Assessment of depth of sedation using Bispectral Index™ monitoring in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in UK intensive care units.

Introduction: Severe traumatic brain injury affects ∼4500 per year across the UK. Most patients undergo a period of sedation to prevent secondary brain injury, however the optimal sedation target is unclear. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the electroencephalogram (EEG)-based Bispectral Index™ (BIS™) value and the clinical sedation score, along with other clinical outcomes. Methods: Patients with severe traumatic brain injury in four UK ICUs were recruited to have blinded BIS data collected for a 24-h period while sedated on the ICU. Drug, physiological, and outcome data were recorded from the ICU record. Sedation management was at the discretion of the ICU clinical team. Results: Twenty-six participants were recruited to the study. The mean BIS was 38 (inter-quartile range 29-44) and there was poor correlation between BIS and sedation score as a group (correlation coefficient 0.17, 95% confidence interval 0.08-0.26), however the spread in BIS values increased with decreasing sedation score. There was no statistically significant relationship between BIS and intracranial pressure, vasopressor use, osmotherapy use, or need for an additional sedative. Conclusion: This study supports previous work showing that BIS decreases with decreasing sedation score. However, the variation in BIS values increased with deeper levels of clinical sedation. Patients may not be benefiting from the full potential of sedation in traumatic brain injury and further studies of sedation titrated to an EEG-based parameter are needed. Clinical trial registration: NCT03575169.

Bispectral index monitoring for sedation in scheduled adult colonoscopy: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients should be closely monitored during procedures under sedation outside the operating room, but it is unclear which type of monitoring is best. We investigated the efficacy and safety of BIS monitoring vs conventional monitoring for sedation during colonoscopy. METHODS: We performed a double-blind clinical trial in 180 patients undergoing elective colonoscopy. Patients were randomized to 1) the BIS group or 2) a control group, in which sedation was monitored with a BIS monitor or the Ramsay Sedation Score, respectively. The primary outcome was the rate of sedation-induced adverse events in both groups. Secondary outcomes were the characteristics of patients who developed adverse events, and time during colonoscopy when these events occurred, propofol and remifentanil dosage, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed fewer cardiopulmonary complications in the BIS group (41.11% vs 57.78% in controls; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis found a significantly higher risk of adverse events in older patients (95% CI, 1.013-1.091; p = 0.0087) and in men (95% CI, 1.129-7.668; p = 0.0272). These events were observed at the hepatic flexure. No significant differences between propofol or remifentanil dosage, use of rescue medication, and patient satisfaction were observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that BIS monitoring during sedation in scheduled colonoscopies reduces adverse respiratory events. Although its routine use in sedation does not appear to be warranted, clinicians should take steps to identify patients with a higher risk of complications who might benefit from this type of monitoring.

Identification of an effective and safe bolus dose and lockout time for patient-controlled sedation (PCS) using dexmedetomidine in dental treatments: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: This study investigated a safe and effective bolus dose and lockout time for patient-controlled sedation (PCS) with dexmedetomidine for dental treatments. The depth of sedation, vital signs, and patient satisfaction were investigated to demonstrate safety. Methods: Thirty patients requiring dental scaling were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups based on bolus doses and lockout times: group 1 (low dose group, bolus dose 0.05 µg/kg, 1-minute lockout time), group 2 (middle dose group, 0.1 µg/kg, 1-minute), and group 3 (high dose group, 0.2 µg/kg, 3-minute) (n = 10 each). ECG, pulse, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, respiratory rate, and bispectral index scores (BIS) were measured and recorded. The study was conducted in two stages: the first involved sedation without dental treatment and the second included sedation with dental scaling. Patients were instructed to press the drug demand button every 10 s, and the process of falling asleep and waking up was repeated 1-5 times. In the second stage, during dental scaling, patients were instructed to press the drug demand button. Loss of responsiveness (LOR) was defined as failure to respond to auditory stimuli six times, determining sleep onset. Patient and dentist satisfaction were assessed before and after experimentation. Results: Thirty patients (22 males) participated in the study. Scaling was performed in 29 patients after excluding one who experienced dizziness during the first stage. The average number of drug administrations until first LOR was significantly lower in group 3 (2.8 times) than groups 1 and 2 (8.0 and 6.5 times, respectively). The time taken to reach the LOR showed no difference between groups. During the second stage, the average time required to reach the LOR during scaling was 583.4 seconds. The effect site concentrations (Ce) was significantly lower in group 1 than groups 2 and 3. In the participant survey on PCS, 8/10 in group 3 reported partial memory loss, whereas 17/20 in groups 1 and 2 recalled the procedure fully or partially. Conclusion: PCS with dexmedetomidine can provide a rapid onset of sedation, safe vital sign management, and minimal side effects, thus facilitating smooth dental sedation.

Electroencephalographic spectrogram-guided total intravenous anesthesia using dexmedetomidine and propofol prevents unnecessary anesthetic dosing during craniotomy: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The bispectral index (BIS) may be unreliable to gauge anesthetic depth when dexmedetomidine is administered. By comparison, the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrogram enables the visualization of the brain response during anesthesia and may prevent unnecessary anesthetic consumption. METHODS: This retrospective study included 140 adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy who received total intravenous anesthesia using a combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine infusions. Patients were equally matched to the spectrogram group (maintaining the robust EEG alpha power during surgery) or the index group (maintaining the BIS score between 40 and 60 during surgery) based on the propensity score of age and surgical type. The primary outcome was the propofol dose. Secondary outcome was the postoperative neurological profile. RESULTS: Patients in the spectrogram group received significantly less propofol (1585 ± 581 vs. 2314 ± 810 mg, P < 0.001). Fewer patients in the spectrogram group exhibited delayed emergence (1.4% vs. 11.4%, P = 0.033). The postoperative delirium profile was similar between the groups (profile P = 0.227). Patients in the spectrogram group exhibited better in-hospital Barthel's index scores changes (admission state: 83.6 ± 27.6 vs. 91.6 ± 17.1; discharge state: 86.4 ± 24.3 vs. 85.1 ± 21.5; group-time interaction P = 0.008). However, the incidence of postoperative neurological complications was similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: EEG spectrogram-guided anesthesia prevents unnecessary anesthetic consumption during elective craniotomy. This may also prevent delayed emergence and improve postoperative Barthel index scores.

Comparison between patient state index, bispectral index, and clinical parameters for propofol induction in Indian patients: A prospective study.

Background and Aims: Patient state index (PSI) and bispectral index (BIS) are depth of anesthesia monitors utilized for the dosage of propofol usage for induction. We compare PSI, BIS, and Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) for propofol dose usage for induction. Material and Methods: Seventy-four ASA I and II patients, aged 18-65 years scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included and divided into groups to titrate the drug dosage of propofol needed for induction of anesthesia, monitored by PSI (Group A), BIS (Group B), or clinical OAA/S (Group C). The drug dosage needed for induction was based on a PSI value of 25 ± 2, BIS value of 48 ± 2, and OAA/S value of ≤2 as the endpoint of induction in respective groups. Intraoperative hemodynamic variables and any complications were compared. Results: The mean doses of propofol needed for induction were 2.23 mg/kg (Group A), 2.05 mg/kg (Group B), and 2.11 mg/kg (Group C). A significantly decreased dose was needed to achieve the desired end in Group B compared to Group A (P = 0.01). The hemodynamic variables such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure among the three groups were comparable. Conclusion: The clinical method of titrating the dose of propofol for induction and anesthetic depth by the loss of verbal response is comparable to both BIS and PSI monitoring.

Monitoring nociception and awareness during palliative sedation: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Providing unawareness and pain relief are core elements of palliative sedation. In addition to clinical scales, nociception and electroencephalogram-based depth of sedation monitoring are used to assess the level of consciousness and analgesia during sedation in intensive care units and during procedures. AIM: To determine whether reported devices impact the outcomes of palliative sedation. DESIGN: Systematic review and narrative synthesis of research published between January 2000 and December 2020. DATA SOURCES: Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, CENTRAL, and the Cochrane Library. All reports describing the use of any monitoring device to assess the level of consciousness or analgesia during palliative sedation were screened for inclusion. Data concerning safety and efficacy were extracted. Patient comfort was the primary outcome of interest. Articles reporting sedation but that did not meet guidelines of the European Association for Palliative Care were excluded. RESULTS: Six reports of five studies were identified. Four of these were case series and two were case reports. Together, these six reports involved a total of 67 sedated adults. Methodological quality was assessed fair to good. Medication regimens were adjusted to bispectral index monitoring values in two studies, which found poor correlation between monitoring values and observational scores. In another study, high nociception index values, representing absence of pain, were used to detect opioid overdosing. Relatives and caregivers found the procedures feasible and acceptable.

Effect of intravenous lignocaine infusion on bispectral index during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: A prospective randomised double-blind study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Systemic lignocaine has been shown to have sedative effects. We designed this randomised-double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of intravenous lignocaine on the bispectral index (BIS) during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. METHODS: 80 patients scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated to 2 study groups. Group L received intravenous 1.5 mg/kg of lignocaine bolus, 15 minutes before spinal anaesthesia followed by an intravenous infusion 1.5 mg/kg/h for 60 minutes intravenously. The patients in the control group (C group) were given 0.9% sodium chloride in a double-blind fashion. Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 10 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine. The changes of Sao2, BIS and hemodynamic variables during caesarean section, Apgar score of neonate and the incidence of adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: BIS values were lower in the L group compared to C group (P ≤ 0.001). Comparison of mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes during spinal anaesthesia and surgery reveal statistically significant difference between two groups through repeated measure analysis (P ≤ 0.001), but comparision of heart rate (HR) changes during spinal anaesthesia and surgery failed to reveal any statistically significant difference between two groups. (P = 0.261). The Apgar scores did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups at first and five minutes after delivery (P = 0.99). CONCLUSION: Intravenous lignocaine infusion given with spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing elective caesarean delivery providing lower BIS values without respiratory depression, in the absence of foetal compromise.

[Evaluation of Bispectral Index time delay in response to anesthesia induction: an observational study]. / Avaliação do tempo de atraso do índice bispectral na resposta à indução da anestesia: estudo observacional.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: According to the manufacturer, the Bispectral Index (BIS) has a processing time delay of 5-10s. Studies addressing this have suggested longer delays. We evaluated the time delay in the Bispectral Index response. METHODS: Based on clinical data from 45 patients, using the difference between the predicted and the real BIS, calculated during a fixed 3minutes period after the moment the Bispectral Index dropped below 80 during the induction of general anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. RESULTS: The difference between the predicted and the real BIS was in average 30.09±18.73s. CONCLUSION: Our results may be another indication that the delay in BIS processing may be much longer than stated by the manufacture, a fact with clinical implications.

Evaluation of Bispectral Index time delay in response to anesthesia induction: an observational study / Avaliação do tempo de atraso do índice bispectral na resposta à indução da anestesia: estudo observacional

Abstract Background and objectives According to the manufacturer, the Bispectral Index (BIS) has a processing time delay of 5-10 s. Studies addressing this have suggested longer delays. We evaluated the time delay in the Bispectral Index response. Methods Based on clinical data from 45 patients, using the difference between the predicted and the real BIS, calculated during a fixed 3 minutes period after the moment the Bispectral Index dropped below 80 during the induction of general anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. Results The difference between the predicted and the real BIS was in average 30.09 ± 18.73 s. Conclusion Our results may be another indication that the delay in BIS processing may be much longer than stated by the manufacture, a fact with clinical implications.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos De acordo com o fabricante, o índice bispectral (BIS) tem um tempo de processamento de cinco a dez segundos. Estudos que avaliaram esse tempo de processamento sugeriram atrasos mais longos. Nós avaliamos o tempo de atraso na resposta do BIS. Métodos Com base em dados clínicos de 45 pacientes, calculamos a diferença entre o tempo de atraso previsto e real do índice bispectral durante um período fixo de três minutos após o momento em que o BIS caiu abaixo de 80 durante a indução da anestesia geral com propofol e remifentanil. Resultados A diferença entre o BIS previsto e real foi em média 30,09 ± 18,73 segundos. Conclusão Nossos resultados sugerem que o atraso no processamento do índice bispectral pode ser muito maior do que o declarado pelo fabricante, um fato com implicações clínicas.

Propofol-sparing effect of different concentrations of dexmedetomidine : Comparison of gender differences.

BACKGROUND: The pharmacodynamics of propofol are closely linked to gender. Dexmedetomidine can decrease propofol needs during propofol anesthesia. The aim of this study was to compare the gender differences on the calculated effect site median effective concentration (EC50) of propofol for loss of consciousness (LOC) after pretreatment with different concentrations of dexmedetomidine. METHODS: In this study 60 male and 60 female patients were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine at target plasma concentrations of 0.0 ng/ml (0.0 group), 0.4 ng/ml (0.4 group), 0.6 ng/ml (0.6 group) and 0.8 ng/ml (0.8 group). Propofol was administered after dexmedetomidine had been intravenously infused for 15 min. The propofol infusion was targeted to provide an initial effect-site concentration of 1.0 µg/ml, followed by increments by 0.2 µg/ml when the effect-site concentration and target concentration of propofol were in equilibrium until LOC was established, where LOC was defined by the observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) score < 2. RESULTS: The calculated effect-site EC50 of propofol LOC was higher in males than in females in the 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 groups (2.43 vs. 2.17, 1.99 vs. 1.82, 1.72 vs. 1.56 and 1.50 vs. 1.32 µg/ml, respectively, all p < 0.05). The hypnotic interaction between dexmedetomidine and propofol could be described with an additive model of pharmacodynamic interaction. CONCLUSION: Gender significantly influenced the calculated effect-site EC50 of propofol for LOC after pretreatment with different concentrations of intravenous dexmedetomidine. It was concluded that an additive interaction could describe the results seen. Thus, gender has to be considered when these drugs are co-administered.

Application of EEG BIS monitor in precision anesthesia / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the application value of electroencephalograph bispectral index (EEG-BIS) monitor in precision anesthesia and its effect on postoperative awakening time.Methods:A total of 100 patients who prepared to undergo thyroid surgery were randomly divided into observation group (n=50) and control group (n=50) .Under the same anesthesia way of the two groups, observation group adopted the results from EEG-BIS monitor to adjust the depth of anesthesia for patients, and control group adopted routine monitoring included weight, blood pressure and heart rate to adjust the depth of anesthesia.The amount of anesthetic and the awakening time of the patients in the two groups were observed and recorded, and the incidence of postoperative adverse events between the two groups were further compared.Results:The amount of propofol of observation group was significantly larger than that of control group (t=2.72, P<0.05) .And the awakening time, extubation time and the time of leaving PACU of observation group were significantly less than those of control group (t=4.45, t=4.83, t=5.92, P<0.05) .The differences of blood pressure at 20 min, 30 min and 60 min after patients underwent thyroid surgery between the two groups were significant (t=2.87, t=3.90, t=2.76, P<0.05) .Conclusion:BIS monitor can guide the adjustment for the depth of anesthesia during operation, and reduce the amount of general anesthetics of patients and shorten the awakening time in PACU, which is worthy in clinical application.

Prolonged concurrent hypotension and low bispectral index ('double low') are associated with mortality, serious complications, and prolonged hospitalization after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Low bispectral index (BIS) and low mean arterial pressure (MAP) are associated with worse outcomes after surgery. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of these risk factors, a 'double low', is associated with death and major complications after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We used data from 8239 cardiac surgical patients from two US hospitals. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and a composite of in-hospital mortality and morbidity. We examined whether patients who had a case-averaged double low, defined as time-weighted average BIS and MAP (calculated over an entire case) below the sample mean but not in the reference group, had increased risk of the primary outcomes compared with patients whose BIS and/or MAP were at or higher than the sample mean. We also examined whether a prolonged cumulative duration of a concurrent double low (simultaneous low MAP and BIS) increased the risk of the primary outcomes. RESULTS: Case-averaged double low was not associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality {odds ratio [OR] 1.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-3.18] vs reference; P =0.01} or the composite of in-hospital mortality and morbidity [OR 1.47 (95% CI 0.98-2.20); P =0.01] after correction for multiple outcomes. A prolonged concurrent double low was associated with 30-day mortality [OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.01-1.11) per 10-min increase; P =0.001] and the composite of in-hospital mortality and morbidity [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01-1.07), P =0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: A prolonged concurrent double low, but not a case-averaged double low, was associated with higher morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery.

Anesthetic requirements measured by bilateral bispectral analysis and femoral blockade in total knee arthroplasty / Necessidade de anestésicos avaliada com a análise do índice bispectral bilateral e bloqueio femoral em artroplastia total de joelho

Abstract Background and objectives A continuous peripheral nerve blockade has proved benefits on reducing postoperative morphine consumption; the combination of a femoral blockade and general anesthesia on reducing intraoperative anesthetic requirements has not been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the relevance of timing in the performance of femoral block to intraoperative anesthetic requirements during general anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty. Methods A single-center, prospective cohort study on patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty, were sequentially allocated to receive 20 mL of 2% mepivacaine throughout a femoral catheter, prior to anesthesia induction (Preoperative) or when skin closure started (Postoperative). An algorithm based on bispectral values guided intraoperative anesthetic management. Postoperative analgesia was done with an elastomeric pump of levobupivacaine 0.125% connected to the femoral catheter and complemented with morphine patient control analgesia for 48 hours. The Kruskall Wallis and the chi-square tests were used to compare variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results There were 94 patients, 47 preoperative and 47 postoperative. Lower fentanyl and sevoflurane were needed intraoperatively in the Preoperative group; median values and range: 250 (100-600) vs 450 (200-600) µg and 21 (12-48) vs 32 (18-67) mL p = 0.001, respectively. There were no differences in the median verbal numeric rating scale values 4 (0-10) vs 3 (0-10); and in median morphine consumption 9 (2-73) vs 8 (0-63) mg postoperatively. Conclusions A preoperative femoral blockade is useful in decreasing anesthetic requirements in total knee arthroplasty surgery but no added effect in the postoperative analgesic control.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos O bloqueio contínuo de nervos periféricos provou ser benéfico para reduzir o consumo de morfina no pós-operatório. A combinação de um bloqueio femoral e anestesia geral para reduzir a necessidade de anestésicos no intraoperatório ainda não foi avaliada. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a relevância do momento propício durante o bloqueio femoral para a necessidade de anestésicos no intraoperatório durante a anestesia geral para artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ). Métodos Estudo prospectivo de coorte de pacientes agendados para ATJ. Os pacientes foram sequencialmente alocados em grupos para receber mepivacaína a 2% (20 mL) durante a inserção do cateter femoral, antes da indução da anestesia (pré-operatório) ou no início do fechamento da pele (pós-operatório). Um algoritmo com base nos valores do BIS orientou o manejo da anestesia no intraoperatório. Analgesia no pós-operatório foi administrada via bomba elastomérica de levobupivacaína a 0,125% conectada ao cateter femoral e complementada com analgesia (morfina) controlada pelo paciente durante 48 horas. Os testes de Kruskall-Wallis e do qui-quadrado foram usados para comparar as variáveis. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Resultados Foram estudados 94 pacientes, 47 no pré-operatório e 47 no pós-operatório. Houve menos necessidade de fentanil e sevoflurano durante o período intraoperatório no grupo pré-operatório; medianas e variações dos valores: 250 (100-600) vs. 450 (200-600) µg e 21 (12-48) vs. 32 (18-67) mL p = 0,001, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças nas medianas dos valores das escalas de classificação numérica e verbal, 4 (0-10) vs. 3 (0-10), e nas medianas do consumo de morfina, 9 (2-73) vs. 8 (0-63) mg no pós-operatório. Conclusões O bloqueio femoral no pré-operatório é útil para diminuir a necessidade de anestésicos em ATJ, mas não tem efeito adicional no controle da analgesia no pós-operatório.

[Anesthetic requirements measured by bilateral bispectral analysis and femoral blockade in total knee arthroplasty]. / Necessidade de anestésicos avaliada com a análise do índice bispectral bilateral e bloqueio femoral em artroplastia total de joelho.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A continuous peripheral nerve blockade has proved benefits on reducing postoperative morphine consumption; the combination of a femoral blockade and general anesthesia on reducing intraoperative anesthetic requirements has not been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the relevance of timing in the performance of femoral block to intraoperative anesthetic requirements during general anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: A single-center, prospective cohort study on patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty, were sequentially allocated to receive 20mL of 2% mepivacaine throughout a femoral catheter, prior to anesthesia induction (Preoperative) or when skin closure started (Postoperative). An algorithm based on bispectral values guided intraoperative anesthetic management. Postoperative analgesia was done with an elastomeric pump of levobupivacaine 0.125% connected to the femoral catheter and complemented with morphine patient control analgesia for 48hours. The Kruskall Wallis and the chi-square tests were used to compare variables. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There were 94 patients, 47 preoperative and 47 postoperative. Lower fentanyl and sevoflurane were needed intraoperatively in the Preoperative group; median values and range: 250 (100-600) vs 450 (200-600)µg and 21 (12-48) vs 32 (18-67)mL p=0.001, respectively. There were no differences in the median verbal numeric rating scale values 4 (0-10) vs 3 (0-10); and in median morphine consumption 9 (2-73) vs 8 (0-63)mg postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: A preoperative femoral blockade is useful in decreasing anesthetic requirements in total knee arthroplasty surgery but no added effect in the postoperative analgesic control.

Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index / Monitoramento de pacientes neurocirúrgicos no pós-operatório - utilidade dos escores de avaliação neurológica e do índice bispectral

Abstract Background and objectives: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. Methods: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). Results: In the CG (n = 70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p < 0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p = 0.002; OR = 7.15, 95% CI = 2.1-24.7 vs. p = 0.002; OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n = 46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p < 0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p = 0.048; OR = 7.28, 95% CI = 1.021-52.006). Conclusions: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Avaliamos o efeito aditivo da escala de Ramsay, Escala Neurológica Canadense (CNS), Escala da Enfermagem de Triagem de Delírio (Nu-DESC) e Índice Bispectral (BIS) para observar se, juntamente com a avaliação das pupilas e da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (GCS), melhorava a detecção precoce de complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório. Métodos: Projetamos um estudo observacional, prospectivo, de dois grupos de pacientes submetidos à neurocirurgia eletiva: craniotomia (Grupo C) e não craniotomia (Grupo NC). Analisamos a concordância e a razão de chance (OR) de alterações nas escalas neurológicas e no BIS na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia (SRPA) para complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório. Comparamos a avaliação isolada das pupilas e da GCS (pupilas-GCS) com todas as escalas de avaliação neurológica e o BIS (escalas-BIS). Resultados: No Grupo C (n = 70), 16 pacientes (22,9%) apresentaram complicações neurológicas na SRPA. As escalas-BIS registraram mais alterações do que as pupilas-GCS (31,4% vs. 20%; p < 0,001), foram mais sensíveis (94% vs. 50%) e permitiram uma estimativa mais precisa das complicações neurológicas na SRPA (p = 0,002; OR = 7,15, IC 95% = 2,1-24.7 vs. p = 0,002; OR = 9,5, IC 95% = 2,3-39,4). No grupo NC (n = 46) não houve complicações neurológicas na SRPA. As escalas-BIS mostraram alterações em 18 casos (39,1%) versus um caso (2,2%) com as pupilas-GCS (p < 0,001). Alteração na CNS na admissão à SRPA aumentou o risco de complicações neurológicas na enfermaria (p = 0,048; OR = 7,28, IC 95% = 1,021-52,006). Conclusões: Aplicados em conjunto, avaliação das pupilas, GCS, escala de Ramsay, CNS, Nu-DESC e BIS melhoraram a detecção precoce de complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório na SRPA após craniotomias eletivas.

Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. METHODS: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). RESULTS: In the CG (n=70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p<0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p=0.002; OR=7.15, 95% CI=2.1-24.7 vs. p=0.002; OR=9.5, 95% CI=2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n=46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p<0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p=0.048; OR=7.28, 95% CI=1.021-52.006). CONCLUSIONS: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

[Postoperative surveillance in neurosurgical patients - usefulness of neurological assessment scores and bispectral index]. / Monitoramento de pacientes neurocirúrgicos no pós­operatório ­ utilidade dos escores de avaliação neurológica e do índice bispectral.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the additive effect of the Ramsay scale, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Bispectral Index (BIS) to see whether along with the assessment of pupils and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) it improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications. METHODS: We designed a prospective observational study of two elective neurosurgery groups of patients: craniotomies (CG) and non-craniotomies (NCG). We analyze the concordance and the odds ratio (OR) of altered neurological scales and BIS in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) for postoperative neurological complications. We compared the isolated assessment of pupils and GCS (pupils-GCS) with all the neurologic assessment scales and BIS (scales-BIS). RESULTS: In the CG (n=70), 16 patients (22.9%) had neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS registered more alterations than the pupils-GCS (31.4% vs. 20%; p<0.001), were more sensitive (94% vs. 50%) and allowed a more precise estimate for neurological complications in PACU (p=0.002; OR=7.15, 95% CI=2.1-24.7 vs. p=0.002; OR=9.5, 95% CI=2.3-39.4). In the NCG (n=46), there were no neurological complications in PACU. The scales-BIS showed alterations in 18 cases (39.1%) versus 1 (2.2%) with the pupils-GCS (p<0.001). Altered CNS on PACU admission increased the risk of neurological complications in the ward (p=0.048; OR=7.28, 95% CI=1.021-52.006). CONCLUSIONS: Applied together, the assessment of pupils, GCS, Ramsay scale, CNS, Nu-DESC and BIS improved early detection of postoperative neurological complications in PACU after elective craniotomies.

Loading dose of Dexdor® and optimal sedation during oral and maxillofacial ambulatory surgery procedures: An observational study. / Dosis de carga de Dexdor® y nivel óptimo de sedación durante procedimientos de cirugía oral y maxilofacial en régimen ambulatorio: un estudio observacional.

INTRODUCTION: Dexdor® do not include the possibility of loading dose, which could increase time to achieve adequate sedation for ambulatory procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of several loading dose of dexmedetomidine in the time to achieve and maintain an optimal level of sedation and its clinical hemodynamic repercussion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The IRB approved this observational study for patients that underwent oral and maxillofacial ambulatory surgery under dexmedetomidine at the University of Navarra Clinic from February 2013 to November 2014. According to the loading dose the patients were grouped into 3 categories:<0.5, 0.5, and>0.5µg/kg. Optimal level of sedation was defined as bispectral index<85. Data were analyzed using survival analysis techniques. Vasoactive drugs requirements was evaluated using exact logistic regression. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were evaluated. Hazard ratios for patients in 0.5 and >0.5µg/kg loading dose categories for achieving a bispectral index<85 were 1.5 (95% CI 0.9, 2.6) and 1.8 (95% CI 0.8, 3.9), respectively, compared with the lowest category. Five patients (6.2%) required atropine for bradycardia. Patients in the group>0.5µg/kg showed greater risk of requiring atropine compared with the group<0.5µg/kg (odds ratio 2.2; 95% CI 0.03, 183). CONCLUSION: Loading dose of dexmedetomidine>0.5µg/kg appears minimize the time to achieve and maintain an optimal level of sedation during the first 60min of procedure. Further investigation to elucidate the association between loading dose of dexmedetomidine and subsequent atropine requirements may be warranted.

Effect of bispectral index versus end-tidal anesthetic gas concentration-guided protocol on time to tracheal extubation for halothane-based general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Early extubation is a desirable goal after general anesthesia. Very few studies have compared the effect of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring versus standard end-tidal anesthetic gas (ETAG) concentration monitoring on tracheal extubation time for halothane-based anesthesia. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of BIS versus ETAG-guided anesthesia on time to tracheal extubation for halothane-based anesthesia in general surgical setting. METHODS: This was a randomized, controlled double-blind study. Sixty patients with the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Class 1 or 2, receiving halothane-based general anesthesia were randomized to BIS-guided (n = 30) and ETAG-guided anesthesia (n = 30). Time to tracheal extubation was measured. In BIS group, BIS value was kept between 40 and 60 while in ETAG group; ETAG value was kept between 0.7 and 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration. The two groups were compared using Student's t-test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 17 software. RESULTS: Mean time to tracheal extubation was significantly longer in BIS group (9.63 ± 3.02 min) as compared to ETAG group (5.29 ± 1.51 min), mean difference 4.34 min with 95% confidence interval (3.106, 5.982) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In our study, the extubation time was significantly longer in BIS-guided anesthesia as compared to ETAG-guided anesthesia. ETAG monitoring promotes earlier extubation of patients as compared to BIS monitoring during halothane anesthesia.

Effects of music on sedation depth and sedative use during pediatric dental procedures.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the effects of listening to music or providing sound isolation on the depth of sedation and need for sedatives in pediatric dental patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, and controlled study. SETTING: Tertiary, university hospital. PATIENTS: In total, 180 pediatric patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II, who were scheduled for dental procedures of tooth extraction, filling, amputation, and root treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were categorized into 3 groups: music, isolation, and control. During the procedures, the patients in the music group listened to Vivaldi's The Four Seasons violin concertos by sound-isolating headphones, whereas the patients in the isolation group wore the headphones but did not listen to music. All patients were sedated by 0.1 mg/kg midazolam and 1 mg/kg propofol. During the procedure, an additional 0.5 mg/kg propofol was administered as required. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bispectral index was used for quantifying the depth of sedation, and total dosage of the propofol was used for sedative requirements. The patients' heart rates, oxygen saturations, and Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale and bispectral index scores, which were monitored during the operation, were similar among the groups. In terms of the amount of propofol used, the groups were similar. Prolonged postoperative recovery cases were found to be significantly frequent in the control group, according to the recovery duration measurements (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Listening to music or providing sound isolation during pediatric dental interventions did not alter the sedation level, amount of medication, and hemodynamic variables significantly. This result might be due to the deep sedation levels reached during the procedures. However, listening to music and providing sound isolation might have contributed in shortening the postoperative recovery duration of the patients.