Desfechos neonatais adversos e fatores associados entre gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional e de risco habitual / Neonatal adverse outcomes and associated factors among pregnant women with gestational and usual risk of diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: Avaliar os desfechos neonatais adversos e fatores associados entre gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional e de risco gestacional habitual. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de âmbito nacional e de base hospitalar, conduzido entre fevereiro de 2011 e outubro de 2012. Foram excluídas as mulheres com gestações múltiplas ou natimortos. As informações foram coletadas via questionário padronizado, cartão de pré-natal e/ou prontuário. Resultados: Das 12.712 puérperas avaliadas, 1.915 tinham diabetes mellitus gestacional e 10.797 foram classificadas em risco gestacional habitual. Verificou-se que 74,1% das mulheres com diabetes receberam assistência pré-natal adequada/mais que adequada em relação a 65% das mulheres com risco gestacional habitual. Em contrapartida, o grupo das mulheres com diabetes foi composto em sua maioria por mulheres acima de 35 anos, com hipertensão prévia, excesso de peso pré-gestacional e ganho de peso gestacional excessivo, multíparas, com histórico de cesárea e abortos. Os desfechos "prematuridade" e "nascimento de recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional" foram superiores entre as mulheres com diabetes. Conclusão: As mulheres com diabete detiveram condições demográficas, antecedentes clínicos/obstétricos e desfechos neonatais mais desfavoráveis em relação às mulheres de risco gestacional habitual. Apesar disso, o pré-natal foi um dos fatores que exerceu extrema importância para que outros desfechos negativos (óbito neonatal e o Apgar<5) não fossem superiores entre as mulheres com diabete sem relação às de risco gestacional habitual. Portanto, reitera-se o papel do pré-natal entre as mulheres brasileiras, sobretudo as de alto risco gestacional.

Objective: To assess adverse neonatal outcomes and associated factors between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and usual gestational risk. Methods: Cross-sectional, nationwide, hospital-based study, conducted from February 2011 to October 2012. Women with multiple pregnancies or stillbirths were excluded. Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire, prenatal card and/or medical records. Results: Out of a total of 12,712 postpartum women evaluated, 1,915 had gestational diabetes mellitus and 10,797 were classified as usual gestational risk. It was observed that 74.1% of diabetics received adequate/more than adequate prenatal care compared to 65% of women with usual gestational risk. On the other hand, the group of diabetics was composed mostly of women over 35 years of age, with underlying hypertension, pre-gestational excess weight and excess gestational weight gain who were multiparous, with history of cesarean deliveries and abortions. The outcomes of "prematurity" and "birth of large-sized newborn" for the gestational age were higher among diabetics. Conclusion: Diabetic women had more unfavorable demographic conditions, clinical/obstetric history and neonatal outcomes compared to women with usual gestational risk. Nevertheless, prenatal care was a factor of extreme importance to prevent other negative outcomes (neonatal death and Apgar <5) to increase among diabetic women compared to those with usual gestational risk. Therefore, the role of prenatal care among Brazilian women is reiterated, especially among the high gestational risk women.

Gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Prevalência de diabetes gestacional no Brasil: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Prevalencia de diabetes gestacional en Brasil: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Abstract: This study estimates gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence in Brazil. A systematic review was conducted with articles published between 2010 and 2021 on the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciELO, LILACS and Virtual Health Library databases, as well as gray literature. Data were extracted using a standardized instrument together with the risk of bias assessment tool proposed by Hoy et al. A meta-analysis with robust variance and random effects was developed. Heterogeneity was verified using I2 and publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger's test. Prevalence according to risk of bias, diagnostic criteria and country's regions was determined by subgroup analyses. A total of 32 studies were included, representing 21,942 women. gestational diabetes mellitus pooled prevalence was 14% (95%CI: 11.0; 16.0), considerably higher than estimates from previous studies. Regarding risk of bias, studies with low, medium, and high risk showed a pooled prevalence of 12%, 14% and 14%, respectively. Overall GRADE certainty of evidence rating was low. Most studies used the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria or the adapted IADPSG, showing a pooled prevalence of 15% and 14%, respectively. As for region, the pooled prevalence was higher in the Southeast (14%) and lower in the Central-West (9%). This is the first systematic review to provide evidence on gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence at a national level and to demonstrate considerable heterogeneity among articles and the influence of region, diagnostic criteria and study quality on the referred indicator.

Resumo: Este artigo estimou a prevalência da diabetes gestacional no Brasil. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e metanálise com artigos publicados de 2010 até 2021 nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciELO, LILACS e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, além de literatura cinzenta. Os dados foram extraídos usando um instrumento padronizado juntamente com o instrumento de avaliação de risco de viés de Hoy et al. Posteriormente, foi desenvolvida uma metanálise com variância robusta e efeitos aleatórios. A heterogeneidade foi verificada pelo uso do I2 e o viés de publicação foi avaliado pelo gráfico de funil e pelo teste de Egger. Análises de subgrupos foram realizadas para determinar a prevalência de acordo com o risco de viés, critérios diagnósticos e regiões do país. Ao todo, 32 estudos foram incluídos nesta metanálise, totalizando 21.942 mulheres. A prevalência combinada de diabetes gestacional no Brasil foi de 14% (IC95%: 11,0; 16,0), consideravelmente superior às estimativas de estudos anteriores. Em relação ao risco de viés, estudos com baixo, médio e alto risco mostraram prevalência combinada de 12%, 14% e 14%, respectivamente. Em relação à certeza da evidência (abordagem GRADE), a classificação geral foi baixa. A maioria dos estudos utilizou os critérios do Grupo de Estudo da Associação Internacional de Diabetes na Gravidez (IADPSG) e do IADPSG adaptado, mostrando uma prevalência combinada de 15% e 14%, respectivamente. Em relação às regiões, a prevalência combinada foi maior no Sudeste (14%) e menor no Centro-oeste (9%). Esta foi a primeira revisão sistemática a fornecer evidências sobre a prevalência de diabetes gestacional em nível nacional, demonstrando considerável heterogeneidade entre os artigos e a influência da região, dos critérios diagnósticos e da qualidade dos estudos sobre o referido indicador.

Resumen: Este artículo estimó la prevalencia de diabetes gestacional en Brasil. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis con artículos publicados del 2010 al 2021 en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciELO, LILACS y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, además de literatura gris. Los datos se extrajeron usando un instrumento estandarizado junto con el instrumento de evaluación del riesgo de sesgo de Hoy et al. Posteriormente, se desarrolló un metaanálisis con varianza robusta y efectos aleatorios. La heterogeneidad se verificó mediante el I2, y el sesgo de publicación se evaluó por medio del gráfico en embudo y la prueba de Egger. Se realizaron análisis de subgrupos para determinar la prevalencia según el riesgo de sesgo, criterios diagnóstico y regiones del país. En total, se incluyeron 32 estudios en este metaanálisis, con un total de 21.942 mujeres. La prevalencia combinada de diabetes gestacional en Brasil fue del 14% (IC95%: 11,0; 16,0), considerablemente más alta que las estimaciones de estudios anteriores. Con relación al riesgo de sesgo, los estudios con riesgo bajo, medio y alto mostraron una prevalencia combinada del 12%, del 14% y del 14%, respectivamente. En cuanto a la certeza de la evidencia (enfoque GRADE), la clasificación general fue baja. La mayoría de los estudios utilizó los criterios del Grupo de Estudio de la Asociación Internacional de Diabetes en el Embarazo (IADPSG) y del IADPSG adaptado, lo que muestra una prevalencia combinada del 15% y del 14%, respectivamente. Con relación a las regiones, la prevalencia combinada fue mayor en el Sudeste (14%) y menor en el Centro-Oeste (9%). Esta fue la primera revisión sistemática que proporcionó evidencias sobre la prevalencia de diabetes gestacional en el ámbito nacional, lo que demuestra una considerable heterogeneidad entre los artículos y la influencia de la región, los criterios diagnósticos y la calidad de los estudios sobre este indicador.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial asociados con la diabetes mellitus gestacional: revisión sistemática / Psychosocial risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review

La diabetes mellitus gestacional DMG es una enfermedad con consecuencias mortales, incapacitantes y costosas para las personas, las familias, las comunidades y los países. Con el fin de establecer de manera sistemática los factores de riesgo psicosocial asociados con la DMG que deberían ser monitoreados durante y después del embarazo se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline y Cochrane. Se encontraron 1188 artículos y se seleccionaron 41. Algunos temas principales fueron conflictos con prácticas culturales, estigma social, influencia de la etnia/raza, bajo nivel educativo, calidad del sueño, problemas con la lactancia materna, preocupación por la propia salud o la del bebé, baja percepción de riesgo de DMG o de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el futuro, estrés, ansiedad y depresión, conocimiento limitado, falta de apoyo de la pareja, de la familia o social y de los profesionales de la salud, bajos niveles de autocuidado/autoeficacia y dificultades con cambios en el estilo de vida. Estos factores deberían monitorearse en las embarazadas durante y después del parto. Los tratamientos deberían considerar el impacto psicológico y el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 después del parto, y deberían ser incluidos en las guías de práctica clínica. Las poblaciones multiétnicas y los grupos más vulnerables demográficamente y socioeconómicamente son más susceptibles de desarrollar DMG.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease with fatal, disabling, and costly consequences for individuals, families, communities and countries. To systematically establish the psychosocial risk factors associated with GDM that should be monitored during and after pregnancy. Systematic review in PubMed/Medline and Cochrane databases. 1188 articles were found and 41 were selected. Some main themes were conflicts with cultural practices, social stigma, ethnicity/race influence, low educational level, sleep quality, breastfeeding problems, concern for ones own health/baby, low perception of the risk of GDM/DM2 in the future, stress, anxiety and depression, limited knowledge, lack of support from the partner/family/social and health professionals, low levels of self-care/self-efficacy and difficulties with changes in the lifestyle. These factors should be monitored in pregnant women during and after delivery. Treatments should consider the psychological impact and the risk of developing DM2 after childbirth and should be included in clinical practice guidelines. Multi-ethnic populations and the most demographically and socioeconomically vulnerable groups are more susceptible to developing GDM.

Diabetes gestacional autorreferido - uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Self-reported gestational diabetes - an analysis of the National Health Survey

Resumo Introdução O diabetes mellitus gestacional é definido como qualquer grau de intolerância à glicose, diagnosticado pela primeira vez durante a gestação, podendo ou não persistir após o parto. Sua prevalência ainda é conflitante, mas os riscos oferecidos a mãe e feto são diversos. Objetivo Identificar as respostas positivas de mulheres sobre um diagnóstico de diabetes recebido na gestação e relacioná-lo a características sociodemográficas e do pré-natal, além de descrever as orientações recebidas frente ao diagnóstico. Método Estudo com característica transversal que utiliza dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013, conforme o autorrelato de diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional. Realizou-se análise bivariada e cálculo das prevalências e razões de prevalência, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), considerando plano de amostragem complexa. Resultados O diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional no período pré-natal foi relatado por 106 mulheres, com uma prevalência ponderada de 6,6% (IC95% 5,0-8,5). Verificou-se associação entre o relato de diagnóstico na gestação com maior idade e cor não branca. A maioria das mulheres diagnosticadas recebeu orientações quanto aos riscos da doença, mas poucas foram encaminhadas para consulta com especialista. Conclusão Os resultados detalhados da PNS fornecem estimativas populacionais sobre a magnitude da doença e possibilitam identificar o conjunto de fatores associados ao DMG.

Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance that is first diagnosed during pregnancy and may or may not persist after delivery. Its prevalence is still conflicting, but the risks offered to mother and fetus are diverse. Objective To identify the positive responses of women about a diagnosis of diabetes received during pregnancy and to relate it to sociodemographic and prenatal characteristics, in addition to describing the orientations received regarding the diagnosis. Method A cross-sectional study that uses data from the 2013 National Health Survey according to the self-reported gestational diabetes diagnosis. A bivariate analysis was performed, and prevalence and prevalence rates with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated, considering a complex sampling plan. Results The diagnosis of prenatal gestational diabetes mellitus was reported by 106 women, with a weighted prevalence of 6.6% (95% CI 5.0-8.5). There was an association between the diagnosis report in older pregnancy and non-white color. Most diagnosed women received guidance on the risks of the disease, but few were referred for specialist consultation. Conclusion The detailed results of the PNS provide population estimates of the magnitude of the disease and make it possible to identify the set of factors associated with GDM.

Evaluación del polimorfismo Pro12Ala del gen PPARƴ en mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional / Evaluation of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARƴ gene in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia del alelo Ala en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas con diabetes mellitus gestacional y asociar su repercusión en la glucemia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio ambispectivo, observacional, transversal y correlacional efectuado en una cohorte de pacientes con diabetes gestacional atendidas entre los meses de enero a junio del 2014 en el Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatología de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional en la Ciudad de México. Se evaluó el polimorfismo mediante amplificación de un fragmento de ADN mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y su secuenciación. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 81 pacientes; 3 de ellas con el alelo Ala, con concentraciones de glucosa menores y antecedente de más abortos en comparación con las mujeres sin el alelo Ala. CONCLUSIONES: La coexistencia del alelo Ala en mujeres embarazadas con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional pudiera tener un efecto protector en contra de la hiperglucemia en el embarazo y el riesgo de aborto.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) polymorphism of proline substituted with an alanine in amino acid 12 (Pro12Ala), in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and associate its impact with glycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ambispective, observational, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in a cohort of women with gestational diabetes that included 81 pregnant women treated at the Military Hospital for Women's Specialties and Neonatology of the Ministry of National Defense in the city from Mexico. Polymorphism was evaluated by amplification of a DNA fragment by PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction and its sequencing. RESULTS: The results indicated that 13.5% of the women carriers of the Ala allele also had lower blood glucose values and a history with a higher number of abortions compared to women without the Ala allele. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the Ala allele in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus could have a protective effect against hyperglycemia in pregnancy and a risk of abortion.

Factores psicosociales asociados con la diabetes mellitus gestacional: Revisión sistemática de alcance / Psychosocial factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: Systematic review of scope

Resumen Objetivo: Hacer una revisión sistemática de alcance sobre los factores psicosociales asociados con la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) para mejorar las intervenciones preventivas, evitar sus complicaciones y mejorar la calidad de vida de las mujeres embarazadas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática con base a la metodología PRISMA en bases de datos PubMed/Medline y Cochrane sobre estudios de factores psicosociales en mujeres embarazadas, mayores de 18 años, con diagnóstico de DMG, publicadas en el periodo 2010 al 2020, en revistas revisadas por pares en cualquier idioma. La extracción de datos se hizo con un formulario estandarizado. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 1787 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 102 según criterios de inclusión. Se encontraron como temas principales: conflictos con prácticas culturales, estigma social, influencia de la etnia/raza, bajo nivel educativo, calidad del sueño, limitaciones físicas, problemas con lactancia materna, preocupación por la propia salud/ bebé, baja percepción del riesgo de DMG y DM2 en el futuro, estrés/ansiedad/depresión, conocimiento limitado sobre DMG, falta de apoyo de la pareja/familia/social, bajos niveles de autocuidado/autoeficacia en el control glucémico, falta de apoyo de los profesionales de la salud y dificultades con los cambios en el estilo de vida. Conclusiones: Los factores psicosociales identificados deben integrarse a los programas de prevención y promoción existentes o en nuevas intervenciones. Las intervenciones no deberían finalizar con el embarazo si se tiene en cuenta el riesgo de desarrollar DM2 después del parto. Es necesario abordar las necesidades de poblaciones multiétnicas y grupos vulnerables demográfica y socioeconómicamente. Los factores psicosociales asociados con la DMG deberían incluirse también en el desarrollo de futuras Guías de Práctica Clínica.

Abstract Objective: To carry out a systematic review of scope on the psychosocial factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to improve preventive interventions, avoid its complications and improve the quality of life of pregnant women. Materials and methods: A systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMA methodology in PubMed/Medline and Cochrane databases on studies of psychosocial factors in pregnant women, older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of GDM, published in the period 2010 to 2020, in peer-reviewed journals in any language. Data extraction was done using a standardized form. Results: The search yielded 1787 articles, of which 102 were selected according to inclusion criteria. The main themes were found: conflicts with cultural practices, social stigma, influence of ethnicity/race, low educational level, quality of sleep, physical limitations, problems with breastfeeding, concern for one's own health/baby, low perception of the risk of GDM and DM2 in the future, stress/anxiety/depression, limited knowledge about GDM, lack of partner/family/social support, low levels of self-care/self-efficacy in glycemic control, lack of support from health professionals and Difficulty with lifestyle changes. Conclusions: The identified psychosocial factors should be integrated into existing prevention and promotion programs or new interventions. Interventions should not terminate pregnancy if the risk of developing DM2 after delivery is taken into account. The needs of multi-ethnic populations and demographically and socioeconomically vulnerable groups need to be addressed. Psychosocial factors associated with GDM should also be included in the development of future Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Incidencia de recién nacidos grandes para la edad gestacional y su asociación con diabetes mellitus gestacional y obesidad maternas. Estudio de cohorte en un hospital de Buenos Aires / Incidence of large-for-gestational-age newborns and its association with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity. Cohort study in a hospital in Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: existen dos términos para describir el crecimiento fetal excesivo: "grande para la edad gestacional" (GEG) y "macrosomía". GEG generalmente implica un peso al nacer superior al percentil 90 para una edad gestacional determinada. Objetivos: estimar la incidencia de recién nacidos GEG, y evaluar si la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) son factores asociados. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de embarazadas -con y sin DMG- y sus recién nacidos vivos entre 2015 y 2018, evaluadas en el Hospital Italiano de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. La incidencia de recién nacidos GEG y de macrosomía se presentó como porcentajes e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%), así como sus complicaciones. Se utilizó regresión logística múltiple para evaluar si la DMG y la obesidad eran factores asociados a recién nacidos GEG. Resultados: la incidencia de GEG fue del 15,9% (IC 95%; 14,117,9) y de macrosomía del 6,7% (IC 95%; 5,5-8,1). La incidencia de recién nacidos GEG fue mayor en las mujeres con DMG y obesidad. La obesidad representó per se un mayor riesgo con y sin asociación con DMG. La obesidad, en presencia de DMG, incrementa la chance de recién nacidos GEG comparada con las mujeres sin DMG y sin obesidad (OR 2,41; p<0,001). Conclusiones: la DM y la obesidad materna incrementan el riesgo de GEG. Es importante implementar medidas preventivas e intervenciones en las mujeres en edad fértil con el objetivo de promover la salud de la madre y de su descendencia.

Abstract Introduction:two terms are used to describe excessive fetal growth: "large for gestational age" (LGA) and "macrosomia". LGA generally implies a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile for a given gestational age. Objectives: to estimate the incidence of LGA newborns and to assess whether obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated factors. Materials and methods: retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with and without GDM and their live newborns between 2015-2018 evaluated at the Italian Hospital in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The incidence of LGA and macrosomia newborns is presented as percentages and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), as well as their complications. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess whether GDM and obesity are factors associated with LGA newborns. Results: the incidence of LGA was 15.9% (IC 95%; 14.1-17.9) and of macrosomia 6.7% (IC 95%; 5.5-8.1). The incidence of LGA newborns was higher in women with GDM and obesity. Obesity represented a higher risk per se with and without association with GDM. Obesity, in the presence of GDM, increases the chance of LGA newborns compared to women with GDM and without obesity (OR 2.41; p<0.001). Conclusions:diabetes and maternal obesity increase the risk of LGA. It is important to implement preventive measures and interventions on women of childbearing age with the aim of promoting the health of the mother and her offspring.

Evaluation of the relationship between HbA1c level and retina choroidal thickness in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus / Avaliação da relação entre o nível de HbA1c e a espessura coroidal da retina em pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effect of hemoglobin A1c level on central macular thickness and central, nasal, and temporal choroidal thickness in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: This retrospective study included 41 patients who had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and undergone a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. They were divided into two groups based on their hemoglobin A1c level (group 1: hemoglobin A1c <6.0% and group 2: hemoglobin A1c ≥6.0%). All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination. The central macular thickness and central, nasal, and temporal choroidal thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography. Results: Of the 3,016 pregnant women screened, 7.5% (n=228) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus during the study period and 41 of these patients were included in the study. Group 1 comprised 48 eyes from 24 patients and Group 2 consisted of 34 eyes of 17 patients. The average body mass index values were 30.8 ± 3.3 and 35.1 ± 9.0, respectively (p=0.002). The insulin use rates were 29.2% and 76.5%, respectively (p=0.000). Mean central macular thickness values were 250.8 ± 14.3 µm and 260.9 ± 18.1 µm, respectively, and the difference was significant (p=0.008). Conclusions: Although the body mass index and central macular thickness values were significantly higher in Group 2, there was no difference in the central, nasal, and temporal choroidal thickness between the two groups.

RESUMO Objetivos: Investigar o efeito do nível de hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c) na espessura macular central e na espessura da coróide central, nasal e temporal em pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu 82 olhos de 41 pacientes diagnosticadas com diabetes mellitus gestacional, as quais fizeram um teste de tolerância oral à glicose de 75 g entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com o nível de hemoglobina A1c (hemoglobina A1c <6,0% e hemoglobina A1c ≥6,0%). Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a exame oftalmológico completo e, a espessura macular central, a espessura central, nasal e temporal da coroide foram mensuradas por tomografia de coerência óptica. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, das 3.016 gestantes triadas, 7,5% (n=228) foram diagnosticadas com diabetes mellitus gestacional. Destas, 41 pacientes foram analisadas de acordo com os critérios do estudo. Houve 48 olhos de 24 pacientes no primeiro grupo com hemoglobina A1c <6,0% e 34 olhos de 17 pacientes no segundo grupo com hemoglobina A1c ≥6,0%. Os valores médios do índice de massa corporal foram de 30,8 ± 3,3 e 35,1 ± 9,0, respectivamente (p=0,002). As taxas referentes ao uso de insulina foram de 29,2% e 76,5%, respectivamente (p=0,000). Os valores médios da espessura macular central foram medidos em 250,8 ± 14,3 µm e 260,9 ± 18,1 µm, respectivamente e a diferença foi significativa entre os dois grupos (p=0,008). Conclusões: Embora os valores do índice de massa corporal e da espessura macular central tenham sido significativamente maiores no Grupo 2 com hemoglobina A1c alta, não houve diferenças nas medidas de espessura coroidal central, nasal e temporal entre os dois grupos.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes mellitus gestacional / Risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus gestacional presenta una serie de complicaciones en la mujer embarazada y su hijo, lo cual puede incrementar la morbilidad en las gestantes o la descendencia. Objetivos: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes mellitus gestacional. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de las pacientes con este diagnóstico, perteneciente a la comunidad del Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga, Pinar del Río, durante los años 2014 al 2018. De un universo de 1623 mujeres embarazadas atendidas en el período estudiado, se tomó una muestra de 59 gestantes con diabetes mellitus gestacional. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas y gráficos. Resultados: La incidencia de la enfermedad fue de un 3,6 por ciento, en edades entre 26-30 años, no hubo adolescentes diagnosticadas en el período estudiado. Como antecedentes previos estuvieron los abortos y la nuliparidad. Prevaleció el parto transpelviano y las complicaciones a corto plazo del hijo fueron: la macrosomía, la hipoglucemia neonatal y la distocia de hombro. No hubo muerte perinatal causada por este padecimiento. Conclusiones: La diabetes mellitus gestacional se relaciona con algunos factores de riesgo, lo que puede provocar complicaciones para la madre y el feto en el período perinatal(AU)

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus presents a series of complications for both the pregnant woman and her child, which can increase morbidity in pregnant women or the offspring. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out with patients with the aforementioned diagnosis, belonging to the community of Pedro Borras Astorga University Polyclinic, Pinar del Rio Cuba, during the years 2014 to 2018. From a universe of 1623 pregnant women attended in the studied period, a sample of 59 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus was taken. Descriptive statistics was used. The results were shown in tables and graphs. Results: The incidence of the disease was 3.6 percent, ages were between 26 and 30 years, and there were no adolescents diagnosed in the period studied. Previous history included abortions and nulliparity. Transpelvic delivery prevailed, while the short-term complications of the child were macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia and shoulder dystocia. There was no perinatal death caused by the studied condition. Conclusions: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with some risk factors, which may lead to complications for the mother and the in the perinatal period(AU)

Hemoglobina glucosilada en el diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional en mujeres mexicanas durante el tercer trimestre / Glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Mexican women during the third trimester

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo como predictores alternativos de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles a partir de 121 expedientes de pacientes embarazadas, divididos en dos grupos, pacientes con diabetes gestacional (casos) y gestantes con valores glucémicos normales (controles). Se analizaron los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes gestacional y se obtuvo un punto de corte para la hemoglobina glucosilada. Se encontró que la obesidad materna, la edad y el antecedente del padecimiento fueron asociados significativamente con la diabetes gestacional. Valores de hemoglobina glucosilada ≥5% incrementaron el riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 veces y, aunado a un factor de riesgo, la probabilidad se incrementó 7 veces. Se concluye que los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo podrían emplearse como prueba diagnóstica de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Sin embargo, aunque las diferencias encontradas fueron estadísticamente significativas, los resultados se deben interpretar con cautela y requieren su confirmación con estudios que incluyan una muestra mayor.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analise glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy as an alternative predictor of gestational diabetes in North East Mexican cohort patients. This is a retrospective case-control study based on 121 records of pregnant patients, divided into two groups, patients with gestational diabetes (cases) and pregnant women with normal glycemic values (control). The risk factors associated with gestational diabetes were analised and a cut-off point for glycosylated hemogestaglobin was obtained. It was found that maternal obesity, age and a history of the condition were significantly associated with gestational diabetes. Values of glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5% increased the risk of suffering from gestational diabetes 4 times, and coupled with a risk factor, the risk increased 7 times. It is concluded that glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy could be used as a diagnostic test for gestational diabetes in patients from the North East of Mexico. Although the differences found were statistically significant, our results must be interpreted with caution and require confirmation by studies with a larger sample.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação como preditores alternativos do diabetes gestacional em pacientes na região nordeste do México. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles utilizando 121 prontuários de gestantes divididas em dois grupos; pacientes com diabetes gestacional (casos) e gestantes com valores de glicemia normais (controles). Foram analisados os fatores de risco associados a diabetes gestacional obtendo-se um ponto de corte para a hemoglobina glicada. Descobriu-se que a obesidade materna, idade e antecedentes da doença foram associados significativamente ao diabetes gestacional. Valores da hemoglobina glicada ≥ 5% aumentaram o risco de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 vezes, e juntamente a um fator de risco, a probabilidade aumentou 7 vezes. Conclui-se que os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação poderiam ser usados como teste diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional em pacientes da região nordeste do México. Embora as diferenças encontradas tenham sido estatisticamente significativas, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela e requerem confirmação através de estudos que incluam uma amostra maior.

General practitioners' knowledge about pregnancy complications associated with long-term cardiovascular risk.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in women; preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with an increased risk of CVD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate general practitioners (GP) knowledge about complicated pregnancies and their association with CVD. METHODS: An anonymous case-based electronic questionnaire designed to assess the level of understanding on the influence of a history of pregnancy complications on long-term cardiovascular risk and general knowledge about CVD risk was sent to GPs. RESULTS: The response rate was 35 % (161/465). The participants recognized that PE and GDM are risk factors for CVD (98 and 83 %, respectively), and reported the following CVD screening strategies in women with a history of PE and GDM: blood pressure monitoring (PE 100 %, GDM 46 %), body mass index calculation (PE 68 %, GDM 57 %), lipid profile evaluation (PE 71 %, GDM 57 %), glycated hemoglobin (PE 26 %, GDM 92 %), and fasting glucose (PE 28 %, GDM 91 %). CONCLUSION: GP-reported screening strategies to identify CVD in women with a history of PE and GDM were variable.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) constituye la principal causa de mortalidad en mujeres; la preeclampsia (PE) y la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) están asociadas a incremento en el riesgo de ECV. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el conocimiento de los médicos generales (MG) sobre complicaciones obstétricas asociadas a ECV. MÉTODOS: Se envió a los MG un cuestionario electrónico anónimo basado en casos, diseñado para evaluar el entendimiento de la influencia de la historia obstétrica en el riesgo cardiovascular a largo plazo y el conocimiento general sobre riesgo de ECV. RESULTADOS: La tasa de respuesta fue de 35 % (161/465). Los participantes reconocieron que la PE y la DMG son factores de riesgo para ECV (98 y 83 %, respectivamente) y reportaron las siguientes estrategias de tamizaje de ECV en mujeres con historial de PE y DMG: monitoreo de presión arterial (PE 100 %, DMG 46 %), cálculo de índice de masa corporal (PE 68 %, DMG 57 %), evaluación del perfil de lípidos (PE 71 %, DMG 57 %), hemoglobina glucosilada (PE 26 %, DMG 92 %) y glucosa en ayuno (PE 28 %, DMG 91 %). CONCLUSIÓN: Las estrategias de tamizaje para identificar ECV en mujeres con antecedentes de PE y DMG reportadas por los MG fueron variables.

Comparative analysis between prevention and treatment costs for gestational diabetes mellitus in primary and tertiary health care in a city in Southern Brazil / Análise comparativa entre os custos de prevenção e tratamento do diabetes mellitus gestacional na assistência à saúde primária e terciária em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Objective: The present study's purpose is to evaluate the economic context in which the Brazilian public health system, the only universal public health system with more than 200 million users, stands out. This evaluation will be made through the lens of the execution of gestational health care services in a city of approximately 500 thousand inhabitants in southern Brazil. The care costs of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will be compared to those of patients without GDM, analyzing the different economic valuation methods. And lastly, there was an intent to explore the generated costs in the context of economic valuation applied to health to comprehend better the complexity of the union of the financial and health areas to optimize the services offered. Methods: For the economic context in health, an analysis of health investments was performed through the Transparency Portal. The costs involved in preventing GDM were raised by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) table of procedures performed ordinarily in low-risk pregnancies. The expenses involved in DMG patients were increased at the High-Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Medicine Clinic of DMG patients. Results: Preventing GDM is more cost-effective, cost-minimizing, and cost-useful than treating patients diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion: The result is an extremely interesting costopportunity, given the economic context in which it is presented

Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o contexto econômico em que se encontra o sistema público de saúde brasileiro, único sistema público universal de saúde com mais de 200 milhões de usuários. Essa avaliação será feita sob a ótica da execução de serviços de saúde gestacional em um município de aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes no Sul do Brasil. Os custos assistenciais de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) serão comparados aos de pacientes sem DMG, analisando os diferentes métodos de valoração econômica. Também serão analisados os custos gerados no contexto da valoração econômica aplicada à saúde para uma melhor com preensão da complexidade da união das áreas econômica e da saúde com o objetivo de otimizar os serviços oferecidos. Métodos: Para a contextualização econômica em saúde, foi feita a análise dos investimentos em saúde pelo Portal da Transparência. Os custos envolvidos na prevenção da DMG foram levantados pela tabela de procedimentos realizados ordinariamente em gestações de baixo risco do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os custos envolvidos em pacientes com DMG foram levantados no Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco e Medicina Fetal de pacientes com DMG. Resultados: Prevenir o DMG apresenta maiores custo-benefício, custo-efetividade, custo-minimização e custo-utilidade em comparação com o tratamento das pacientes com o diagnóstico de DMG. Conclusão: O resultado é um custo-oportunidade extremamente interessante, dado o contexto econômico em que se apresenta

Condição bucal de mulheres com diabetes mellitus gestacional internadas em um hospital escola no sul do Brasil / Oral condition of women with gestational diabetes mellitus admitted in a school hospital in southern Brazil

Objetivo: avaliar a condição bucal de mulheres com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) internadas no Hospital Escola (HE) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo de base hospitalar, em que dois residentes treinados realizaram a coleta dos dados por meio da avaliação dos prontuários médicos e odontológicos, no período de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020. Os dados socioeconômicos e demográficos e o diagnóstico de DMG foram coletados dos prontuários médicos, enquanto hábitos e condição bucal, dos prontuários odontológicos. A análise dos dados foi realizada no programa Stata 11.0, usando os testes Exato de Fisher e Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: foram avaliados os prontuários de 83 gestantes, destas, 37 (44,6%) apresentavam DMG. A presença de DMG esteve asso-ciada com as gestantes de maior faixa etária (62,2%) e no terceiro trimestre de gestação. Em sua maioria, tinham renda de até dois salários mínimos, eram solteiras, tinham filhos e realizaram pré-natal. Em relação à avaliação bucal, apenas a presença de cálculo dental e inflamação gengival foi estatisticamente associada à presença de DMG (p= 0,030 e 0,014 respectivamente). A autopercepção do sorriso foi considerada ruim por 40,5%, e a maioria teve dentes perdidos por cárie (64,9%). Conclusões: a prevalência de DMG foi alta entre as gestantes internadas, sendo maior em mulheres de mais idade. Presença de cálculo dental e inflamação gengival foram fortemente associadas à presença de DMG, enquanto hábitos bucais e presença de cárie não apresentaram associação. Novas pesquisas, com exames periodontais completos, são necessárias para verifi-car as condições periodontais dessas mulheres.(AU)

Aim: to assess the oral condition of women with Gestacional Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) admitted in a School Hospital (HE)/UFPel. Methods: medical and dental records, from September 2019 to March 2020, were evaluated in this hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study. Socioeconomic and demographic data were collected from medical records, while oral condition and habits were obtained from the dental records. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata 11.0 software using Fisher's exact test and Poisson regression. Results: the medical records of 83 pregnant women were evaluated, of which 37 (44.6%) had GDM. The presence of GDM was associated with pregnant women of older age (62.2%) and most in the third trimester of pregnancy. Most of them had an income of up to two minimum wages, were single, had children and underwent prenatal care. Regarding the oral evaluation, only the presence of dental calculus and gingival inflammation was statistically associated with the presence of GDM (p = 0.030 and 0.014 respectively). The self-perception of the smile was considered bad to 40.5% and many of them had lost teeth due to caries (64.9%). Conclusions: the prevalence of GDM was high in hospitalized pregnant women, being higher in older women. Presence of dental calculus and gingival inflammation were strongly associated with the presence of GDM, while oral habits and the presence of caries were not associated. Further research, with complete periodontal examinations is necessary to verify the periodontal conditions of these women.(AU)

Conocimiento de los médicos generales sobre complicaciones obstétricas asociadas a riesgo cardiovascular subsecuente / General practitioners’ knowledge about pregnancy complications associated with long-term cardiovascular risk

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) constituye la principal causa de mortalidad en mujeres; la preeclampsia (PE) y la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) están asociadas a incremento en el riesgo de ECV. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de los médicos generales (MG) sobre complicaciones obstétricas asociadas a ECV. Métodos: Se envió a los MG un cuestionario electrónico anónimo basado en casos, diseñado para evaluar el entendimiento de la influencia de la historia obstétrica en el riesgo cardiovascular a largo plazo y el conocimiento general sobre riesgo de ECV. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta fue de 35 % (161/465). Los participantes reconocieron que la PE y la DMG son factores de riesgo para ECV (98 y 83 %, respectivamente) y reportaron las siguientes estrategias de tamizaje de ECV en mujeres con historial de PE y DMG: monitoreo de presión arterial (PE 100 %, DMG 46 %), cálculo de índice de masa corporal (PE 68 %, DMG 57 %), evaluación del perfil de lípidos (PE 71 %, DMG 57 %), hemoglobina glucosilada (PE 26 %, DMG 92 %) y glucosa en ayuno (PE 28 %, DMG 91 %). Conclusión: Las estrategias de tamizaje para identificar ECV en mujeres con antecedentes de PE y DMG reportadas por los MG fueron variables.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in women; preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with an increased risk of CVD. Objective: To evaluate general practitioners (GP) knowledge about complicated pregnancies and their association with CVD. Methods: An anonymous case-based electronic questionnaire designed to assess the level of understanding on the influence of a history of pregnancy complications on long-term cardiovascular risk and general knowledge about CVD risk was sent to GPs. Results: The response rate was 35 % (161/465). The participants recognized that PE and GDM are risk factors for CVD (98 and 83 %, respectively), and reported the following CVD screening strategies in women with a history of PE and GDM: blood pressure monitoring (PE 100 %, GDM 46 %), body mass index calculation (PE 68 %, GDM 57 %), lipid profile evaluation (PE 71 %, GDM 57 %), glycated hemoglobin (PE 26 %, GDM 92 %), and fasting glucose (PE 28 %, GDM 91 %). Conclusion: GP-reported screening strategies to identify CVD in women with a history of PE and GDM were variable.

Expression of ADAMTS13 and PCNA in the placentas of gestational diabetic mothers / Expresión de ADAMTS13 y PCNA en las placentas de madres diabéticas gestacionales

SUMMARY: GDM is linked with overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative stress, leading to endothelial dysfunction and vascular disorder. Weaimed to examine the expression of ADAMTS13 and PCNA in the placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients to investigate the effects of hypoxia, induced by GDM, on proliferation and extracellular matrix formation in the maternal and fetal placenta cells. A total of 60 placentas were collected from pregnant women admitted to the obstetrics clinic. Thirty of them were diagnosed with GDM, and 30 of them were diagnosed with non-GDM patients. Samples were fixed in 10 % formaldehyde, after routine follow-up, embedded in paraffin wax. Sections of 5 µm were cut stained with Mayer Hematoxylin-Eosin, examined under a light microscope. Sections for immunohistochemical analysis were cut and processed for antigen retrievalin citrate solution. Sections were incubated with ADAMTS13 and PCNA primary antibodies, counterstained with hematoxylin, and evaluate under a light microscope. In histopathological examination, the non-diabetic placentas showed that decidua cells in the maternal region were polygonal with oval nuclei and organized in groups. In the GDM group, there were pyknosis and apoptotic changes in decidua cell nuclei. Vacuolar areas were observed in large cavities in maternal connective tissue. Inflammation and dilatation with congestion were observed in the blood vessels of the villus. In the GDM group, positive ADAMTS13 expression was observed in the decidua cells vascular endothelial cells, and surrounding connective tissue fibroblast cells. In the GDM group, a significant increase in PCNA expression was observed in decidua cells, connective tissue cells and endothelial cells. Functional changes in ADAMTS13 proteases and PCNA were thought to induce maternal and fetal complications by stimulating extracellular matrix development.

RESUMEN: La diabetes gestacional está relacionada con la sobreexpresión de citocinas inflamatorias y aumento del estrés oxidativo, lo que lleva a una disfunción endotelial y un trastorno vascular. Nuestro objetivo fue examinar la expresión de ADAMTS13 y PCNA en las placentas con diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) para investigar los efectos de la hipoxia inducida por DMG sobre la proliferación y formación de matriz extracelular en células placentarias maternas y fetales. Se recolectaron un total de 60 placentas de mujeres embarazadas ingresadas a la consulta de obstetricia. Treinta de ellas fueron diagnosticadas con DMG y 30 diagnosticadas sin DMG. Las muestras se fijaron en formaldehído al 10 %, y luego de un seguimiento de rutina, fueron embebidas en parafina. Se cortaron secciones de 5 µm teñidas con hematoxilina-eosina de Mayer, las que fueron examinadas bajo un microscopio óptico. Se cortaron y procesaron las secciones para el análisis inmunohistoquímico para la recuperación de antígeno en solución de citrato. Las secciones se incubaron con anticuerpos primarios ADAMTS13 y PCNA, se contratiñeron con hematoxilina y se evalua- ron con un microscopio óptico. En el examen histopatológico, las placentas no diabéticas mostraron que las células de la decidua en la región materna eran poligonales con núcleos ovalados y organizadas en grupos. En el grupo de DMG, se observó picnosis y cambios apoptóticos en los núcleos de las células de la decidua. Se observaron áreas vacuolares en el tejido conectivo materno. En los vasos sanguíneos de las vellosidades se observó inflamación y dilatación con congestión. En el grupo de DMG, se observó expresión positiva de ADAMTS13 en las células de la decidua, en las células endoteliales vasculares y en los fibroblastos del tejido conectivo circundante. En el grupo de DMG se observó un aumento significativo de la expresión de PCNA en células de la decidua, células de tejido conectivo y en las células endoteliales. Se considera que los cambios funcionales en las proteasas ADAMTS13 y PCNA inducen a complicaciones maternas y fetales al estimular el desarrollo de la matriz extracelular.

Alterações dos componentes imunes presentes no colostro de mães com diabetes mellitus gestacional / Changes in the immune components present in the colostrum of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus

Introdução: O leite materno é considerado um alimento completo e fundamental para o recém-nascido (RN). Até os primeiros 7 dias após o parto aproximadamente, o leite excretado da mama é conhecido como colostro, um fluído de menor volume e rico em compostos imunológicos. Esse leite é responsável por fornecer nutrição ideal para o crescimento e desenvolvimento saudável dos bebês, bem como garantir a proteção e o desenvolvimento adequado do sistema imune do recém-nascido. Entretanto, alguns fatores maternos como a Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG), pode vir a alterar a concentração de citocinas e quimiocinas presentes no colostro. Nesse contexto, torna-se importante avaliar as alterações nas concentrações desses biomarcadores na presença da doença, uma vez que essas mudanças podem afetar o desenvolvimento do sistema imune do recém-nascido. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar se a ocorrência de DMG modifica a concentração de citocinas e quimiocinas presentes no colostro. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com dois grupos de mulheres internadas no pós-parto imediato em uma Maternidade referência em Belo Horizonte. Os grupos foram separados de forma que em um deles todas as participantes apresentaram gestação saudável, e o outro grupo apresentou DMG. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, de saúde e antropométricos através da caderneta da gestante e avaliação no pós-parto. Também no pós-parto, foi coletado em ambos os grupos uma média de 2mL de colostro para análise da concentração das citocinas/quimiocinas por imunoensaio multiplex. Resultados: Foram incluídas no estudo 25 mulheres, sendo que 56% delas apresentaram uma gestação de risco habitual e 44% DMG. A média e desvio padrão da idade entre elas foi calculada para o grupo risco habitual e DMG respectivamente (24,86±5,26) e (30,09±6,25). No grupo DMG, observou-se aumento na concentração de IL-10, IFN- e IL-15 no colostro. Numa avaliação global, percebeu-se que o colostro das mulheres com DMG apresentam uma concentração mais alta de agentes inflamatórios, e também dos anti-inflamatórios e que há uma correlação positiva entre as citocinas e quimiocinas nesse grupo. Conclusão: Nessa perspectiva, os dados obtidos no trabalho suportam a idéia de que a doença leva a alterações imunes no colostro, sugerindo que no grupo DMG há um aumento global de citocinas e quimiocinas

Introduction: Breast milk is considered a complete and essential food for the newborn (NB). Until approximately the first 7 days after delivery, the milk excreted from the breast is known as colostrum, a fluid with less volume and rich in immunological compounds. This kind of milk is responsible for providing optimal nutrition for the healthy growth and development of babies, as well as ensuring the protection and proper development of the newborn's immune system. However, some maternal factors, such as Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), may change the concentration of cytokines and chemokines present in colostrum. In this context, it is important to evaluate changes variations in the concentrations of these biomarkers in the presence of this disease, since these variations can affect the development of the newborn's immune system. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate whether the occurrence of GDM changes the concentration of cytokines and chemokines present in colostrum. Methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out with two groups of women hospitalized in the immediate postpartum period at a reference maternity hospital in Belo Horizonte. The groups were separated so that in one of them all the participants had a healthy pregnancy, and the other group had GDM. Socioeconomic, health and anthropometric data were collected through the pregnant woman's handbook and postpartum assessment. Also in the postpartum period, an average of 2mL of colostrum was collected in both groups for analysis of cytokine / chemokine concentration by multiplex immunoassay. Results: 25 women were included in the study, 56% of whom had a normal risk pregnancy and 44% GDM. The mean and standard deviation of age between them were calculated for the usual risk and GDM groups, respectively (24.86 ± 5.26) and (30.09 ± 6.25). In the DMG group, an increase in the concentration of IL-10, IFN- and IL-15 was observed. In a global assessment, it was noticed that the colostrum of women with GDM has a higher concentration of inflammatory agents, as well as anti-inflammatory agents and that there is a positive correlation between cytokines and chemokines in this group. Conclusion: In this perspective, the data obtained in the study supports the idea that this disease leads to immune changes in colostrum, suggesting that there is an overall increase in cytokines and chemokines in the GDM group.

Tratamento para o diabetes mellitus gestacional: uma revisão de literatura / Treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus: a literature review

O diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) é uma complicação que atinge o metabolismo da gestante, resultando em intolerância à glicose e consequente hiperglicemia, originada pela insuficiência de insulina materna. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os tratamentos disponíveis e mais utilizados para o DMG. Trata-se de um uma revisão de literatura, feita a partir de 22 referências, acerca dos tratamentos para o DMG. As bases de dados escolhidas foram Google Acadêmico, UpToDate, SciELO e o acervo da Universidade do Planalto Catarinense. Estudos apontam a insulina humana ­ NPH e regular ­ como a principal escolha, quando comparada aos seus análogos, apesar de ainda existirem muitas controvérsias quanto ao início do tratamento, o esquema terapêutico e os ajustes das doses. Pesquisas têm demonstrado bons resultados sobre a eficácia e a segurança dos hipoglicemiantes orais ­ gliburida e metformina ­ no tratamento de gestantes diabéticas, mas é evidente a necessidade de mais estudos para confirmar a efetividade deles e garantir um bom desenvolvimento do concepto. Concluiu-se que o controle dietético e o exercício físico são a primeira opção de tratamento para o DMG. Todavia, caso a euglicemia não seja atingida, opta-se pelo tratamento medicamentoso por meio da insulinoterapia ou hipoglicemiantes orais, o que possibilita a redução da incidência dos efeitos adversos ao binômio materno-fetal.(AU)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (DMG) is a complication that affects the pregnant woman's metabolism, resulting in glucose intolerance and consequent hyperglycemia, caused by insufficient maternal insulin. This study aims to identify the available and most used treatments for DMG. This is a literature review, based on 22 references, about treatments for Gestational Diabetes; the databases chosen were Google Scholar, UpToDate, SciELO and the collection of the Universidade do Planalto Catarinense. Studies point to human insulin ­ NPH and regular ­ as the main choice when compared to its analogues, although there are still many controversies about the beginning of treatment, therapeutic scheme and dose adjustments. Researches have shown good results on the efficacy and safety of oral hypoglycemic agents ­ glyburide and metformin ­ in the treatment of diabetic pregnant women, but it is evident the need for further studies to confirm their effectiveness and to guarantee a good development of the fetus. It was concluded that dietary control and physical exercise are the first treatment option for DGM. However, if euglycemia is not achieved, drug treatment is chosen through insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic agents, which makes it possible to reduce the incidence of adverse effects to the maternal-fetal binomial.(AU)

Uso de mioinositol más Bifidobacterium lactis y Lactobacillus rhamnosus para la prevención de diabetes mellitus gestacional en mujeres mexicanas.

AIM: To compare the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with three or more risk factor to developing GDM supplemented with myo-inositol plus probiotics versus women care without supplementation. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, group 1, women with supplementation (myo-inositol 2g plus Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108 UFC, twice per day, from 12-14 to 28 weeks of gestation; group 2, women with prenatal care without supplementation, matched by age and body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was the incidence of GDM using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. RESULTS: Group 1 n=48, group 2 n=96. There were no significant baseline differences between groups in age, BMI and number of risk factors. The incidence of GDM in group 1 was n=14 (29.2%), and for group 2 n=46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (95% CI: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation from 12-14 weeks of gestation with myo-inositol plus probiotics decrease the incidence of GDM in Mexican women.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la incidencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) en mujeres con tres o más factores de riesgo para desarrollar DMG suplementadas con mioinositol más probióticos versus mujeres sin suplementación.­. MATERIAL Y ­MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, grupo 1, mujeres con suplementación (mioinositol 2 g más Bifidobacterium lactis y Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108unidades formadoras de colonias, dos veces al día, de las 12-14 hasta las 28 semanas de gestación); grupo 2, mujeres con control prenatal habitual sin suplementación, pareadas por edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El resultado primario fue la incidencia de DMG utilizando los criterios de la Asociación Internacional de Grupos de Estudio de Diabetes y Embarazo. RESULTADOS: Grupo 1, n = 48, y grupo 2 n = 96. No hubo diferencias significativas en características basales como edad, IMC, y numero de factores de riesgo entre los grupos. La incidencia de DMG en el grupo 1 fue n = 14 (29.2%) y en el grupo 2 n = 46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (IC 95%: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONES: La suplementación desde las 12-14 semanas de gestación con mioinositol más probióticos disminuye la incidencia de DMG en mujeres mexicanas.

Anemia no diabetes mellitus gestacional: implicações na instabilidade genômica / Anemia in gestational diabetes mellitus: implications for genomic instability

Introdução: Evidências têm mostrado uma associação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus. Contudo, a relação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) ainda não está bem estabelecida, bem como sua repercussão na instabilidade genômica. Portanto, objetivou-se verificar a associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG atendidas em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres apresentando diagnóstico de DMG que realizaram pré-natal no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (RS). Informações referentes ao DMG, anemia e suplementação de ferro foram obtidas nos prontuários. A instabilidade genômica foi avaliada pelo ensaio de citoma em micronúcleos em células bucais (BMCyt). Resultados: Das 44 gestantes avaliadas, 28,6% apresentaram anemia e 79,5% foram suplementadas com ferro. Das gestantes que realizaram suplementação, 75,0% não apresentaram anemia gestacional. Níveis de hemoglobina não se associaram com a instabilidade genomica (p > 0,05), mas foi observada uma associação entre brotos nucleares e os níveis de glicemia (r = 0,977; p = 0,003). Conclusão: Não foi verificado associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG.(AU)

Introduction: There is evidence of an association between anemia and diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between anemia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains to be established, as well as its impact on genomic instability. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM treated at a university hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of women with a diagnosis of GDM who received prenatal care at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. Data on GDM, anemia, and iron supplementation were obtained from medical records. Genomic instability was assessed by the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay. Results: Of 44 pregnant women evaluated, 28.6% had anemia and 79.5% received iron supplementation; of the latter, 75.0% did not have gestational anemia. Hemoglobin levels were not associated with genomic instability (p > 0.05), but an association was found between nuclear buds and blood glucose levels (r = 0.977; p = 0.003). Conclusion: There was no association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM.(AU)

Status de vitamina d y marcadores de metabolismo óseo en diabetes gestacional

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La deficiencia de vitamina D (VD) ha sido asociada con alteración del metabolismo glucémico y síndrome metabólico. Datos actuales sugieren que tendría un rol en la prevención de diabetes gestacional y pre eclampsia. El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar los niveles de vitamina D en embarazadas con diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) y su relación con los niveles de fructosamina, parathormona, marcadores del metabolismo óseo y control metabólico. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 44 embarazadas con diagnóstico de DMG, entre 15 y 45 años de edad. Las variables analíticas que se determinaron fueron: fructosamina, 25- hidroxivitamina D (25-OH-VD), Parathormona (PTH), calcio total, calcio iónico, fosforo y calcio corregido por albúmina. Resultados: Se analizaron los niveles de 25-OH-VD según las estaciones del año. El valor promedio fue de 37 ng/ml en verano, 26 ng/ml en otoño, 24 ng/ml en primavera y 17 ng/ml en invierno. Se evidenció una relación inversa entre VD y PTH (p<0.014). La correlación entre VD e índice de masa corporal (IMC) revelo un valor promedio de VD de 32.27 ng/ml en grupo con IMC <30 versus 23.63 ng/ml en el grupo con IMC >30 (p<0.027). Se observó relación inversa entre VD y fructosamina (p 0,479). Conclusión: La prevalencia de deficiencia de VD durante el embarazo debe ponerse a consideración en vista de las potenciales implicancias clínicas sobre la salud materna, fetal y postnatal, especialmente cuando se asocia a otros factores de riesgo como sobrepeso, obesidad y diabetes mellitus gestacional.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with altered glycemic metabolism and metabolic syndrome. New data suggest that it might have a role in prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. The present study was designed to analyze the relationship between vitamin D with parathormone levels, bone turn over markers and metabolic control. Methodology: The sample consisted of 44 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus, ages 15-45, who attended to endocrinology external consultation. The variables analyzed were 25-hydroxivitan D, parathormone, fructosamine, total calcium, ionic calcium, calcium corrected by albumin and phosphorus, also, the relationship with body mass index, season of the year and age. Results: 25-hydroxivitamin D levels were analyzed regarding the season of the year; the average value was 37 ng/ml in summer, 26 ng/ml in autumn, 24 ng/ml in spring and 17 ng/ml in winter. There was an inverse relationship between vitamin D and parathormone (p<0.014). The analysis regarding vitamin D and BMI revealed the following values, 32.27 ng/ml for BMI <30 and 23.63 ng/ml for BMI >30 (p<0.027). There was an inverse relationship between Vitamin D and fructosamine (p 0.479). Conclusions: The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy must be taken into account because of the implications in multiple aspects of maternal, fetal and postnatal health, especially when it is associated with other risk factors as overweight, obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus.