Tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson temprana / Treatment of early Parkinson's disease

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es principalmente una enfermedad de pacientes ancianos. Es un trastorno multifacético que comprende síntomas motores y no motores en todas las etapas de la enfermedad. Esta revisión busca integrar los datos de las opciones de tratamiento más recientes con los datos de las terapias establecidas, a fin de proporcionar una referencia actualizada basada en la evidencia para los médicos que tratan la EP temprana, con medicamentos que puedan usarse como alternativa a la levodopa. El enfoque de los médicos para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) temprana debe tener en cuenta numerosos aspectos, entre ellos, cómo informar al paciente sobre el diagnóstico y la decisión crítica de qué terapia adoptar y cuándo iniciarla. El tratamiento del trastorno motor asociado con la EP temprana debe considerar varios factores cruciales, como la edad de inicio, las comorbilidades y los requisitos funcionales del paciente, y no se puede resumir en una fórmula simple. En pacientes más jóvenes (es decir, antes de la edad de 70 años) y en aquellos sin altos requisitos funcionales, el tratamiento generalmente se inicia con agonistas de dopamina y / o inhibidores de la enzima monoaminooxidasa-B (MAO- B I). En pacientes más jóvenes, la levodopa se debe agregar a los agonistas de la dopamina y / o MAO-B I, según lo requiera la progresión de la enfermedad, mientras que en los pacientes mayores, cuando la respuesta a la levodopa sola no es satisfactoria, los agonistas de la dopamina o los inhibidores de la catecol-O- metiltransferasa pueden posteriormente ser agregados.

SUMMARY Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily a disease of elderly patients. Is a multifaceted disorder comprised of both motor and non-motor symptoms at all stages of the disease. This review seeks to integrate data from the newest treatment options with data from established therapies, so as to provide an up-to- date evidence-based reference for clinicians treating early PD, with medications that can be used as an alternative to levodopa. The clinicians' approach to the treatment of early Parkinson's disease (PD) should take into account numerous aspects, including how to inform a patient upon diagnosis and the critical decision of what therapy to adopt and when to start it. The treatment of the motor disorder associated with early PD needs to consider several crucial factors, such as age at onset, comorbidities, and the patient's functional requirements, and cannot be summarized in a simple formula. In younger patients (i.e., before the age of 70) and in those without high functional requirements, treatment is usually initiated with dopamine agonists and/or monoamine oxidase-B enzyme inhibitors (MAO-B I). In younger patients, levodopa should be added to dopamine agonists and/or MAO-B I, as required by disease progression, whereas in older patients, when response to levodopa alone is not satisfactory, dopamine agonists or catechol-O- methyltransferase inhibitors may subsequently be added.

Improving L-dopa therapy: the development of enzyme inhibitors.

The introduction of levodopa produced a monumental change in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Limitations in its bioavailability and tolerability led to the search for drugs that could improve its pharmacokinetics and safety profile. Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors were the first such drugs that were developed, and their use in combination with L-dopa has become standard practice. Increasing knowledge on the metabolism of L-dopa allowed the identification of additional targets for intervention in an attempt to improve the symptomatic efficacy of L-dopa. Monoamineoxidase inhibitors, enhancing the central bioavailability of dopamine by blocking its metabolism, were the next step, and despite controversies regarding their efficacy, they have remained as valuable adjuncts to l-dopa in the treatment of PD. More recently, the introduction of potent, selective catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors have found their place in the therapeutic armamentarium of PD and are prescribed in combination with l-dopa to prolong the duration of its action.