A comprehensive review of Pfaffia glomerata botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnology.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, Amaranthaceae, is found in South America, mainly in Brazil, where it is considered a species of great medicinal interest owing to its popular use as a tonic, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. These properties can be attributed to the presence of the phytosteroid, 20-Hydroxyecdysone (ß-ecdysone), the main compound found in its roots. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to provide information about the botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal uses, the phytochemistry, the biological activities, and the biotechnology of P. glomerata, an important species to local communities and groups researching medicinal plants of South America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information available on P. glomerata was collected from scientific databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and Scopus) until June 7, 2023, using the search terms "Pfaffia glomerata", "Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen", and "Brazilian ginseng". The review includes studies that evaluated the botanical, ethnopharmacological, and phytochemical aspects, biological properties, nutraceutical uses, and the application of biotechnology for improving the biosynthesis of metabolites of interest. RESULTS: A total of 207 studies were identified, with 81 articles read in full. Seventy-six studies were included for qualitative synthesis. Overall, 40 compounds belonging to different classes are presented in this review, including ecdysteroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. Among them, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, coumarins, and alkaloids were only putatively identified. ß-Ecdysone, triterpenes, saponins, and polysaccharides are the chemical components most frequently identified and isolated from P. glomerata and possibly responsible for ethnopharmacological use and the biological activities of this species, with important in vitro and in vivo activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, aphrodisiac, analgesic, gastroprotective, antioxidant, and prebiotic. CONCLUSIONS: This review summarizes discussions about the P. glomerata species, highlighting its ethnopharmacological, chemical, biotechnological, and nutraceutical importance. New scientific studies on this species are encouraged in the search for new therapeutic molecules with pharmaceutical potential and nutraceutical applications.

Phytochemical composition of aerial parts and roots of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen and anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation activities.

The Pfaffia glomerata, a plant popularly called Brazilian ginseng, is widely used in Brazil for the treatment of various pathologies, including those associated with the Central Nervous System. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a phytosteroid present in this plant, can promote adaptogenic effects in the organism, providing greater body resistance to stressors. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation effects of extracts and fractions of aerial parts and roots of P. glomerata, also analyzing their possible cytotoxic effects. The fractions were obtained by partitioning methanol extracts from the aerial part and roots of P. glomerata with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The samples were initially tested in anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation assays, and the most promising samples were submitted for cytotoxicity and chromatographic analyses. Mass spectrometry and chromatography methods revealed that 20E was the main compound in the dichloromethane fractions, there being 35% more 20E in the aerial part (APD) than in the roots (RD). Added to the higher concentration of 20E, the APD fraction also presented more promising results than the RD fraction in anticholinesterase and antioxidant analyses, indicating that their effects may be related to the concentration of 20E. These same fractions showed no hemolytic effects but were cytotoxic in high concentrations. These new findings contribute to scientific information about P. glomerata and open more perspectives for the understanding of its therapeutic properties, allowing the association of biological activity with the presence of 20E.

A 20-hydroxyecdysone-enriched fraction from Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) pedersen roots alleviates stress, anxiety, and depression in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pfaffia glomerata roots are widely used in Brazil to treat various pathological conditions, particularly psychological disorders. 20-hydroxyecdysone, a phytosteroid present in the plant, can promote greater body resistance against exogenous and endogenous stressors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of a 20-hydroxyecdysone-enriched fraction (20E-EF), obtained from P. glomerata roots, in an acute murine stress model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 20E-EF was obtained by partitioning the methanol extract from P. glomerata roots with dichloromethane. Mice were treated by gavage with three doses of 20E-EF (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) and parameters of stress, anxiety, and depression were evaluated. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (enzymes, antioxidant profile, and oxidized molecules) were evaluated in the cortex, striatum (basal ganglia), and hippocampus of animals treated with 30 mg/kg of 20E-EF. RESULTS: Mass spectrometry revealed that 20E was the main compound in the dichloromethane fraction. At a dose of 30 mg/kg, 20E-EF reduced stress, anxiety, and depression, while stimulating antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), promoting antioxidant activity (antioxidant capacity, sulfhydryl groups, and reduced glutathione), and reducing oxidative markers (lipid peroxidation). In addition, 20E increased the concentration of NO in the striatum, possibly improving memory function and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: A 30 mg/kg dose of 20E-EF was able to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, in addition to maintaining antioxidant defenses of the cortex and striatum. These findings open new perspectives for understanding the therapeutic properties of P. glomerata and the underlying mechanism(s).

Irradiance-driven 20-hydroxyecdysone production and morphophysiological changes in Pfaffia glomerata plants grown in vitro.

Pfaffia glomerata possesses potential pharmacological and medicinal properties, mainly owing to the secondary metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Increasing production of biomass and 20E is important for industrial purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of irradiance on plant morphology and production of 20E in P. glomerata grown in vitro. Nodal segments of accessions 22 and 43 (Ac22 and Ac43) were inoculated in culture medium containing MS salts and vitamins. Cultures were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C under a 16-h photoperiod and subjected to irradiance treatments of 65, 130, and 200 µmol m-2 s-1 by fluorescent lamps. After 30 days, growth parameters, pigment content, stomatal density, in vitro photosynthesis, metabolites content, and morphoanatomy were assessed. Notably, Ac22 plants exhibited 10-fold higher 20E production when cultivated at 200 µmol m-2 s-1 than at 65 µmol m-2 s-1, evidencing the importance of light quantity for the accumulation of this metabolite. 20E production was twice as high in Ac22 as in Ac43 plants although both accessions responded positively to higher irradiance. Growth under 200 µmol m-2 s-1 stimulated photosynthesis and consequent biomass accumulation, but lowered carotenoids and anthocyanins. Furthermore, increasing irradiance enhanced the number of palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, enhancing the overall growth of P. glomerata. Graphical abstract.

Plants' genetic variation approach applied to zinc contamination: secondary metabolites and enzymes of the antioxidant system in Pfaffia glomerata accessions.

Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient, but its excessive concentration can impair plant growth and development. Fertilizers, liming materials, pesticides and fungicides containing Zn have contributed to increase its concentration in agricultural soils. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Zn excess on the non-enzymatic (anthocyanin and ß-ecdysone) and enzymatic (superoxide dismutase-SOD and guaiacol peroxidase-GPX) antioxidant system of two P. glomerata accessions (JB and GD) grown in hydroponic system and soil, under short- and long-term exposure times. Three Zn levels (2, 100 and 200 µM) and two short-term exposure times (7 and 14 d) were tested in the hydroponic experiment. Three Zn levels (2, 100 and 200 mg kg-1) and two long-term exposure times (34 and 74 d) were tested in the soil experiment. The effects of Zn excess on P. glomerata accessions depended on the growth system and exposure time. Zinc excess in both tested growth systems resulted in significant change in the tissue oxidative process (MDA concentration) in both accessions, as well as broadened the antioxidant system response, which was based on antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPX) and secondary metabolites (anthocyanins and ß-ecdysone). The highest anthocyanin concentration was observed in accession JB, which was grown in hydroponics, but tissue anthocyanin concentration increased in both accessions, regardless of growth medium and exposure time. The ß-ecdysone concentration in the roots increased in both accessions, but accession GD was more responsive to Zn excess. There was significant physiological variation in P.glomerata accessions in response to Zn excess.

Blue and red light affects morphogenesis and 20-hydroxyecdisone content of in vitro Pfaffia glomerata accessions.

The combination of different colors from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may influence growth and production of secondary metabolites in plants. In the present study, the effect of light quality on morphophysiology and content of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a phytoecdysteroid, was evaluated in accessions of an endangered medicinal species, Pfaffia glomerata, grown in vitro. Two accessions (Ac22 and Ac43) were cultured in vitro under three different ratios of red (R) and blue (B) LEDs: (i) 1R:1B, (ii) 1R:3B, and (iii) 3R:1B. An equal ratio of red and blue light (1R:1B) increased biomass accumulation, anthocyanin content, and 20E production (by 30-40%). Moreover, 1R:1B treatment increased the size of vascular bundles and vessel elements, as well as strengthened xylem lignification and thickening of the cell wall of shoots. The 1R:3B treatment induced the highest photosynthetic and electron transport rates and enhanced the activity of oxidative stress-related enzymes. Total Chl content, Chl/Car ratio, and NPQ varied more by accession type than by light source. Spectral quality affected primary metabolism differently in each accession. Specifically, in Ac22 plants, fructose content was higher under 1R:1B and 1R:3B treatments, whereas starch accumulation was higher under 1R:3B, and sucrose under 3R:1B. In Ac43 plants, sugars were not influenced by light spectral quality, but starch content was higher under 3R:1B conditions. In conclusion, red and blue LEDs enhance biomass and 20E production in P. glomerata grown in vitro.

Salinity-induced modifications on growth, physiology and 20-hydroxyecdysone levels in Brazilian-ginseng [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen].

- Salinity is a major threat to agriculture. However, depending on the concentration of soluble salts in soil, increased secondary metabolite levels can occur with no major damages to plant growth and development. The phytoecdysteroid (PE) 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a secondary metabolite with biotechnological, medicinal, pharmaceutical and agrochemical applicability. Here, we characterize the responses (growth and physiology) of Pfaffia glomerata under different NaCl concentrations and examine the production of 20E as affected by salinity. Forty-day-old plants grown in greenhouse were exposed to 0, 120, 240, 360 or 480 mM of NaCl for 11 days. Moderate salinity (i.e., 120 mM of NaCl) led to increased 20E concentrations in leaves (47%) relative to the control with no significant effect on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation, thus allowing improved 20E contents on a per whole-plant basis. In contrast, plants under high salinity (i.e., 240-480 mM of NaCl) displayed similar 20E concentrations in leaves compared to the control, but with marked impairments to biomass accumulation and photosynthetic performance (coupled with decreased sucrose and starch levels) in parallel to nutritional imbalance. High salinity also strongly increased salicylic acid levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmoregulatory status. Regardless of stress severity, 20E production was accompanied by the upregulation of Spook and Phantom genes. Our findings suggest that P. glomerata cultivation in moderate salinity soils can be considered as a suitable agricultural option to increase 20E levels, since metabolic and structural complexity that makes its artificial synthesis very difficult.

De novo assembly and transcriptome of Pfaffia glomerata uncovers the role of photoautotrophy and the P450 family genes in 20-hydroxyecdysone production.

Pfaffia glomerata is a medically important species because it produces the phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E). However, there has been no ready-to-use transcriptome data available in the literature for this plant. Here, we present de novo transcriptome sequencing of RNA from P. glomerata in order to investigate the 20-E production as well as to understand the biochemical pathway of secondary metabolites in this non-model species. We then analyze the effect of photoautotrophy on the production of 20-E genes phylogenetically identified followed by expression analysis. For this, total messenger RNA (mRNA) from leaves, stems, roots, and flowers was used to construct indexed mRNA libraries. Based on the similarity searches against plant non-redundant protein database, gene ontology, and eukaryotic orthologous groups, 164,439 transcripts were annotated. In addition, the effect of photoautotrophy in two genes putatively involved in the 20-E synthesis pathway was analyzed. The Phantom gene (CYP76C), a precursor of the route, showed increased expression in P. glomerata plants cultured under photoautotrophic conditions. This was accompanied by increased production of this metabolite indicating a putative involvement in 20-E synthesis. This work reveals that several genes in the P. glomerata transcriptome are related to secondary metabolism and stresses, that genes of the P450 family participate in the 20-E biosynthesis route, and that plants cultured under photoautotrophic conditions promote an upregulated Phantom gene and enhance the productivity of 20-E. The data will be used for future investigations of the 20-E synthesis pathway in P. glomerata while offering a better understanding of the metabolism of the species.

Nutritional disorder in Pfaffia glomerata by mercury excess in nutrient solution / Desordem nutricional em Pfaffia glomerata pelo excesso de mercúrio em solução nutritiva

ABSTRACT: The mineral nutritional homeostasis in response to different concentrations of Hg (0, 25 and 50μM) was evaluated in Pfaffia glomerata plant. The exposure to the highest level of Hg (50µM) caused a decreasing in shoot and root fresh weights of 15.5% and 20%, respectively. Both shoot and root Hg concentrations increased linearly with increasing external Hg concentrations. Ca concentration decreased in shoot only at 50µM Hg, whereas shoot K and Mg concentrations decreased at both 25 and 50µM Hg, when compared to the control. A significant decrease in Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in plants exposed to Hg was observed, but most Zn, Mn, and Cu in the roots. On the other hand, P concentration increased in both root and shoot of plants exposed at 25 and 50µM Hg, whereas Na concentration increased only in the root at 25 and 50µM Hg exposure. In general, tissue nutrient concentrations in P. glomerata plantlets exposed to Hg were significantly decreased, which indicates that the Hg may cause alteration on the mineral nutritional homeostasis of this species.

RESUMO: A homeostase nutricional mineral em resposta a diferentes concentrações de Hg (0, 25 e 50μM) foram avaliadas em plantas de Pfaffia glomerata. A exposição ao mais alto nível de Hg (50µM) causou um decréscimo de 15,5% e 20%, respectivamente, na matéria fresca da parte aérea e raízes. As concentrações de Hg na parte aérea e raízes aumentaram linearmente com o aumento das concentrações de Hg. A concentração de Ca decresceu na parte aérea somente em 50µM Hg, enquanto as concentrações de K e Mg na parte aérea decresceram tanto em 25 como em 50µM Hg, quando comparado ao controle. Observou-se um significativo decréscimo nas concentrações de Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn nas plantas expostas ao Hg, mas principalmente Zn, Mn e Cu nas raízes. Por outro lado, a concentração de P aumentou em raízes e parte aérea de plantas expostas a 25 e 50µM Hg, enquanto a concentração de Na aumentou somente nas raízes em 25 e 50µM Hg. No geral, as concentrações de nutrientes nos tecidos de P. glomerata expostas ao Hg foram significativamente diminuídas, o que indica que o Hg pode causar alterações na homeostase nutricional mineral dessa espécie.

Nutritional disorder in Pfaffia glomerata by mercury excess in nutrient solution / Desordem nutricional em Pfaffia glomerata pelo excesso de mercúrio em solução nutritiva

The mineral nutritional homeostasis in response to different concentrations of Hg (0, 25 and 50;M) was evaluated in Pfaffia glomerata plant. The exposure to the highest level of Hg (50µM) caused a decreasing in shoot and root fresh weights of 15.5% and 20%, respectively. Both shoot and root Hg concentrations increased linearly with increasing external Hg concentrations. Ca concentration decreased in shoot only at 50µM Hg, whereas shoot K and Mg concentrations decreased at both 25 and 50µM Hg, when compared to the control. A significant decrease in Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in plants exposed to Hg was observed, but most Zn, Mn, and Cu in the roots. On the other hand, P concentration increased in both root and shoot of plants exposed at 25 and 50µM Hg, whereas Na concentration increased only in the root at 25 and 50µM Hg exposure. In general, tissue nutrient concentrations in P. glomerata plantlets exposed to Hg were significantly decreased, which indicates that the Hg may cause alteration on the mineral nutritional homeostasis of this species.(AU)

A homeostase nutricional mineral em resposta a diferentes concentrações de Hg (0, 25 e 50;M) foram avaliadas em plantas de Pfaffia glomerata. A exposição ao mais alto nível de Hg (50µM) causou um decréscimo de 15,5% e 20%, respectivamente, na matéria fresca da parte aérea e raízes. As concentrações de Hg na parte aérea e raízes aumentaram linearmente com o aumento das concentrações de Hg. A concentração de Ca decresceu na parte aérea somente em 50µM Hg, enquanto as concentrações de K e Mg na parte aérea decresceram tanto em 25 como em 50µM Hg, quando comparado ao controle. Observou-se um significativo decréscimo nas concentrações de Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn nas plantas expostas ao Hg, mas principalmente Zn, Mn e Cu nas raízes. Por outro lado, a concentração de P aumentou em raízes e parte aérea de plantas expostas a 25 e 50µM Hg, enquanto a concentração de Na aumentou somente nas raízes em 25 e 50µM Hg. No geral, as concentrações de nutrientes nos tecidos de P. glomerata expostas ao Hg foram significativamente diminuídas, o que indica que o Hg pode causar alterações na homeostase nutricional mineral dessa espécie.(AU)

Nutritional disorder in Pfaffia glomerata by mercury excess in nutrient solution

ABSTRACT: The mineral nutritional homeostasis in response to different concentrations of Hg (0, 25 and 50M) was evaluated in Pfaffia glomerata plant. The exposure to the highest level of Hg (50µM) caused a decreasing in shoot and root fresh weights of 15.5% and 20%, respectively. Both shoot and root Hg concentrations increased linearly with increasing external Hg concentrations. Ca concentration decreased in shoot only at 50µM Hg, whereas shoot K and Mg concentrations decreased at both 25 and 50µM Hg, when compared to the control. A significant decrease in Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in plants exposed to Hg was observed, but most Zn, Mn, and Cu in the roots. On the other hand, P concentration increased in both root and shoot of plants exposed at 25 and 50µM Hg, whereas Na concentration increased only in the root at 25 and 50µM Hg exposure. In general, tissue nutrient concentrations in P. glomerata plantlets exposed to Hg were significantly decreased, which indicates that the Hg may cause alteration on the mineral nutritional homeostasis of this species.

RESUMO: A homeostase nutricional mineral em resposta a diferentes concentrações de Hg (0, 25 e 50M) foram avaliadas em plantas de Pfaffia glomerata. A exposição ao mais alto nível de Hg (50µM) causou um decréscimo de 15,5% e 20%, respectivamente, na matéria fresca da parte aérea e raízes. As concentrações de Hg na parte aérea e raízes aumentaram linearmente com o aumento das concentrações de Hg. A concentração de Ca decresceu na parte aérea somente em 50µM Hg, enquanto as concentrações de K e Mg na parte aérea decresceram tanto em 25 como em 50µM Hg, quando comparado ao controle. Observou-se um significativo decréscimo nas concentrações de Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn nas plantas expostas ao Hg, mas principalmente Zn, Mn e Cu nas raízes. Por outro lado, a concentração de P aumentou em raízes e parte aérea de plantas expostas a 25 e 50µM Hg, enquanto a concentração de Na aumentou somente nas raízes em 25 e 50µM Hg. No geral, as concentrações de nutrientes nos tecidos de P. glomerata expostas ao Hg foram significativamente diminuídas, o que indica que o Hg pode causar alterações na homeostase nutricional mineral dessa espécie.

Nutritional disorder in Pfaffia glomerata by mercury excess in nutrient solution

ABSTRACT: The mineral nutritional homeostasis in response to different concentrations of Hg (0, 25 and 50M) was evaluated in Pfaffia glomerata plant. The exposure to the highest level of Hg (50µM) caused a decreasing in shoot and root fresh weights of 15.5% and 20%, respectively. Both shoot and root Hg concentrations increased linearly with increasing external Hg concentrations. Ca concentration decreased in shoot only at 50µM Hg, whereas shoot K and Mg concentrations decreased at both 25 and 50µM Hg, when compared to the control. A significant decrease in Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in plants exposed to Hg was observed, but most Zn, Mn, and Cu in the roots. On the other hand, P concentration increased in both root and shoot of plants exposed at 25 and 50µM Hg, whereas Na concentration increased only in the root at 25 and 50µM Hg exposure. In general, tissue nutrient concentrations in P. glomerata plantlets exposed to Hg were significantly decreased, which indicates that the Hg may cause alteration on the mineral nutritional homeostasis of this species.

RESUMO: A homeostase nutricional mineral em resposta a diferentes concentrações de Hg (0, 25 e 50M) foram avaliadas em plantas de Pfaffia glomerata. A exposição ao mais alto nível de Hg (50µM) causou um decréscimo de 15,5% e 20%, respectivamente, na matéria fresca da parte aérea e raízes. As concentrações de Hg na parte aérea e raízes aumentaram linearmente com o aumento das concentrações de Hg. A concentração de Ca decresceu na parte aérea somente em 50µM Hg, enquanto as concentrações de K e Mg na parte aérea decresceram tanto em 25 como em 50µM Hg, quando comparado ao controle. Observou-se um significativo decréscimo nas concentrações de Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn nas plantas expostas ao Hg, mas principalmente Zn, Mn e Cu nas raízes. Por outro lado, a concentração de P aumentou em raízes e parte aérea de plantas expostas a 25 e 50µM Hg, enquanto a concentração de Na aumentou somente nas raízes em 25 e 50µM Hg. No geral, as concentrações de nutrientes nos tecidos de P. glomerata expostas ao Hg foram significativamente diminuídas, o que indica que o Hg pode causar alterações na homeostase nutricional mineral dessa espécie.

Changes in root morphology and dry matter production in Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen accessions in response to excessive zinc / Alterações na morfologia radicular e produção de matéria seca em acessos de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen em resposta ao excesso de zinco

ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) participates of numerous metabolic processes in plants. However, it can become toxic to plants in excessive concentrations in the soil. Pfaffia glomerata is a Brazilian medicinal species that has stood out because of its numerous chemical and functional properties, mainly by the triterpene saponins and ecdysteroids accumulated in its roots. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc excess on many root morphological parameters of Pfaffia glomerata. A 4 x 3 factorial design was employed in a completely randomized scheme with 3 replicates. The treatments consisted of four concentrations of Zn (2, 100, 200, and 300 µM) and three accessions of P. glomerata (BRA, GD, and JB) grown in a hydroponic system for 7 and 14 days. Differences in root morphology and dry mass production were observed among the three accessions in response to excessive Zn. Some growth parameters of GD accession increased with the addition of Zn, ranging from 36 to 79 µM. However, the GD and JB accessions presented reduction in dry mass production, root area, length, and volume with increasing Zn levels. The BRA accession, which had the lowest growth among accessions, presented chlorotic leaves. The shoot/root dry mass ratio and root diameter increased linearly for BRA and GD accessions at 7 days. Based on the evaluated parameters, we observed the following order of Zn excess tolerance in P. glomerata accessions: GD> JB> BRA.

RESUMO O zinco (Zn) participa de numerosos processos metabólicos nas plantas. No entanto, em concentrações excessivas no solo pode tornar-se tóxico para os vegetais. Pfaffia glomerata é uma espécie medicinal brasileira que tem se destacado devido as suas inúmeras propriedades químicas e funcionais, devido principalmente às saponinas triterpênicas e ecdisteróides acumuladas em suas raízes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do excesso de Zn sobre vários parâmetros morfológicos radiculares de Pfaffia glomerata. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, dispostos em um arranjo fatorial (4 x 3). Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro níveis de Zn (2, 100, 200 e 300µM) e três acessos (BRA, GD e JB) de P. glomerata cultivados em sistema hidropônico em casa de vegetação por 7 e 14 dias. Diferenças na morfologia radicular e na produção de material seca foram observadas entre os três acessos em resposta ao excesso de Zn. Alguns parâmetros de crescimento do acesso GD aumentaram sob a adição de Zn variando entre 36 e 79 µM. No entanto, os acessos GD e JB apresentaram redução na matéria seca, bem como na área de superfície, comprimento e volume radicular com o aumento dos níveis de Zn. O acesso BRA, que teve o menor crescimento entre os acessos, apresentou folhas cloróticas. A razão entre matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes e o diâmetro radicular aumentou linearmente para os acessos BRA e GD aos 7 dias de cultivo. Baseando-se nos parâmetros avaliados foi observada a seguinte ordem de tolerância ao excesso de Zn: GD> JB> BRA.

Aluminum accumulation in two Pfaffia glomerata genotypes and its growth effects / Acumulação de alumínio em dois genótipos de Pfaffia glomerata e seus efeitos no crescimento

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a limiting factor for crop production in acid soils, which cover approximately 60% of the Brazilian territory. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Al on growth and tissue Al concentration of two Pfaffia glomerata accessions (BRA and JB/UFSM). Plantlets were grown in a hydroponic system with five Al concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200mg L-1) for 7 days. Most of the evaluated parameters presented significant interaction between both P. glomerata accessions and Al levels in nutrient solution and, in general, Al treatments negatively affected plant growth, especially roots. Moreover, BRA accession showed higher Al accumulation in its tissues than JB/UFSM and, consequently in BRA accession the growth was impaired substantially. Furthermore, the results suggest that, between P. glomerata accessions studied, BRA is less appropriated for medicinal uses when grown in soils with high Al levels, due to the higher accumulation of tissue Al content.(AU)

A toxidez do alumínio (Al) é um fator limitante da produção agrícola em solos ácidos, os quais cobrem cerca de 60% do território Brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Al no crescimento e na concentração de Al nos tecidos de dois acessos de Pfaffia glomerata (BRA e JB/UFSM). As plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico, contendo cinco concentrações de Al (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200mg L-1) por 7 dias. Para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, houve interação significativa entre os dois acessos de P. glomerata e as concentrações de Al, sendo que, de modo geral, os tratamentos com Al afetaram negativamente o crescimento das plantas, especialmente as raízes. Além disso, o acesso BRA acumulou mais Al nos tecidos que o acesso JB/UFSM e, consequentemente, os parâmetros de crescimento foram afetados mais significativamente naquele acesso. Portanto, nossos resultados sugerem que, entre os acessos de P. glomerata estudados, BRA é menos indicado para usos medicinais quando cultivado em solos com altos níveis de Al, por acumular mais Al em seus tecidos.(AU)

Aluminum accumulation in two Pfaffia glomerata genotypes and its growth effects / Acumulação de alumínio em dois genótipos de Pfaffia glomerata e seus efeitos no crescimento

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a limiting factor for crop production in acid soils, which cover approximately 60% of the Brazilian territory. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Al on growth and tissue Al concentration of two Pfaffia glomerata accessions (BRA and JB/UFSM). Plantlets were grown in a hydroponic system with five Al concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200mg L-1) for 7 days. Most of the evaluated parameters presented significant interaction between both P. glomerata accessions and Al levels in nutrient solution and, in general, Al treatments negatively affected plant growth, especially roots. Moreover, BRA accession showed higher Al accumulation in its tissues than JB/UFSM and, consequently in BRA accession the growth was impaired substantially. Furthermore, the results suggest that, between P. glomerata accessions studied, BRA is less appropriated for medicinal uses when grown in soils with high Al levels, due to the higher accumulation of tissue Al content. .

A toxidez do alumínio (Al) é um fator limitante da produção agrícola em solos ácidos, os quais cobrem cerca de 60% do território Brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Al no crescimento e na concentração de Al nos tecidos de dois acessos de Pfaffia glomerata (BRA e JB/UFSM). As plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico, contendo cinco concentrações de Al (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200mg L-1) por 7 dias. Para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, houve interação significativa entre os dois acessos de P. glomerata e as concentrações de Al, sendo que, de modo geral, os tratamentos com Al afetaram negativamente o crescimento das plantas, especialmente as raízes. Além disso, o acesso BRA acumulou mais Al nos tecidos que o acesso JB/UFSM e, consequentemente, os parâmetros de crescimento foram afetados mais significativamente naquele acesso. Portanto, nossos resultados sugerem que, entre os acessos de P. glomerata estudados, BRA é menos indicado para usos medicinais quando cultivado em solos com altos níveis de Al, por acumular mais Al em seus tecidos.

Produção da fáfia [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen] com cama-de-frango e fósforo incorporados ao solo / Yield of fáfia [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen] with chicken manure, with or without the use of phosphorus incorporated to the soil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da incorporação ao solo de cama-de-frango e de fósforo sobre o crescimento e a produção da fáfia. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de cama-de-frango semidecomposta (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1), com e sem o uso de fósforo (200 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de superfosfato triplo), arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As alturas das plantas variaram em função das doses da cama-de-frango, sendo maiores (138,50 cm) sob 20 t ha-1. As produções de massas frescas e secas de folhas, caules e raízes foram influenciadas significativamente pela interação cama-de-frango e fósforo. As maiores produções de massa fresca e seca de folhas (597 kg ha-1 e 100 kg ha-1, respectivamente) foram obtidas com a dose de 20 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango, sem o uso de fósforo. Para caules, as maiores produções de massa fresca e seca (7.757 kg ha-1 e 2.633 kg ha-1, respectivamente) foram obtidas com a dose de 20 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango, com o uso de fósforo. As maiores produções de massa fresca e seca de raízes (9.065 kg ha-1 e 377 kg ha-1, respectivamente) foram obtidas com a dose de 20 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango, sem o uso de fósforo. Os teores médios de N, P e K das folhas foram de 8,60; 0,88 e 4,46 g kg-1, respectivamente. Os teores de Ca e Mg foram máximos (7,56 e 5,12 g kg-1, respectivamente) com o uso de 20 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango, independente do uso de P. Nas raízes os teores médios de N, P e Mg foram de 2,74; 0,27 e 0,96 g kg-1, respectivamente. O teor de K reduziu linearmente com as doses de cama-de-frango e o de Ca foi máximo com o uso de 20 t ha-1. Para se obter maiores produções de massas frescas e secas de folhas e raízes, as plantas de fáfia devem ser cultivadas com cama-de-frango (20 t ha-1) incorporada ao solo, sem necessidade de adição de fósforo.

The aimed of this study was to evaluate the effect of of chicken manure and phosphorus incorporated to the soil on growth and yield of fáfia. Treatments were five doses of chicken manure (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1), with and without the use of phosphorus (200 kg ha-1 of P2O5, in triple superphosphate form), arranged in 5 x 2 factorial scheme in randomized block design with four replications. Plant heights varied as a function of chicken manure doses, which the highest (138.50 cm) under 20 t ha-1. Yields of fresh and dried weight of leaves, stems and roots were influenced significantly by the interaction chicken manure x phosphorus. The highest yields of fresh and dried leaves (597 kg ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained with the dose of 20 t ha-1 of chicken manure, without the use of phosphorus. For stems, the highest yields of fresh and dried weight (7.757 kg ha-1 and 2.633 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained with the dose of 20 t ha-1 of chicken manure, with the use of phosphorus. The highest yields of fresh and dried weight of roots (9.065 kg ha-1 and 377 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained with the dose of 20 t ha-1 of chicken manure, without the use of phosphorus. Average contents of N, P and K of leaves were 8.60; 0.88 and 4.46 g kg-1, respectively. Contents of Ca and Mg were maximum (7.56 and 5.12 g kg-1, respectively) with the use of 20 t ha-1 of chicken manure, independent on the use of phosphorus. In roots, average contents of N, P and Mg were 2.74, 0.27 and 0.96 g kg-1, respectively. K content reduced linearly with chicken manure doses and of Ca was maximum with the use of 20 t ha-1. For obtaining the highest yields of fresh and dried weight of leaves and roots, the fáfia plants must be grown with chicken manure (20 t ha-1) incorporated to the soil within the use of phosphorus.

Eficiência da absorção, translocação e uso de N e P pela Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen / Efficiency of N and P uptake, translocation and use by Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen

Tendo como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de absorção, translocação e uso de nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P) pela Pfaffia glomerata, foi conduzido o presente trabalho em casa de vegetação no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, sendo cinco doses de N (0, 125, 250, 375 e 500 mg vaso-1) e cinco doses de P (P2O5) (0, 125, 250, 375 e 500 mg vaso-1). Os resultados evidenciaram que a eficiência de absorção de N e P foi influenciada pelas doses de N e P utilizadas no experimento apresentando interação entre os fatores em estudo. A eficiência de translocação do N foi consideravelmente menor que a de P, provavelmente pela maior concentração de compostos nitrogenados nas raízes em detrimento da parte aérea. Observou-se maior eficiência de uso do P devido à menor concentração desse elemento na planta. A absorção de N e de P foi influenciada pela dose desses elementos no solo, sendo possível a estimativa das doses desses nutrientes que proporcionem maiores eficiências de absorção, translocação, uso e teor total.

Aimed at evaluating the efficiency of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake, translocation and use by Pfaffia glomerata, the present study was conducted in greenhouse, in completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments were displayed in 5 x 5 factorial design, with five N levels (0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 mg pot-1) and five P (P2O5) levels (0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 mg pot-1). Results evidenced that N and P uptake efficiency was influenced by the N and P levels used in the experiment, showing interaction among the studied factors. N translocation efficiency was considerably lower than that of P, probably due to the lower concentration of nitrogenous compounds in the roots than in the shoot. P use efficiency was higher due to the lower concentration of this element in the plant. N and P uptake was influenced by the level of these elements in the soil, being possible to estimate the levels of these nutrients which provide higher uptake, translocation and use efficiency besides total content.

Influência de diferentes meios de cultura sobre o crescimento de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen (Amaranthaceae) para conservação in vitro / Influence of different culture media on the growth of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pendersen (Amaranthaceae) for conservation in vitro

Pfaffia glomerata ocorre em vários estados do Brasil e países limítrofes da região Sul às margens de rios e nas orlas das matas de galerias, é espécie hidrófita e heliófita. As raízes de espécies do gênero Pfaffia são usadas na medicina popular brasileira, especialmente como tônico, afrodisíaco e no controle do diabete. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um banco de germoplasma in vitro de Pfaffia glomerata. O experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado foi conduzido com seis tratamentos: 1) MS + 2 por cento de sacarose + 4 por cento de sorbitol; 2) MS/2 + 2 por cento de sacarose + 4 por cento de sorbitol; 3) MS + 2 por cento de sacarose + 4 por cento de sorbitol + 2 mg L-1 de pantotenato de cálcio; 4) MS/2 + 2 por cento de sacarose + 4 por cento de sorbitol + 2 mg L-1de pantotenato de cálcio; 5) MS + 2 por cento de sacarose + 3 por cento de manitol + 2 mg L-1de pantotenato de cálcio; 6) MS/2 + 2 por cento de sacarose + 3 por cento de manitol + 2 mg L-1de pantotenato de cálcio. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de separação de médias de Scott Knott. Os tratamentos um, três e quatro apresentaram, significativamente, o maior número de segmentos nodais por haste, quando comparados com os tratamentos dois, cinco e seis. O tratamento dois foi o mais indicado para a conservação in vitro da espécie por ter promovido menor crescimento das plantas (altura de 3,1±1,9 cm), alto índice de sobrevivência, 100 por cento de explantes com brotação e o maior número de brotos por explante, após seis meses de cultivo. Todas as plântulas produziram raízes e não houve formação de calos, também não ocorreu hiperhidricidade nos tratamentos avaliados. As plantas aclimatizadas apresentaram 100 por cento de sobrevivência no ambiente ex vitro. A manutenção de acessos de P. glomerata no banco de germoplasma in vitro é viável tanto do ponto de vista da conservação quanto economicamente.

Pfaffia glomerata occurs in several states of Brazil and its neighboring countries in the south region at riverbanks and gallery forests. It is a hydrophyte and heliophyte species. The roots of the genus Pfaffia are used in Brazilian folk medicine especially as tonic, aphrodisiac and to control diabetes. The aim of this work was to establish an in vitro germplasm bank for Pfaffia glomerata. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with six treatments: 1) DM + 2 percent sucrose + 4 percent sorbitol; 2) DM/2 + 2 percent sucrose + 4 percent sorbitol; 3) DM + 2 percent sucrose + 4 percent sorbitol + 2 mg L-1 calcium pantothenate; 4) DM/2 + 2 percent sucrose + 4 percent sorbitol + 2 mg L-1 calcium pantothenate; 5) DM + 2 percent sucrose + 3 percent mannitol + 2 mg L-1 calcium pantothenate; 6) DM/2 + 2 percent sucrose + 3 percent mannitol + 2 mg L-1 calcium pantothenate. Results were subjected to analysis of variance and Scott Knott test for mean grouping. Treatments 1, 3 and 4 had a significantly larger number of nodal segments per stem, compared to Treatments 2, 5 and 6. Treatment 2 was the most appropriate for the in vitro conservation of this species since it led to the lowest growth (3.1±1.9 cm height), high survival rate, 100 percent explants with sprouting, and the largest number of sprouts per explant after six months of culture. All seedlings produced root and showed no formation of calluses or hyperhydricidity under the evaluated treatments. Acclimatized plants showed 100 percent survival in the ex vitro environment. Maintaining P. glomerata accessions in an in vitro germplasm bank is viable both economically and for conservation.

Enraizamento e germinação na propagação de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen (ginseng-brasileiro) / Rooting and germination in propagation of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen (ginseng-brasileiro)

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a propagação sexuada e assexuada de Pfaffia glomerata (ginseng brasileiro). As sementes foram pré-embebidas por 24 horas em KNO3 1 por cento; ácido giberélico 50, 100 e 200 mg L-1 ; emágua e as sementes que não receberam tratamento serviram como testemunha. A semeadura foi em placas de petri sobre duas folhas de papel de filtro e a incubação a 25ºC, sob iluminação constante e na ausência de luz. As estacas com º15 cm foram imersas durante 6 horas em IAA 250 e IBA 500 mg L-1, ácido bórico 1 por cento e em água e plantadas em embalagem plástica, contendo terra+areia (1:1). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 (níveis de luz) x 6 (tratamento de pré-embebição) em 4 repetições de 20 sementes. O segundo em DIC com 5 tratamentos, 4 repetições de 15 estacas por repetição. As sementes de ginseng brasileiro necessitam de tratamento de pré-embebição para acelerar a germinação, sendo a imersão em KNO3 o método mais eficiente, proporcionando 63 por cento de germinação. Apresentam fotoblastismo neutro, com germinação média de 45 por cento. As estacas de ginseng brasileiro imersas apenas em água apresentaram 100 por cento de enraizamento, maior número de brotos (2,5) e maior comprimento de raiz (8,6 cm). A espécie apresenta potencial para ambos os métodos de propagação.

The objective of this study was to evaluate sexual and asexual propagation of Pfaffia glomerata (Brazilian Ginseng). The seeds were pre-soaked for 24 hours in KNO3 1 percent , gibberellic acid 50, 100, 200 mg L-1 , and in water. Untreated seeds served as control. Sowing was accomplished in petri dishes on 2 sheets of filter paper, at 25ºC incubation, under constant illumination, and in the absence of light. The cuttings with º1,5 cm were immersed for 6 hours in IAA 250 and 500mg L-1, boric acid1 percent ,and in water. Soon after they were planted in plastic containers with soil + sand (1:1). The first experiment was in factorial design 2 (light levels) x 6 (pre-soak treatment) in 4 repetitions of 20 seeds per repetition. The second in ERD in 5 treatments, 4 repetitions of 15 cuttings per repetition. Brazilian Ginseng seeds need pre-soak treatment to accelerate germination. We found immersion in KNO3 the most efficient method, providing 63 percent germination. They presented neuter photoblastism with an average germination of 45 percent. The Brazilian Ginseng cuttings immersed in water presented 100 percent rooting, a higher number of sprouts (2,5), and greater length (8,6 cm). The species presents potential for both propagation methods.

Caracterização das exigências nutricionais de mudas de Pfaffia glomerata em Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico pela técnica do nutriente faltante / Characterization of the nutritional demands of young plants of Pfaffia glomerata in a Paleudalf soil by means of the missing nutrient technique

Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar as exigências nutricionais de mudas de ginseng brasileiro (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen) em Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico pela técnica do nutriente faltante. Plantas de P. glomerata produzidas in vitro e aclimatizadas ex vitro foram usadas como material inicial para o experimento em casa de vegetação. Aos 10 dias após o transplante para o solo, através de soluções nutritivas, foram realizadas as adubações correspondentes a nove tratamentos: controle (sem adubação), adubação completa (com macro e micronutrientes) e as omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e dos micronutrientes (Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Mo). Aos 60 dias de cultivo, avaliaram-se os parâmetros de crescimento das plantas. O número de folhas por planta foi o parâmetro de crescimento mais afetado pela ausência dos nutrientes N, K, S e P na adubação. O efeito da omissão dos nutrientes na adubação foi diferenciado quanto à partição de biomassa entre os órgãos da planta. A biomassa acumulada pela parte aérea obedeceu à seguinte ordem decrescente, em relação à omissão do nutriente: Mg aproxidamente micronutrientes > Ca aproximadamente adubação completa > P > S > K > N < aproximadamente controle. Já a biomassa radicular obedeceu à seguinte ordem decrescente: Mg aproximadamente adubação completa aproximadamente ≥P ≥ micronutrientes ≥ S ≥ controle. Plantas jovens de P. glomerata cultivadas em Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico apresentaram grande redução no crescimento pela ausência de N, K, S e P na adubação. As omissões de Mg e dos micronutrientes na adubação não foram limitantes para o crescimento das plantas jovens.

This study aimed to characterize the nutritional demands of the young plants of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen) in a Paleudalf soil by means of the missing nutrient technique. Plantlets of P. glomerata produced in vitro and acclimatized ex vitro were used as start matter for the glasshouse experiment. Ten days after plant transfer to soil, fertilizations (by means of nutritive solutions) were done corresponding to nine treatments: control (without fertilization), complete fertilization (with macro and micronutrients), and with the omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients (Zn, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Mo). At 60 days of cultivation, several growth parameters were evaluated. The number of leaves per plant was the growth parameter most affected by omission of N, K, S and P in the fertilization. The effect of nutrient omission in the fertilization on biomass partitioning between plant organs were differentiated. Accumulated shoot biomass obeied the following decreasing order, in relation with the nutrient omission: Mg approximatelly micronutrients > Ca approximatelly > P > S > K > N approximatelly control. While the root biomass obeied the following decreasing order: Mg approximatelly complete fertilization ≥ P ≥ micronutrients ≥ S ≥ Ca > N > K < approximatelly control. Young plants of P. glomerata grow in a Paleudalf soil showed greater reduction in growth by omission of N, K, S and P in the fertilization. The omission of Mg and micronutrients in the fertilization were not limiting to the growth of young plants.