considered as waste. Thus, maqui leaves extracts were used to improve the stability of vegetable oils, particularly avocado oil. Hence, avocado oil was fortified with two extracts (ethyl ether and methanol) obtained of maqui leaves and exposed to 120 °C for 386 h in an oven. The results showed a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (69.46%, mainly oleic acid), followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (16.41%, mainly linoleic acid) and finally saturated fatty acids (14.13%). The concentration of the total phenolic compounds in the pure oil, ethyl ether and methanol maqui leaves extracts were 45.8, 83.7, and 4100.9 ppm, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activity was 5091.6 and 19,452.5 µmol Trolox eq/g for the ethyl ether and methanol extracts, respectively. The secondary degradation compounds showed significant differences between the fortified and non-fortified samples after 144 h and the TG/DTG analysis showed a significant increment of 7 °C in the degradation temperature (Tonset) of avocado oil fortified with the methanol extract when compared to the non-fortified oil and fortified oil with ethyl ether extract. After heating for 336 h, fortified oil with methanol extract reached the limit percentages of polar compounds, while pure oil reached it in a shorter time, i.e., 240 h. Based on the results, avocado oil can be protected with natural additives such as extracts obtained from maqui leaves, leading to an increase in its thermo-oxidative stability.

Fatty Acid Derivatives Isolated from the Oil of Persea americana (Avocado) Protects against Neomycin-Induced Hair Cell Damage.

Avocado oil is beneficial to human health and has been reported to have beneficial effects on sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). However, the compounds in avocado oil that affect SNHL have not been identified. In this study, we identified 20 compounds from avocado oil, including two new and 18 known fatty acid derivatives, using extensive spectroscopic analysis. The efficacy of the isolated compounds for improving SNHL was investigated in an ototoxic zebrafish model. The two new compounds, namely (2R,4R,6Z)-1,2,4-trihydroxynonadec-6-ene and (2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadecadi-14,16-ene (compounds 1 and 2), as well as compounds 7, 9, 14, 17 and 19 showed significant improvement in damaged hair cells in toxic zebrafish. These results led to the conclusion that compounds from avocado oil as well as oil itself have a regenerative effect on damaged otic hair cells in ototoxic zebrafish.

Analysis and Authentication of Avocado Oil Using High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy.

Avocado oil is a food product of high commercial and nutritional value. As a result, it can be a subject of adulteration similar to other high-value edible oils, such as olive oil. For olive oil and many other foods products, NMR spectroscopy has been successfully used for authentication and quality assessment. In this study, we apply NMR analysis to avocado oil to differentiate it from other oils including olive, canola, high-oleic (HO) safflower, HO sunflower and soybean oil using commercial and lab-made samples of avocado oils. NMR allowed the rapid analysis of the fatty acid profile and detection of minor compounds, such as sterols, oxidation products, and hydrolysis products, which can be used to assess oil quality and authenticity. The NMR assignment was conducted using traditional 2D NMR and the novel NOAH super-sequences. Combining chemometrics with NMR enabled us to differentiate between avocado oil and other oils. Avocado oil has compositional similarities with other vegetable oils, such as HO sunflower and HO safflower oil, which can be used as potential adulterants. Despite these similarities, NMR-based metabolomics captured differences in the levels of certain compounds including fatty acids, terpenes, sterols, and oxidation products to detect adulteration and for quality control purposes.

CD36 gene polymorphism -31118 G > A (rs1761667) is associated with overweight and obesity but not with fat preferences in Mexican children.

CD36 glycoprotein is a candidate receptor involved in the gustatory detection of lipids and emerging evidence has suggested that genetic variations in CD36 may modulate the oral perception threshold to fatty acids. Here, we analyzed the association of -31118 G > A polymorphism in CD36 gene with nutritional status and preferences for fatty foods in Mexican children. Genotyping of SNP rs1761667 was performed in school-age children (n = 63) in addition to sensory tests evaluating the preference and satisfaction score assigned to oil-based sauces of different fatty acid composition. The G allele was associated with high BMI z-score in children (OR = 2.43, 95% (CI 1.02-5.99); p = 0.02) but CD36 genotypes (AA, GA, and GG) did not show significant association with the preference and satisfaction scores assigned to oil-based sauces. The BMI z-score showed no association with the preference to oil-based sauces; however, children with normal weight gave higher satisfaction scores to sauces with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids than to sauces rich in saturated fatty acids (0.56 ± 1.26 vs. 0.06 ± 1.22; p = 0.02). Therefore, the G allele of -31118 G > A SNP in CD36 gene is associated with overweight and obesity in Mexican children but do not appear to modulate the preferences and satisfaction scores to fat.