[From diagnosis to symptoms]. / De la nécessité de passer du diagnostic au symptôme.

The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is one of the easiest to make in that it is a positive diagnosis, not a differential diagnosis. It is defined by a few criteria which together become almost pathognomonic: excessive restriction of energy intake combined with an irrational fear of weight and an altered body image. Even if weight is at the heart of the medical team's concerns, it is important to question the pathology in its history, in order to put it in to context, and sometimes to understand the para-logic and its function in the patient's life history. It is necessary to work on emotions and cognitions in addition to behaviour.

Creencias Irracionales y Sintomatología Depresiva en Estudiantes Universitarios de Psicología en Honduras

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre creencias irracionales y sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes universitarios de Psicología en Honduras. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, un alcance descriptivo-correlacional y un diseño no experimental transversal correlacional. La muestra fue de 257 estudiantes universitarios de Psicología de dos universidades hondureñas. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó el Test de Creencias Irracionales y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II. Las principales creencias irracionales manifiestas por los estudiantes son culpabilización, altas autoexpectativas, influencia del pasado y evitación de problemas, y alrededor de un tercio sufre sintomatología depresiva de moderada a severa. Los estudiantes varones, menores de 31 años, pertenecientes a una universidad privada y que se encuentran solteros son los que tienen más altas creencias irracionales y mayores niveles de depresión, pero solo hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo etario y la sintomatología depresiva. Además, existe relación significativa entre creencias irracionales y cuatro de sus dimensiones (necesidad de aprobación, altas autoexpectativas, culpabilización e influencia del pasado) con sintomatología depresiva. Es urgente que las autoridades universitarias elaboren programas y servicios institucionales que prevengan y promuevan la salud mental, para disminuir los procesos mentales patológicos que pueden desencadenar problemas como el suicidio.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between irrational beliefs and depressive symptoms in university students of Psychology in Honduras. A quantitative approach, a descriptive-correlational scope and a non-experimental correlational cross-sectional design was used. The sample was 257 university students of Psychology from two Honduran universities. For the collection of data, the Irrational Beliefs Test and the Beck-II Depression Inventory were applied. The main irrational beliefs manifested by the students are guilt, high self-expectations, influence of the past and avoidance of problems, and about a third of the students suffer from moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Male students, under 31 years, attending a private university and who are single are those who have the highest irrational beliefs and higher levels of depression, but there is only a statistically significant difference between the age group and depressive symptomatology. In addition, there is a statistically significant relationship between irrational beliefs and four of its dimensions (need for approval, high self-expectations, guilt and influence of the past) with depressive symptoms. It is urgent that university authorities develop programs and institutional services that prevent and promote mental health, to reduce pathological mental processes that can trigger problems such as suicide.

Personalidad en adolescentes de la ciudad del Alto en periodo de pandemia por covid -19

Este artículo describe los perfiles de personalidad de 95 adolescentes de la ciudad del Alto de La Paz. Los datos surgen del proceso empírico realizado en periodo de emergencia sanitaria por la pandemia por COVID -19. Los adolescentes en este contexto buscan nuevas e innovadoras maneras de afrontar esta realidad. Para eso se proyectan a partir de sus cualidades, habilidades, competencias y características que permiten la búsqueda de un proyecto de vida o la elección de una carrera universitaria. Se utilizó técnicas de investigación cuantitativa (Cuestionario Big Fives o Cinco Grandes) para reconocer los índices en cada dimensión, sub dimensión y escala de distorsión de la personalidad y se realizó un abordaje cualitativo en el reconocimiento de los perfiles de personalidad. Se observó que existe una tendencia mayor de adolescentes con predisposición a ser creativos e investigadores y no así realistas, sociales y dirigentes. La conclusión es que los datos permitirán a los adolescentes una perspectiva distinta en la elección de carreras universitarias convencionales.

This article describes the personality profiles of 165 adolescents from the City of Alto de La Paz. In times of health emergency it is a problem to set medium-term objectives. Teenagers must seek new and innovative ways to deal with this reality. For this, it is necessary to recognize the qualities, skills, competencies and characteristics of adolescents who are looking for a life project or the choice of a university career. Quantitative research techniques (Big Fives or Big Five Questionnaire) were used to recognize the levels in each dimension, sub-dimension and personality distortion scale and a qualitative approach was carried out in the recognition of personality profiles. It was observed that there is a greater tendency of adolescents with a predisposition to be creative and investigative and not so realistic, social and leaders. The conclusion is that the data will allow adolescents a different perspective in the choice of conventional university careers.

Este artigo descreve os perfis de personalidade de 165 adolescentes da cidade de Alto de La Paz. Em tempos de emergência sanitária é um problema estabelecer objetivos de médio prazo. Os adolescentes devem buscar formas novas e inovadoras de lidar com essa realidade. Para isso, é necessário reconhecer as qualidades, habilidades, competências e características dos adolescentes que buscam um projeto de vida ou a escolha de uma carreira universitária. Técnicas de pesquisa quantitativa (Big Fives ou Big Five Questionnaire) foram utilizadas para reconhecer os níveis em cada dimensão, subdimensão e escala de distorção de personalidade e uma abordagem qualitativa foi realizada no reconhecimento de perfis de personalidade. Observou-se que há uma maior tendência de adolescentes com predisposição a serem criativos e investigativos e não tão realistas, sociais e líderes. A conclusão é que os dados permitirão aos adolescentes uma perspectiva diferente na escolha das carreiras universitárias convencionais.

Síndrome do Impostor: Desafios e Prevenções / Síndrome del impostor: Desafíos y Prevenciones / Síndrome do Impostor: Desafios e Prevenções

The imposter syndrome is an emerging phenomenon that requires immediate attention from researchers and health professionals. This phenomenon is characterized by an inability to internalize one's status and success, and therefore has significant potential to adversely affect personal and professional development. The literature has presented a range of challenges related to the impostor syndrome in the field of education and medicine from several case studies. As far as is known, these studies are not concerned with proposing means of preventing the development and minimizing the impacts of the syndrome. This study aims to investigate the challenges and types of prevention of IS that are being proposed by the literature. The investigation was carried out through a systematic mapping through Kitchenham's guidelines, without a period and a specific target audience. 14 articles were analyzed, which included: there are challenges in the academic and professional context, specifically in the health area; and as prevention of IS, 5 studies of the 12 primary ones included the following types of prevention: health and well-being program; two workshops; and group coaching program. It is hoped that this study can contribute as a warning about the lack of strategies, approaches and planning for the prevention of the Impostor Syndrome, in addition to engaging public and private health organizations to prioritize the public and mental health of the human population.

El síndrome del impostor es un fenómeno emergente que requiere atención inmediata por parte de investigadores y profesionales de la salud. Este fenómeno se caracteriza por la incapacidad de internalizar el estado y el éxito propios y, por lo tanto, tiene un potencial significativo para afectar negativamente el desarrollo personal y profesional. La literatura ha presentado una gama de desafíos relacionados con el síndrome del impostor en el campo de la educación y la medicina a partir de varios estudios de casos. Hasta donde se sabe, estos estudios no se preocupan por proponer medios para prevenir el desarrollo y minimizar los impactos del síndrome. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los desafíos y los tipos de prevención de SI que están siendo propuestos por la literatura. La investigación se llevó a cabo a través de un mapeo sistemático a través de las pautas de Kitchenham, sin un período y un público objetivo específico. Se analizaron 14 artículos, que incluyeron: hay desafíos en el contexto académico y profesional, específicamente en el área de la salud; y como prevención de SI, 5 estudios de los 12 primarios incluyeron los siguientes tipos de prevención: programa de salud y bienestar; dos talleres; y programa de coaching grupal. Se espera que este estudio pueda contribuir como una alerta sobre la falta de estrategias, enfoques y planificación para la prevención del Síndrome del Impostor, además de involucrar a las organizaciones de salud públicas y privadas para priorizar la salud pública y mental de la población humana.

A síndrome do impostor é um fenômeno emergente que requer atenção imediata dos pesquisadores e profissionais de saúde. Este fenômeno é caracterizado pela incapacidade de internalizar o próprio status e sucesso, e, portanto, tem um potencial significativo para afetar adversamente o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional. A literatura tem apresentado uma gama de desafios da síndrome do impostor relacionados na área da educação e área médica a partir de diversos estudos de casos. Até onde se sabe, esses estudos não se preocupam em propor meios de prevenção para o desenvolvimento e minimização de impactos da síndrome. Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar os desafios e os tipos de prevenção da SI que estão sendo propostos pela literatura. A investigação foi realizada por meio de um mapeamento sistemático através das orientações de Kitchenham, sem um período e um público alvo específico. Foram analisados 14 artigos, dos quais constaram: há desafios no contexto acadêmico e profissional, especificamente na área da saúde; e como prevenção da SI, 5 estudos dos 12 primários constaram os seguintes tipos de prevenção: programa de saúde e bem-estar; dois workshops; e programa de coaching em grupo. Espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir como um alerta sobre a ausência de estratégias, abordagens e planejamento para a prevenção da Síndrome do Impostor, além de engajar as organizações de saúde pública e privada a priorizar a saúde pública e mental da população humana. 

Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of a High-Spin MnIII Complex: [Mn(mesacac)3 ] (mesacac=1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-propane-1,3-dionato).

Metal acetylacetonates of the general formula [M(acac)3 ] (MIII =Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) are among the best investigated coordination compounds. Many of these first-row transition metal complexes are known to have unique electronic properties. Independently, photophysical research with different ß-diketonate ligands pointed towards the possibility of a special effect of the 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl substituted acetylacetonate (mesacac) on the electron distribution between ligand and metal (MLCT). We therefore synthesized and fully characterized the previously unknown octahedral title complex. Its solid-state structure shows a Jahn-Teller elongation with two Mn-O bonds of 2.12/2.15 Šand four Mn-O bonds of 1.93 Å. Thermogravimetric data show a thermal stability up to 270 °C. High-resolution mass spectroscopy helped to identify the decomposition pathways. The electronic state and spin configuration of manganese were characterized with a focus on its magnetic properties by measurement of the magnetic susceptibility and triple-zeta density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The high-spin state of manganese was confirmed by the determination of an effective magnetic moment of 4.85 µB for the manganese center.

Mental health of people with distorted body weight perception using medicinal remedies: A representative study / Salud mental de personas con percepción distorsionada del peso que usan remedios medicinales: un estudio representativo

We aimed to examine the prevalence of distorted body weight perception (BWP) and the choice of weight control strategies to investigate the associations between the psychological features and the different strategies for controlling body weight. Method: We used a representative nationwide 39-item survey to randomly select 1,000 participants. The extrapolated number (eN) to the whole national population was also reported. Self-BWP, weight control strategies, and obesity-related psychological conditions including anxiety, self-esteem, body satisfaction, obesity-related quality-of-life (QoL), and eating attitudes were assessed. Results: Among men, 39.30% (eN = 5,887,137) underestimated, whereas 24.90% (eN = 3,290,847) of women overestimated their weight. In contrast to 2% (eN = 271,745) of men, 15.20% (eN = 2,012,262) of women sought medical support to control their weight. Men and women who used medical support for weight management and women who overestimated their weight reported the most unfavorable psychological conditions (anxiety, self-esteem, body satisfaction, QoL, and eating attitudes; p < .05). Conclusions: A prevalent burden of psychological problems related to distorted BWP and weight control strategies was revealed. People with distorted BWP and using medical procedures for their weight control could be at a higher risk of psychological disorders. Therefore, body weight-related psychological problems call for urgent public health policies. (AU)

Examinar la prevalencia de percepción distorsionada del peso corporal (BWP) y elección de estrategias de control de peso para investigar asociaciones entre características psicológicas y diferentes estrategias para controlar el peso corporal. Método: Encuesta representativa de 39 ítems a nivel nacional para seleccionar al azar a 1,000 participantes. Se informó número extrapolado (eN) a toda la población nacional. Se evaluaron auto-BWP, estrategias de control de peso y condiciones psicológicas relacionadas con obesidad, ansiedad, autoestima, satisfacción corporal, calidad de vida (QoL) relacionada con la obesidad y actitudes alimentarias. Resultados: Entre los hombres, el 39,30% (eN = 5,887,137) subestimó, mientras que el 24,90% (eN = 3,290,847) de mujeres sobreestimó su peso. A diferencia del 2% (eN = 271,745) de los hombres, el 15,20% (eN = 2,012,262) de mujeres buscó apoyo médico para controlar su peso. Hombres y mujeres que utilizaron apoyo médico para el control de peso y mujeres que sobreestimaron su peso informaron condiciones psicológicas más desfavorables (ansiedad, autoestima, satisfacción corporal, calidad de vida y actitudes alimentarias; p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Preponderancia de carga de problemas psicológicos relacionadas con BWP distorsionadas y estrategias para el control de peso. Personas con BWP distorsionadas usando procedimientos médicos para el control de peso podrían tener mayor riesgo de trastornos psicológicos. Problemas psicológicos relacionados con peso corporal exigen políticas de salud pública. (AU)

Construction of three half-sib SSR linkage maps derived from overwintering cultivated rice and segregation distortion loci mapping.

Segregation distortion is a common phenomenon that has been observed in genetics and plant breeding; however, the mechanism of segregation distortion is unknown. In the present study, three half-sib F2 populations derived from three japonica overwinter (perennial) rice varieties (W1, W2, and W3) crossed to the indica rice variety Minghui725 (MH725) were developed to construct three half-sib linkage maps. We established linkage map lengths of 2032.8, 2317.4, and 2108.7 cM with average intervals of 20.1, 20.5, and 19.7 cM using 101, 113, and 107 SSR markers in W1/MH725, W2/MH725, and W3/MH725, respectively. Discrepancies in marker order and genetic linkage distance occurred in the three half-sib linkage maps due to segregation distortion. A total of 88 markers exhibited segregation distortion across the three linkage maps at P < 0.01 level, 42 segregation distortion loci (SDLs) were detected across the three half-sib populations and exhibited variable LOD value that ranged from 3.2 (SDL2f) to 30.1 (SDL5d), and 13 of the 42 SDLs were repeatedly located at the same chromosomal regions of the previously published hybrid sterility quantitative trait loci. Data from this study provide an extensive archive for investigating the genetic characteristic of overwintering cultivated rice and the future exploration and innovation of overwintering rice breeding.

Análises psicométricas da Escala de Distorções Cognitivas Depressivas / Psychometric analyses of the Depressive Cognitive Distortion Scale / Análisis psicométricos de la Escala de Distorsiones Cognitivas Depresivas

As distorções cognitivas são erros lógicos de pensamentos que podem alterar a realidade do sujeito, causando possíveis sintomas depressivos. O objetivo do estudo foi construir um instrumento intitulado de Escala de Distorções Cognitivas Depressivas (EDICOD) e buscar evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo e estrutura interna, utilizando análise fatorial exploratória e o modelo da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Na etapa de construção do estudo, participaram oito juízes e 27 estudantes de graduação para uma aplicação piloto para adequação dos itens. Posteriormente, 459 indivíduos, divididos entre sujeitos não clínicos e clínicos com diagnóstico de depressão, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 18 e 60 anos. Após as análises psicométricas, a escala ficou reduzida com 36 itens, divididos em três fatores interpretáveis, sendo esses, Abstração seletiva/personalização (F1), Inferência arbitrária/maximização e minimização (F2) e por último, Pensamento dicotômico/hipergeneralização (F3). Assim, a EDICOD apresentou ser um instrumento adequado de rastreio das principais distorções cognitivas, principalmente para possível uso em ambiente clínico

Cognitive distortions are logical errors of thoughts that can alter the subject's reality, causing possible depressive symptoms. The purpose of the study was to construct an instrument titled Depression Cognitive Distortion Scale (EDICOD) and to seek evidence of validity based on content and internal structure using exploratory factorial analysis and the Item Response Theory (TRI) model. In the construction phase of the study, eight judges and 27 undergraduate students participated in a pilot application to adjust the items. Subsequently, 459 individuals, divided between non-clinical and clinical subjects with a diagnosis of depression, of both sexes, aged between 18 and 60 years, participated. After the psychometric analysis, the scale was reduced to 36 items, divided into three interpretable factors: Selective abstraction/personalization (F1), arbitrary inference/maximization and minimization (F2), and finally, dichotomous thinking/hypergeneralization (F3). Thus, EDICOD presented an adequate tool for screening the main cognitive distortions, mainly for possible use in clinical settings

Las distorsiones cognitivas son errores lógicos de pensamientos que pueden alterar la realidad del sujeto, causando posibles síntomas depresivos. El objetivo del estudio fue construir un instrumento titulado de Escala de Distorsiones Cognitivas Depresivas (EDICOD) y buscar evidencias de validez basada en el contenido y la estructura interna, utilizando análisis factorial exploratorio y el modelo de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). En la etapa de construcción del estudio, participaron ocho jueces y 27 estudiantes de graduación para una aplicación piloto para adecuación de los ítems. Posteriormente, 459 individuos, divididos entre sujetos no clínicos y clínicos con diagnóstico de depresión, de ambos sexos, con rango de edad entre 18 y 60 años. Después de los análisis psicométricos, la escala se redujo con 36 ítems, divididos en tres factores interpretables, siendo éstos, Abstracción selectiva/personalización (F1), Inferencia arbitraria/maximización y minimización (F2) y por último, Pensamiento dicotómico/hipergeneralización (F3). Así, la EDICOD presentó ser un instrumento adecuado de rastreo de las principales distorsiones cognitivas, principalmente para posible uso en ambiente clínico

Body Image Self-Perception and Risky Eating Behaviors in Medicine Undergraduate Students in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (2014) / Autopercepción de la imagen corporal y conductas alimentarias de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios de medicina en Xalapa, Veracruz, México (2014) / Autopercepção da imagem corporal e condutas alimentares de risco em estudantes universitários de medicina em Xalapa, Veracruz, México (2014)

Abstract Introduction: The current beauty standard is associated with thinness, a situation that alters the body perception and can lead to the development of an eating disorder. Objective: To determine the relationship between the indexes of body image dissatisfaction and body image distortion and risky eating behaviors (REB) in a university population of medicine students in Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study, with a sample of 187 students. A register was drawn up that included the SFS-test to evaluate the body image and to estimate the indices of dissatisfaction and distortion of the body image, the Brief Questionnaire of Risky Eating Behaviors validated in Mexican population, as well as social variables. A descriptive analysis was carried out with basic measures of frequency and dispersion, bivariate and multimodal analyses were performed too. Results: 43 % were female, and the average age was 21 (± 1.7) similar in both sexes. The prevalence of high risk of REB was 8.6 %, higher in men (9.4 % versus 7.4 %) and medium risk (23.5 %) with the distribution reversed by sex (28.4 % in women and 19.8 % in men). The dissatisfaction index was 59.4 % covering those who perceived having a higher weight than they would like to have. Concerning the distortion of the own body image it was observed that 41.2 % supposed to haveing a higher weight than what resulted from the anthropometric evaluation. Discussion: Dissatisfaction rates showed a positive correlation gradient with REBs, being this more evident in men.

Resumen Introducción: el estándar de belleza actual se asocia con la delgadez, situación que puede alterar la percepción corporal y consecuentemente conducir al desarrollo de algún trastorno alimentario. Objetivo: determinar la relación de los índices de insatisfacción y distorsión de la imagen corporal y las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), en una población universitaria de estudiantes de medicina en Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico en una población de 187 estudiantes. Se elaboró una cédula que incluyó el SFS-test para evaluar la imagen corporal y estimar los índices de insatisfacción y distorsión de la imagen corporal; el Cuestionario Breve de Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo validado en población mexicana, así como variables sociales. Se realizó análisis descriptivo con medidas básicas de frecuencia y dispersión, bivariado y multimodal. Resultados: el 43 % eran mujeres y la edad promedio 21 años (±1.7) similar en ambos sexos. La prevalencia de alto riesgo de CAR fue de 8.6 %>, superior en los hombres (9.4 % frente a 7.4 %>) y del mediano riesgo 23.5 % con la distribución invertida por sexo (28.4 % en las mujeres y 19.8 % en los hombres). El índice de insatisfacción fue del 59.4 %, quienes percibieron tener mayor peso del que les gustaría tener y en la distorsión de la imagen corporal se observó que un 41.2 % suponía tener mayor peso que el arrojado por la evaluación antropométrica. Conclusión: los índices de insatisfacción mostraron gradiente de correlación positivo con las CAR, siendo más evidente en los hombres.

Resumo Introdução: o standard de beleza atual associa-se com a magreza, situação que pode alterar a percepção corporal e consequentemente conduzir ao desenvolvimento de algum transtorno alimentar. Objetivo: determinar a relação dos índices de insatisfação e distorção da imagem corporal e as Condutas Alimentares de Risco (CAR), em uma população universitária de estudantes de medicina em Veracruz, México. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal analítico, em uma população de 187 estudantes. Elaborou-se uma cédula que incluiu o teste SFS para avaliar a imagem corporal e estimar os índices de insatisfação e distorção da imagem corporal; o Questionário Breve de Condutas Alimentares de Risco validado em população mexicana, assim como variáveis sociais. Se realizou a análise descritiva com medidas básicas de frequência e dispersão, bivariado e multimodal. Resultados: o 43 % foram mulheres e a idade média 21 anos (±1.7) similar em ambos os sexos. A prevalência de alto risco de CAR foi de 8.6 %, superior nos homens (9.4 %> versus 7.4 %>) e do mediano risco 23.5 %> com a distribuição invertida por sexo (28.4 % nas mulheres e 19.8 % nos homens). O índice de insatisfação foi de 59.4 %, quem percebera ter maior peso do que gostaria ter, e a distorção da imagem corporal observara-se que um 41.2 %>, quem supunha ter maior peso que o obtido pela avaliação antropométrica. Conclusão: os índices de insatisfação mostraram gradiente de correlação positivo com as CAR, sendo mais evidente nos homens.

[Effectiveness of a Decalogue for cardiovascular prevention in diabetics]. / Efectividad del Decálogo de prevención cardiovascular en diabéticos.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the effects of a visual Decalogue aid on the degree of knowledge, control perception and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Primary care randomised non-pharmacological trial of an educational intervention with a parallel control group, and blind evaluation in type 2 diabetic patients. Both groups received an educational intervention on the management of CVRF. The intervention group also received a visual Decalogue aid that showed the level of control patients have over the modifiable CVRF. A total of 50 patients were included in each group in order to identify an improvement of 50% in the multifactorial knowledge of CVRF. All patients received a reminder telephone call at 2 months, with masked evaluation of knowledge and CVRF control perception. In a 6 months visit the level of knowledge and real control of CVRF were re-evaluated. RESULTS: The study included 51 males and 49 females, with mean age of 62.9 years, a mean disease duration of 9.2 years, and low educational level. The level of knowledge, control perception, and real control at baseline was 55%, 80.4%, and 65.9%, respectively. After 2 months the level of knowledge in the Decalogue group increased by 16.5% more than in the conventional education group (73.6% vs. 63.2%; P<.05) and the overestimated control perception improved by 34.5% (P<.001) with no differences between groups, although concordance was better in the Decalogue group. At 6 months there was an overall increase 25.6% (P<.001) in the level of knowledge, with the previous difference between groups levelling off. The final CVRF control improved overall and in the Decalogue group by 6.4% (P<.005) and 9.4% (P<.001), respectively. The SCORE risk significantly decreased overall with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention improves the overall level of knowledge, perception and control of CVRF. The CVRF Decalogue quickly increases the level of knowledge, and decreases the false subjective risk control perception. The benefit, however, becomes equal at 6 months with ongoing education interventions.

Cor e qualidade formal no rorschach de adolescentes e jovens adultos / Color and form quality in the rorschach of adolescents and young adults / Color y calidad formal en el rorschach de adolescentes y jóvenes adultos

O presente artigo procura verificar se a cor será causa de maior frequência de distorção perceptiva no Rorschach, como o sugerem alguns estudos normativos. A aplicação dos cartões II, III, VIII, IX e X, na sua versão original e numa versão cromática, a dois grupos de jovens de ambos os sexos, permitiu verificar, com respeito às variáveis Fo, F−, Fu, XA, tendo em conta as características cromático/acromático e masculino/feminino, o seguinte: quanto à variável Fo, verifica-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, favorável ao sexo feminino, no cartão IX; quanto à variável Fu, ocorre uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, favorável à versão cromática no cartão X, que se repete com a variável XA. A análise de variância a dois fatores, cromático/acromático e sexo, revela que o sexo feminino é responsável pelo seu valor mais elevado no cartão IX, tanto em Fo como em XA. O presente estudo não permite estabelecer uma relação de causalidade entre a variável cor e a distorção perceptiva no Rorschach. (AU)

This article tries to find if color may the cause of higher frequency in some Rorschach normative studies, it was observed that the highest frequency of perceptive distortion, as it is suggested by some normative studies. Administration of cards II, III, VIII, IX and X, in their original and achromatic versions, to two groups of 40 both sex young people, allowed to get the following results: Concerning FQo variable, it occurs a statistically significant difference favoring the female sex in Card IX; Concerning FQ−variable, no statistically significant difference occurs; Concerning FQu, a statistically difference occurs, in card X, favourable to chromatic version it also occurs with XA variable; Analysis of variance to two factors, chromatic/achromatic and sex, reveals that female sex factor is responsible for higher level of FQo and XA in card IX. Current study does not permit to establish a causal relationship between color and perceptive distortion in Rorschach. (AU)

El presente artículo busca verificar si el color sería la causa más frecuente de distorsión perceptiva, en el Rorschach, tal como lo sugieren algunos estudios normativos. La aplicación de las láminas II, III, VIII, IX y X, en su versión original y en una versión cromática, a dos grupos de 40 jóvenes de ambos sexos, permitió verificar las características cromático/acromático y masculino/femenino con respecto a las variables Fo, F−, Fu, XA. La variable Fo indicó una diferencia estadística significativa, favorable al sexo femenino, en la lámina IX; en lo que se refiere a la variable F−, no ocurren diferencias estadísticas significativas; con respecto a la variable Fu, ocurre una diferencia estadística significativa en la lámina X, favorable a la versión cromática, que se repite en la variable XA. El análisis de la varianza a dos factores, cromático/acromático y sexo, demostró, que el sexo femenino es responsable por su valor más elevado en la lámina IX, tanto en Fo como en XA . En conclusión, el presente estudio no permite establecer una relación de causalidad entre el color y la distorsión perceptiva en el Rorschach. (AU)

O Estudo das Falsas Memórias: Reflexão Histórica / El Estudio de Memorias Falsas: Reflexión Histórica / The Study of False Memories: Historical Reflection

Resumo Este trabalho consiste numa revisão teórica com o objetivo de enquadrar historicamente o modo como as falsas memórias têm sido estudadas. Embora a maior parte dos estudos sobre falsas memórias tenha sido realizada a partir da última década do século XX, os primeiros datam do final do século XIX. Assim, e com o objetivo de assinalar os grandes marcos históricos na investigação das falsas memórias, começam por apresentar-se os estudos pioneiros realizados ainda no século XIX, bem como as pesquisas realizadas sobre o efeito das perguntas nos relatos de crianças e adultos. Posteriormente, apresentam-se as primeiras pesquisas realizadas com o objetivo específico de estudar o efeito de perguntas sugestivas no aparecimento de falsas memórias, seguidas dos estudos que recorreram a uma abordagem naturalista tendo-se tornado decisivos para a compreensão deste fenômeno. Já na segunda metade do século XX, ganha peso uma abordagem mais cognitivista no estudo deste fenômeno, e surgem os paradigmas da desinformação e DRM, que serão também discutidos. Ao longo do texto, reflete-se também sobre os mecanismos que foram considerados como estando na base do aparecimento das falsas memórias, bem como sobre as implicações científicas e sociais deste fenómeno.

Resumen Este trabajo consiste en una revisión teórica con el objetivo de encuadrar históricamente la forma en que las falsas memorias han sido estudiadas. Aunque la mayoría de los estudios sobre falsas memorias se han realizado a partir de la última década del siglo XX, los primeros datan del final del siglo XIX. Con el objetivo de señalar los grandes hitos históricos en la investigación de las falsas memorias, comienzan por presentarse los estudios pioneros realizados aún en el siglo XIX, así como las investigaciones realizadas sobre el efecto de las preguntas en los informes de niños y adultos. Posteriormente, se presentan las investigaciones realizadas con el objetivo específico de estudiar el efecto de preguntas sugestivas en las falsas memorias, seguidas de los estudios que recurrieron a un abordaje naturalista y se tornaran decisivos para la comprensión de este fenómeno. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, gana peso un enfoque más cognitivista en el estudio de este fenómeno y surgen los paradigmas de la desinformación y DRM. Durante el texto, se refleja también sobre los mecanismos que se consideraron como la base de la aparición de las falsas memorias, así como sobre las implicaciones científicas y sociales de este fenómeno.

Abstract This work consists of a theoretical review with the aim of historically framing the way false memories have been studied. Although most of the studies on false memories have been developed since the last decade of the 20th century, the earliest is dated from the late 19th century. With the aim of pointing out the great historical milestones in the research of false memories, the pioneering studies carried out in the 19th century, as well as the researches on the effect of the questions on the reports of children and adults, are presented. Subsequently, we present the first researches carried out with the specific objective of studying the effect of suggestive questions on the production of false memories, followed by those who used a naturalistic approach and become decisive for the understanding of this phenomenon. In the second half of the 20th century, a more cognitive approach takes place, and the paradigms of misinformation and DRM arise, which will also be discussed. Throughout the manuscript, it is also reflected on the mechanisms that were considered to be the basis of the production of the false memories, as well as on the scientific and social implications of this phenomenon.

[The relationship between the parameters of evoked otoacoustical emission and tympanometry in the children born with the extremely low body weight]. / Vzaimosviaz' parametrov vyzvannoi otoakusticheskoi émissii i timpanometrii u detei, rozhdennykh s ékstremal'no nizkoi massoi tela.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate correlation between the parameters of evoked otoacoustical emission at the distorsion product otoacoustic emissionen frequency (DPOAE) and the results of tympoanometry performed at the probe tone frequencies of 226 Hz and 1 kHz in the children born with the extremely low body weight. The results of the study give evidence of the moderate correlation dependence between the strength of the cochlear acoustic response at DPOAE and the cohlear response amplitude at the frequencies of 2 kHz and 6 kHz from TTP (r=0.3; p=0.000) obtained at the tympanometry probe tone frequency of 1 kHz. The correlation between the magnitude of the acoustic response of the cochlea, the amplitude of this response at the frequencies of 2 kHz and 6 kHz, the width of the tympanograms, and their static compliance obtained in the studies at the tympanometry probe tone frequency of 1,000 Hz (r=0.3-0.5; p=0.001) was documented in the infants at the age of 6 months and 1 year.

Gametocidal genes of Aegilops: segregation distorters in wheat-Aegilops wide hybridization.

Aegilops is a genus belonging to the family Poaceace, which have played an indispensible role in the evolution of bread wheat and continues to do so by transferring genes by wide hybridization. Being the secondary gene pool of wheat, gene transfer from Aegilops poses difficulties and segregation distortion is common. Gametocidal genes are the most well characterized class of segregation distorters reported in interspecific crosses of wheat with Aegilops. These "selfish" genetic elements ensure their preferential transmission to progeny at the cost of gametes lacking them without providing any phenotypic benefits to the plant, thereby causing a proportional reduction in fertility. Gametocidal genes (Gc) have been reported in different species of Aegilops belonging to the sections Aegilops (Ae. geniculata and Ae. triuncialis), Cylindropyrum (Ae. caudata and Ae. cylindrica), and Sitopsis (Ae. longissima, Ae. sharonensis, and Ae. speltoides). Gametocidal activity is mostly confined to 2, 3, and 4 homeologous groups of C, S, S1, Ssh, and Mg genomes. Removal of such genes is necessary for successful alien gene introgression and can be achieved by mutagenesis or allosyndetic pairing. However, there are some instances where Gc genes are constructively utilized for development of deletion stocks in wheat, improving genetic variability and chromosome engineering.

El Modelo de Crédito Parcial aplicado a la escala distorsión del Big Five Questionnaire

Se aplicó el Modelo de Crédito Parcial (MCP) de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem al análisis de ítems de la adaptación española escala Distorsión del Big Five Questionnaire. Esta escala evalúa la tendencia de los individuos a ofrecer un perfil distorsionado. Participaron 1592 adultos de población general (55% sexo femenino). El análisis de los datos se realizó con Winsteps. El ajuste del MCP fue adecuado para todos los ítems; no obstante, un porcentaje considerable de evaluados no presentó un patrón de respuestas acorde a las expectativas del modelo. Cinco ítems presentaron inversiones en el orden esperable para los valores estimados de parámetros de umbral. Los resultados revelaron las debilidades que presenta la escala y orientan sobre posibles modificaciones futuras.

The Partial Credit Model (PCM) of the Item Response Theory was applied to the Spanish Lie Scale adaptation of the Big Five Questionnaire. The scale measures individuals' tendency to provide a distorted profile. The sample comprised 1592 adults from the general population (55% females). All analyses were performed by means of Winsteps software. The PCM exhibited satisfactory goodness-of-fit for all items. However, a considerable proportion of respondents had incongruent response patterns which were not in agreement with the model's expectations. Five items presented inversions in the order expected for the estimated values of threshold parameters. These findings show the scale weaknesses and yield useful information to guide possible changes in future research.

Quantification by quadrants of the distortion present in conventional panoramic radiograph / Cuantificación por cuadrantes de la distorsión presente en la radiografía panorámica convencional

The panoramic radiograph constitutes the "gold standard" for any clinical evaluation in dentistry. It has been universally accepted that it has a global distortion of 25 % due to magnification. The present study was carried out to determine more precise percentages of distortion, and to find out whether the distortion was due to magnification or minimization. Thirty skulls with their mandibles were divided by two horizontal and four vertical planes in ten quadrants. Wires of different lengths were fixed in each of these quadrants. A panoramic radiograph was taken for each skull. The lengths of the wires measured in the images (distorted value) were compared to the actual lengths of the wires (real value). The concordance correlation coefficient was calculated. Due to high bone density, in the upper lateral quadrants (1 and 5) no measurements could be obtained. In the intermediate upper quadrants (2 and 4) and in the median lower quadrant (8), the horizontal measurements were minimized, while in the intermediate inferior quadrants (7 and 9) and in the lateral inferior quadrants (6 and 10), the horizontal measurements were magnified. In both the upper and the lower quadrants (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) all the vertical measurements were magnified. The percentage of distortion in each quadrant for the horizontal and vertical measurements was reported. The percentage of distortion in a panoramic radiograph of the face varies from one region to another and can be due to either magnification or minimization.

La radiografía panorámica constituye el "gold standard" para cualquier valoración clínica en odontología. Universalmente ha sido aceptado que esta radiografía presenta una distorsión por magnificación en cualquier región de 25 %. La presente investigación determina 10 diferentes regiones del cráneo divulgando porcentajes de distorsión más precisos y para aclarar si la distorsión fue por magnificación o por minimización. Treinta cráneos con sus mandíbulas fueron divididos por dos planos horizontales y cuatro verticales en 10 cuadrantes y en cada una de estas se fijaron alambres de acero de diferentes longitudes en posición vertical y horizontal. Se tomó una radiografía panorámica a cada cráneo y con un calibrador digital se midieron los alambres sobre los cráneos (valor real) y sobre las radiografías (valor distorsionado). El Coeficiente de Correlación de Concordancia fue calculado. Debido a la alta densidad ósea, en los cuadrantes laterales superiores (1 y 5) las medidas no pudieron ser obtenidas. En los cuadrantes superiores intermedios (2 y 4) y en el cuadrante inferior mediano (8) las medidas horizontales son minimizadas, mientras en los cuadrantes inferiores intermedios (7 y 9) y en los cuadrantes inferiores laterales (6 y 10) las medidas horizontales son magnificadas. Para las medidas verticales en cualquiera de los cuadrantes superiores e inferiores (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) todas las medidas son magnificadas. El porcentaje de distorsión en cada cuadrante para la medida horizontal y vertical es reportada. El porcentaje de distorsión en la radiografía panorámica varía desde una región a otra de la cara y puede ser de magnificación o minimización.

The Enright phenomenon. Stereoscopic distortion of perceived driving speed induced by monocular pupil dilation.

PURPOSE: The Enright phenomenon describes the distortion in speed perception experienced by an observer looking sideways from a moving vehicle when viewing with interocular differences in retinal image brightness, usually induced by neutral density filters. We investigated whether the Enright phenomenon could be induced with monocular pupil dilation using tropicamide. METHODS: We tested 17 visually normal young adults on a closed road driving circuit. Participants were asked to travel at Goal Speeds of 40km/h and 60km/h while looking sideways from the vehicle with: (i) both eyes with undilated pupils; (ii) both eyes with dilated pupils; (iii) with the leading eye only dilated; and (iv) the trailing eye only dilated. For each condition we recorded actual driving speed. RESULTS: With the pupil of the leading eye dilated participants drove significantly faster (by an average of 3.8km/h) than with both eyes dilated (p=0.02); with the trailing eye dilated participants drove significantly slower (by an average of 3.2km/h) than with both eyes dilated (p<0.001). The speed, with the leading eye dilated, was faster by an average of 7km/h than with the trailing eye dilated (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between driving speeds when viewing with both eyes either dilated or undilated (p=0.322). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are the first to show a measurable change in driving behaviour following monocular pupil dilation and support predictions based on the Enright phenomenon.

Opiniones de los inspectores médicos acerca de la distorsión clínica en la valoración de la incapacidad laboral en España / Opinions of medical inspectors about clinical distortion in assessment of work disability in Spain

El contexto médico-legal en el que se desarrolla la medicina evaluadora, permitiendo el acceso a prestaciones económicas, obliga a considerar la validez en las consultas de valoración médica de incapacidad para tratar de evitar el fraude por simulación. Por otra parte, en el ámbito médico asistencial son habituales los casos biomédicamente inexplicables que se acompañan de elevados niveles subjetivos de sufrimiento, para los que se ha propuesto el término MUPS (medically unexplained physical symptoms). Objetivos: Profundizar en el fenómeno de la distorsión clínica en la valoración médica de incapacidad, basado en los dos primeros criterios de Simulación del DSM-IV-TR, referido al marco teórico del Análisis de Conducta en Medicina. Métodos: Encuesta en línea dirigid el colectivo de los inspectores médicos evaluadores del Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS) de España para conocer sus opiniones acerca de estos casos, presentes en su práctica diaria, su manejo de los mismos y su grado de concordancia con respecto a la bibliografía de referencia. Resultados: Incluyen a una proporción representativa de dichos inspectores médicos (15 por ciento), que aparecen como un colectivo variado, por su distinta formación profesional, experiencia previa y práctica diaria en las diferentes Unidades Médicas. Conclusiones: Consideran la distorsión clínica y sus cuadros anexos como situaciones frecuentes y relevantes en sus consultas, principalmente el fraude por simulación. Pese a ello, los inspectores médicos no parecen contar actualmente con referencias específicas suficientes ni con un discurso científico común estructurado para estos casos, que son abordados según criterios individuales más o menos ajustados al estado actual del conocimiento.(AU)

The forensic context in which disability assessment medicine is practiced in Spain, allowing access to workers' compensation benefits, requires consideration of the validity of disability assessment examinations. On the other hand, in clinical medicine biomedically unexplained cases ­for which the term medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) was proposed­ are common, often accompanied by high levels of subjective suffering. Aim: To deepen in the phenomenon of clinical distortion in disability assessment examinations, based on the first two criteria of Malingering in DSM-IV-TR, referring to the theoretical framework of the Behavior Analysis in Medicine. Methods: Online survey addressed to the group of medical examiners of the National Institute of Social Security (INSS) of Spain to know their opinions on these cases, present in their everyday practice, their management and the extent of agreement to the literature of reference. Results: Collected a representative proportion of medical examiners (15 percent), they appear as a miscellaneous group due to their different professional training, previous experience and everyday practice in their different Medical Units. Conclusions: medical examiners consider the clinical distortion and related cases as frequent and relevant situations in their practice, mainly malingering. Nonetheless, medical examiners do not seem to have sufficient specific references or a structured common scientific discourse for these cases, which are approached according to individual criteria more or less adjusted to the current state of knowledge. (AU)

Hacia un cuerpo funcional: un abordaje novedoso a las alteraciones de la imagen corporal en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Towards a functional body: A novel approach to body image disturbances in eating disorders

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de una intervención terapéutica que facilite la utilización del cuerpo de manera funcional, con un patrón coherente de respuestas cognoscitivas, motoras y autónomas, independientemente de la satisfacción o distorsión de la imagen corporal. Método: Mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo). Veintiún mujeres con anorexia, bulimia o trastornos del comportamiento alimentario no específicos (TCANES, DSM-5) completaron el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) y un Cuestionario de Auto-evaluación de la Imagen Corporal, antes y después de 14 sesiones. Construyeron una biografía corporal usando fotografías, organizaron su jerarquía de exposición y realizaron ejercicios de integración sensorial. Las narraciones de esas experiencias fueron registradas. Los terapeutas evaluaron las respuestas en una forma cualitativa. Resultados: El 90.47% lograron exponerse a todos los ítems de su jerarquía, el 95.23% se comportaron coherentemente, el 76.19% siguieron emitiendo la respuesta, el 95.23% tuvieron una respuesta emocional acorde y el 90.47% pensaron en disfrutar al emitir la respuesta. Se encontraron diferencias significativas pre y post en el puntaje BSQ (Chi2 16.4, p = 0.0001), pero no con relación al tipo de TCA, edad, cronicidad o IMC. Conclusión: Las técnicas de exposición enfocadas al uso funcional del cuerpo parecen construir evidencias que facilitan el cambio en las respuestas autónomas, motoras y cognoscitivas, independientemente de la distorsión o insatisfacción de la imagen corporal.

Abstract. Objective: To analyze the impact of a therapeutic intervention using the body in a functional way with a coherent response pattern (cognitive, motoric and autonomic) independently of the body image satisfaction or distortion. Method: Mixed (quantitative and qualitative). Twenty one women with AN, BN or EDNOS (DSM-V), completed the BSQ and self evaluation of body image questionnaires before and after 14 sessions, built the photographic history of their body, organized their exposure hierarchy and perform sensory integration exercises. The narratives of these experiences were registered. Therapist evaluated the responses in a qualitative way. Results: 90.47% were able to expose themselves to all items in their hierarchy, 95.23% behave in a coherent way, 76.19% continued responding in such a way, 95.23% had a coherent emotional response and 90.47% thought about experiencing pleasure when behaving in such a way. Significant differences were founded in BSQ pre and post (Chi2 16.4, P = .0001), but not in relation with ED type, age, chronicity, or BMI. Conclusion: Exposure techniques that focus on the functional use of the body seem to help construct evidences that facilitate changes in autonomic, motoric and autonomic responses, independently of body satisfaction or distortion.

Genomic Conflicts that Cause Pollen Mortality and Raise Reproductive Barriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Species differentiation and the underlying genetics of reproductive isolation are central topics in evolutionary biology. Hybrid sterility is one kind of reproductive barrier that can lead to differentiation between species. Here, we analyze the complex genetic basis of the intraspecific hybrid male sterility that occurs in the offspring of two distant natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana, Shahdara and Mr-0, with Shahdara as the female parent. Using both classical and quantitative genetic approaches as well as cytological observation of pollen viability, we demonstrate that this particular hybrid sterility results from two causes of pollen mortality. First, the Shahdara cytoplasm induces gametophytic cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) controlled by several nuclear loci. Second, several segregation distorters leading to allele-specific pollen abortion (pollen killers) operate in hybrids with either cytoplasm. The complete sterility of the hybrid with the Shahdara cytoplasm results from the genetic linkage of the two causes of pollen mortality, i.e., CMS nuclear determinants and pollen killers. Furthermore, natural variation at these loci in A. thaliana is associated with different male-sterility phenotypes in intraspecific hybrids. Our results suggest that the genomic conflicts that underlie segregation distorters and CMS can concurrently lead to reproductive barriers between distant strains within a species. This study provides a new framework for identifying molecular mechanisms and the evolutionary history of loci that contribute to reproductive isolation, and possibly to speciation. It also suggests that two types of genomic conflicts, CMS and segregation distorters, may coevolve in natural populations.