Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Combined with the Resilience Model to Decrease Depression and Anxiety Symptoms and Increase the Quality of Life in ESRD Patients Treated with Hemodialysis.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) combined with the resilience model (CBI + R) vs CBI alone on depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and quality of life of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis replacement therapy. METHOD: Fifty-three subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The control group (n = 25) was provided with treatment strategies based on a cognitive behavioral approach, while the experimental group (n = 28) were given the same techniques plus resilience model strategies. Five psychological instruments were applied: Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Mexican Resilience Scale, cognitive distortions scale, and the Kidney Disease related Quality of Life questionnaire. Participants were assessed at baseline (before treatment), eight weeks later (end of treatment), and four weeks after the end of treatment (follow up). The results were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures with a Bonferroni-adjusted test method, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The experimental group had significant differences in total and somatic depression as well as differences in the dimensions of cognitive distortions and a significant increase in the dimensions of resilience. The control group had significant differences in all variables but showed lower scores in the evaluated times. CONCLUSIONS: The resilience model strengthens and enhances the effectiveness of the cognitive behavioral approach to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with ESRD.

Intervención multidisciplinaria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en comunidades rurales: un estudio piloto / Multidisciplinary intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural communities: a pilot study

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una intervención multidisciplinaria, para mejorar la adhesión al tratamiento en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de comunidades rurales. Materiales y Métodos: Participaron 26 pacientes (15 mujeres) con DM2 (M edad = 60 DT = 12) de dos comunidades rurales del noroeste de México. Se aplicaron los inventarios de Depresión y Ansiedad de Beck y el Inventario de Calidad de Vida y Salud. Se midió la glucosa en el ayuno y la hemoglobina glicosilada antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La intervención mostró una disminución en depresión y ansiedad, así como una mejor calidad de vida. También se detectó una disminución de la glucosa en ayuno. Se calculó la prueba t de Student para examinar las diferencias en las variables señaladas tomadas en dos momentos, antes de iniciar el programa y al finalizar el programa. Se observaron menores niveles de sintomatología depresiva, ansiedad y mayores niveles de calidad de vida al finalizar el programa. Además, el nivel de glucosa en sangre descendió de manera significativa. Conclusiones: Se analizaron las implicaciones de intervenciones de este tipo en comunidades rurales, detectándose la necesidad de implementar políticas públicas que permitan mejorar condiciones en población vulnerable.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effects of a multidisciplinary intervention in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from rural communities. Materials and methods: Twenty-six patients (15 women and 11 men) with DM2 from two rural communities in northwestern Mexico participated. The average age was 60 years. The Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory and Inventario de Calidad de Vida y Salud were applied, in addition to fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin before and after the intervention. Results: Statistically significant pretest-postest changes were detected in depression and anxiety (p=.006 y p=.002 respectively). by Student's t for related samples and the size of the median and large effect by Cohen's d in the psychological variables. In fasting blood glucose changes were detected between the first and last sessions. However in glycosylated hemoglobin only 6 patients decreased their levels. Conclusions: Future studies involving community members to support the behavioral change of patients with DM2 are proposed.

Intervención cognitivo-conductual para el control metabólico de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: un estudio piloto / Cognitive-behavioral intervention for the metabolic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study

Resumen En México, una de cada cuatro personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) tiene un control aceptable de la enfermedad. Consecuentemente, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar el cambio clínico de una intervención cognitivo-conductual en el control metabólico (CM) de la DM2 y variables psicológicas asociadas (malestar emocional asociado a diabetes mellitus [MEADM], sintomatología depresiva y bienestar psicológico). Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental pretest-postest con seguimiento a los tres meses. Los resultados muestran un efecto muy alto de la intervención en el MEADM del pretest al postest (g = 1.399) y al seguimiento (g = 1.478); un efecto moderado del pretest al postest (g = 0.461) y alto del pretest al postest (g = 1.036) en el bienestar psicológico. Se necesita más tiempo para que la HbA1c y la sintomatología depresiva lleguen a rangos de control.

Abstract In Mexico, one of four people with type 2 diabetes mellitus has an acceptable control. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the clinical change of a cognitive-behavioral intervention on metabolic control and associated psychological variables (emotional distress, depressive symptomatology and psychological well-being) in people with this disease. A quasi-experimental pretest posttest design with a follow-up of one and three months was used. Results show a very high effect on the emotional distress to the pretest to posttest (g = 1.399) and to the follow-up (g = 1.478); a moderate effect from pretest to posttest (g = 0.461) and high from pretest to posttest (g = 1.036) in psychological well-being. More time is needed for the HbA1c and depressive symptomatology reach ranges of control.

Brief cognitive behavioural intervention for depression and anxiety symptoms improves quality of life in chronic haemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVES: Psychological treatment of depression in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has focused on severely depressed patients. We designed and tested a brief (5 weeks) cognitive behavioural intervention (CBI) to reduce mild and moderate depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with ESRD. DESIGN: For the purpose of this study, a single-blind, randomized controlled design was used to compare patients with ESRD under haemodialysis treatment with and without the CBI. METHODS: Depression and anxiety symptoms were screened in 152 subjects (18-60 years old, 84 male). Sixty participants (age 41.8 ± 14.7, 29 males) with mild or moderate scores of depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory) were randomly assigned to CBI or the control group. CBI techniques consisted of positive self-reinforcement, deep breathing, muscle relaxation, and cognitive restructuring. Depression, anxiety, quality of life (QoL), and cognitive distortion scores were evaluated at baseline, after 5 weeks (end of treatment) and after 4-week follow-up. All scores were compared by ANOVA for repeated measures with post-hoc tests adjusted by Bonferroni's method (p < .05 was considered significant). RESULTS: At follow-up, depression, anxiety, and cognitive distortions had decreased, and QoL had increased in the intervention group, and there were no changes in the control group. Clinical utility was 33% for depression and 43% for anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: A brief CBI of 5 weeks is effective for decreasing mild or moderate depression and anxiety symptoms and improving QoL in ESRD haemodialysis patients. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A brief, systematic and structured cognitive behavioural intervention (CBI) decreases anxiety and depression symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are being treated with haemodialysis. These benefits are not achieved when anxiety and depression symptoms are identified but not treated psychologically. This CBI consisted of cognitive restructuring of the distorted thoughts (perfectionism, catastrophic thinking, negative self-labelling, and dichotomous thinking) that are correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms and that can be assessed by a validated questionnaire designed for patients with ESRD. The handbooks that were developed for this study are structured and systematic. They could be valuable in supporting the efforts and participation of non-specialized health professionals in CBI such as nurses, physicians, social workers, and psychologists, raising the possibility of further application in a variety of clinical populations. Both the therapy and the client workbooks are available in Spanish upon request.

Efeitos de Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental sobre Fatores de Risco Psicológicos em Cardiopatas / Effects in Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention on Psychological Risk Factors of Cardiac Patients

RESUMODiminuir fatores de risco para cardiopatias pode melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir a mortalidade e morbidade relacionadas a elas.O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia de uma intervenção cognitivo-comportamental em grupo sobre ansiedade, depressão, estresse e saúde cardiovascular em cardiopatas. Foram avaliados 91 pacientes antes e após participação nos grupos, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, Inventários Beck (Ansiedade e Depressão) e Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp. Coletaram-se medidas fisiológicas para cálculo do escore de Framingham. A participação no grupo resultou em redução dos sintomas de ansiedade, depressão, estresse e melhora do enfrentamento ao estresse. Não houve diferença no escore de Framingham. A intervenção se mostrou eficaz para a redução dos fatores de risco psicológicos nessa amostra.

ABSTRACTReducing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases may increase quality of life and decrease mortality and morbidity secondary to these disorders.The present study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention on anxiety, depression, stress and cardiovascular health of cardiac patients. Ninety-one patients were assessed before and after the group intervention by means of semi-structured interviews, the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories and the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults. Cardiovascular status was estimated using the Framingham Score. The intervention decreased anxiety, depression, and stress, and improved coping with stress. No significant differences were seen for the Framingham Scores. The intervention was effective in improving psychological risk factors for the investigated sample.

Intervenção cognitivo-comportamental e adesão ao tratamento em pessoas com HIV/Aids / Cognitive-behavioral intervention and adherence to the treatment by persons with HIV/AIDS

Foram investigados efeitos da intervenção cognitivo-comportamental sobre a adesão inadequada à terapia antirretroviral. Participaram dois homens (P1 e P2) acometidos pela Aids. Uma mulher soropositiva (P3) funcionou como controle. Foram comparadas avaliações de comportamento de adesão, estratégias de enfrentamento, expectativa de autoeficácia para aderir à terapia e variáveis biológicas de três momentos - linha de base (LB), imediatamente após (M2) e três meses depois (M3) da intervenção. Os participantes P1 e P2 relataram aumentos nos níveis de adesão à terapia, nos escores de autoeficácia e no enfrentamento focalizado no problema. A participante P3 manteve adesão insuficiente e baixos escores de autoeficácia. Conclui-se que a intervenção cognitivo-comportamental teve efeitos positivos sobre a adesão à terapia antirretroviral.

The study investigated the effects of cognitive-behavioral intervention on inadequate adherence to the antiretroviral therapy. The participants were two men with AIDS (P1 and P2). A HIV positive woman (P3) was a control subject. It was compared behavior adherence evaluation, strategies of coping, expectation of self-efficacy and biological variables of three periods - baseline (BL), immediately after (M2) and three months after (M3) the intervention. The participants P1 and P2 reported increases on the levels of adherence to the therapy, on the scores of self-efficacy and on problem-focused coping. The participant P3 maintained unsatisfactory levels of adherence and low scores of self-efficacy. It was concluded that cognitive-behavioral intervention has positive effects on the adherence to the antiretroviral therapy.

Intervenção cognitivo-comportamental e adesão ao tratamento em pessoas com HIV/Aids / Cognitive-behavioral intervention and adherence to the treatment by persons with HIV/AIDS

Foram investigados efeitos da intervenção cognitivo-comportamental sobre a adesão inadequada à terapia antirretroviral. Participaram dois homens (P1 e P2) acometidos pela Aids. Uma mulher soropositiva (P3) funcionou como controle. Foram comparadas avaliações de comportamento de adesão, estratégias de enfrentamento, expectativa de autoeficácia para aderir à terapia e variáveis biológicas de três momentos - linha de base (LB), imediatamente após (M2) e três meses depois (M3) da intervenção. Os participantes P1 e P2 relataram aumentos nos níveis de adesão à terapia, nos escores de autoeficácia e no enfrentamento focalizado no problema. A participante P3 manteve adesão insuficiente e baixos escores de autoeficácia. Conclui-se que a intervenção cognitivo-comportamental teve efeitos positivos sobre a adesão à terapia antirretroviral.(AU)

The study investigated the effects of cognitive-behavioral intervention on inadequate adherence to the antiretroviral therapy. The participants were two men with AIDS (P1 and P2). A HIV positive woman (P3) was a control subject. It was compared behavior adherence evaluation, strategies of coping, expectation of self-efficacy and biological variables of three periods - baseline (BL), immediately after (M2) and three months after (M3) the intervention. The participants P1 and P2 reported increases on the levels of adherence to the therapy, on the scores of self-efficacy and on problem-focused coping. The participant P3 maintained unsatisfactory levels of adherence and low scores of self-efficacy. It was concluded that cognitive-behavioral intervention has positive effects on the adherence to the antiretroviral therapy.(AU)

Adaptación de un modelo de intervención cognoscitivo-conductual para usuarios dependientes de alcohol y otras drogas a población mexicana: Un estudio piloto

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: The chronical abuse of addictive substances is a major public health problem, due to the seriousness of the consequences: fatal automobile accidents or others involving traumatic injury and emergency medical care, chronic physical diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver, cardiovascular complaints, cerebrovascular problems and pancreatitis, as well as disability and disruption in different functional areas of daily life, whether social, psychological, legal, personal, family, economic or professional. These factors include: depression, anxiety, loss of sleep, loss of support networks, suicide, violence, injury in fights, homicide, financial debt, divorce, loss of employment, hospitalization, crime and imprisonment, among others. It is therefore required to establish multidisciplinary intervention models that respond to the seriousness of the problem. In Mexico, reports show that there is a need for the development of more intervention models for chronic users of addictive substances, which include systematic implementation and evaluation as well as medium- and long-term measurements to assess effectiveness. Intervention services often do not go beyond support for the initial detoxification. Additionally, the high cost of most treatment schemes makes them inaccessible to the majority of the people affected by these problems. Intervention models must be designed and developed to include elements from other models that have proven to be reliable and effective on the basis of empirical evidence. The Community Reinforcement Approach or "CRA" intervention model has gained recognition in scientific literature and from international institutions (the National Institute of Drug Addiction, NIDA, and the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, NIAAA) as one of the most effective means in reducing consumption by chronic users of addictive substances. Consequently, the objective of this research was to use a pilot project to adapt, systemize, implement and assess the impact of the Community Reinforcement Approach intervention model in reducing consumption patterns among chronic dependent users of alcohol and other drugs within the Mexican population. A cognitive-behavioral intervention model was applied to 9 chronic users who had requested psychological help at the Psychological Service Centers of the Faculty of Psychology. The average age of the users was 35. Seven of them were male and two female. The most commonly consumed addictive substance was alcohol by six users, with other drugs accounting for three (benzodiazepine, marihuana, cocaine, solvents and amphetamines). On average, the subjects had spent 14 years in schooling. Five of them were single, one was married, one cohabiting and two divorced. With regard to the occupations of the sample, one was a student, two had abandoned a course of study, four were employed before treatment and two were unemployed. The criteria that the users had to meet for inclusion in the study were: to be aged 18 or over; to be able to read and write; to have a medium-to-severe level of alcohol dependence corresponding to a range between 22 and 47 points on the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) and/or a substantial-to-severe level of dependence on other drugs of between 11 and 20 points according to the Drug Abuse Questionnaire (DAQ); to consume a quantity of 14 or more measures of alcohol per occasion and/ or 20 or more measures per week for men, and 10 or more per occasion or 15 or more per week for women; to have been treated or interned on at least one previous occasion; to suffer consumption-related difficulties in different areas of daily life. The duration of the treatment period was from 15 to 24 sessions, depending on the specific training needs of each user. Sessions lasted 1% hours, and were given twice a week. The methodology used was single case with repetitions and follow-up. The cognitive-behavioral model included the following intervention components: Functional Analysis, Demonstration of Non-Consumption, Daily Life Goals, Communication, Problem Solving, Consumption Refusal, Marriage Guidance, Employment Searches, Recreational and Social Skills and Prevention of Relapses. The didactic techniques used in the training for each of the aforementioned components were: verbal instruction, modeling, behavioral trials and feedback. The original model (CRA) was adapted to include the following changes: 1) More communication skills were integrated, including listening, starting conversations, giving and receiving criticism, giving and receiving recognition, and sharing positive and negative feelings; 2) Relapse prediction variables were assessed: self-effectiveness and triggers; 3) New skills for refusing consumption were added: interrupting interaction, justification for non-consumption. Occurrence records were kept for the application in natural settings of the skills taught. In addition, teaching materials were prepared, along with information brochures on different addictive substances and the different training components, lists of community resources and therapist checklists to guarantee the systematic implementation of the model. The pre-post-test evaluation methods were: Retrospective Baseline (RETBAS), Self-Recording, Situational Confidence Scale and/or Drug Consumption Self-Confidence Scale, Daily Life General Satisfaction Scale, Inventories of Drug Consumption Situations and/or Inventories of Alcohol Consumption Situations. The significant changes identified in this preliminary research were: decreases in consumption patterns during and after treatment, since in the pre-post-test statistical analysis for paired samples the results t= 4.75 p = .001 were obtained in the comparison of baseline and treatment, and t= 4.28 p=.002 in the comparison of the baseline and follow-up; increases in the levels of general satisfaction in daily life following treatment and during follow-up, since in the pre-post-test statistical analysis for paired samples the results t=-3.94 and p=.004 were obtained, and t=-4.03 and p=.004 in the pre-follow-up comparison; increases in levels of self-effectiveness after treatment and during follow-up, since in the pre-post-test statistical analysis for paired samples the results t= -5.08 and p=.001 were obtained, and t= 4.37 and p=.002 in the pre-follow-up comparison; decrease in the number of consumption triggers after treatment and during follow-up, since in the pre-post-test statistical analysis for paired samples the results t= 5.80 and p=.000 were obtained, and t= 5.3 and p=.001 in the pre-follow-up comparison. As a result of the foregoing, the researchers were able to verify the effectiveness of this intervention model in significantly reducing consumption patterns in nine chronic dependent users of addictive substances. Similarly, the model had a significant impact on consumption prediction variables, as well as increasing self-effectiveness levels and eliminating triggers to avoid relapses. Users learnt how to create a more satisfying day-to-day lifestyle, by including activities incompatible with consumption. Finally, in repetitions of the implementation of this intervention model, it is recommended that a training component be introduced for emotion management (depression, anxiety and anger), as well as an assessment of cognitive functioning as a relapse prediction variable, and the participation of users that have been part of a social-recreational activity group to reinforce sustained abstinence in the long term.