Practical Blood Flow Restriction Training: New Methodological Directions for Practice and Research.

Most studies with blood flow restriction (BFR) training have been conducted using devices capable of regulating the restriction pressure, such as pneumatic cuffs. However, this may not be a viable option for the general population who exercise in gyms, squares and sports centers. Thinking about this logic, practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) training was created in 2009, suggesting the use of elastic knee wraps as an alternative to the traditional BFR, as it is low cost, affordable and practical. However, unlike traditional BFR training which seems to present a consensus regarding the prescription of BFR pressure based on arterial occlusion pressure (AOP), studies on pBFR training have used different techniques to apply the pressure/tension exerted by the elastic wrap. Therefore, this Current Opinion article aims to critically and chronologically examine the techniques used to prescribe the pressure exerted by the elastic wrap during pBFR training. In summary, several techniques were found to apply the elastic wrap during pBFR training, using the following as criteria: application by a single researcher; stretching of the elastic (absolute and relative overlap of the elastic); the perceived tightness scale; and relative overlap of the elastic based on the circumference of the limbs. Several studies have shown that limb circumference seems to be the greatest predictor of AOP. Therefore, we reinforce that applying the pressure exerted by the elastic for pBFR training based on the circumference of the limbs is an excellent, valid and safe technique.

The synthesis of soluble and volatile bioactive compounds by selected brewer's yeasts: Antagonistic effect against enteropathogenic bacteria and food spoiler - toxigenic Aspergillus sp.

Contamination by Aspergillus sp. and the accumulation of its mycotoxins in food and beverages have a high impact on human health and food safety. This investigation inquires the ability of brewer's yeasts discarded after fermentation (brewing fermentation residue, BFR) to synthesize bioactive compounds and to biocontrol Aspergillus sp. BFRs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MBELGA62 and Pichia kudriavzevii MBELGA61 proved to have bacteriostatic properties and to be efficient in fungal growth reduction, decreasing the growth rate of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus up to 37.8% and 42.5%, respectively. Fungal mycelium degradation along with absentia of conidia was detected near the yeast inoculum. Moreover, the yeasts synthesize volatile bioactive compounds that extend Aspergillus sp. lag phase above 100% and decrease fungal growth rates from 20% towards 44%, along with the complete inhibition of conidia synthesis. These results indicate the potential of this residue to be used in biocontrol applications in the food industry.

In vivo influence of in vitro up-regulated genes in the virulence of an APEC strain associated with swollen head syndrome.

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry by causing a range of systemic or localized diseases collectively termed colibacillosis. The virulence mechanisms of these strains that are pathogenic in poultry and possibly pathogenic in humans have not yet been fully elucidated. This work was developed to study if over-expressed genes in a microarray assay could be potentially involved in the pathogenicity of an Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli strain isolated from a swollen head syndrome case. For this study, five over-expressed genes were selected for the construction of null mutants [flgE (flagellar hook), tyrR (transcriptional regulator), potF (putrescine transporter), yehD (putative adhesin) and bfr (bacterioferritin)]. The constructed mutants were evaluated for their capacity for the adhesion and invasion of in vitro cultured cells, their motility capacity, and their pathogenic potential in one-day-old chickens compared with the wild-type strain (WT). The Δbfr strain showed a decreased adhesion capacity on avian fibroblasts compared with WT, in the presence and absence of alpha-D-mannopyranoside, and the ΔpotF strain showed decreased adhesion only in the absence of alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The ΔtyrR mutant had a reduced ability to invade Hep-2 cells. No mutant showed changes in invading CEC-32 cells. The mutants ΔflgE and ΔtyrR showed a decreased ability to survive in HD-11 cells. The motility of the mutant strains Δbfr, ΔyehD and ΔpotF was increased, while the ΔtyrR mutant showed reduction, and the ΔflgE became non-motile. No mutant strain caused the same mortality of the WT in one-day-old chickens, showing attenuation to different degrees.

Avaliação dos efeitos centrais dos florais de Bach em camundongos através de modelos farmacológicos específicos / Evaluation of central effects of Bach Flowers Remedies in mice using specific pharmacological models

Os Remédios Florais de Bach (RFB), constituem um método alternativo de tratamento usado largamente na terapêutica de várias patologias em muitos países do mundo. Os RFB são reconhecidos como tratamento natural pela OMS desde 1956. Embora o mecanismo de ação dos RFB ainda não tenha sido elucidado, eles vêm sendo indicados para o tratamento de várias doenças neuropsiquiátricas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi detectar possíveis efeitos centrais dos RFB em modelos farmacológicos utilizados na pesquisa de substâncias com efeitos ansiolíticos, hipnóticos, antidepressivos e neurolépticos. Para tanto, camundongos receberam um tratamento agudo via oral (0,45 mL) 1 hora antes dos testes. Os resultados mostraram que os florais Gorse e, em conjunto, White chestnut, Agrymony e Vervain exibiram perfis antidepressivo e hipnótico, respectivamente. No modelo de ansiedade foi detectado efeito ansiolítico do floral Agrymony. Entretanto, não foram observados efeitos neurolépticos do floral Clematis. Os resultados nos levam a sugerir que os efeitos centrais dos florais avaliados podem ser parcialmente detectados através de modelos farmacológicos utilizados na pesquisa de agentes psicotrópicos.

The Bach Flowers Remedies (BFR's) are worldwide used as an alternative therapeutical approach for several pathologies, being considered by WHO as natural therapy since 1956. Despite the unknown mechanism of action, the BFR's have been widely used on treatment of several neuropsychiatry diseases. Based on pharmacological models used to detect ansiolitic, antidepressant, hypnotic and neuroleptyc effects of different substances, the aim of this work was to evaluate possible central effects of the BFR's. For this purpose, albino mice received BFR's treatment (0.45 mL) by oral route 1 hour prior to each test. The results revealed that the Gorse flower alone and a mix of White chestnut, Agrymony and Vervain showed antidepressant and hypnotic effects, respectively. On the anxiety model, Agrymony showed an ansiolitic effect but no neuroleptyc effects were observed for Clematis floral therapy. The herein described results allow us to conclude that the studied BFR's central effects may be partially detected through pharmacological models currently and widely used on psychotropic agents research.