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Pneumonia continues to be one of the most frequent infectious syndromes and a relevant cause of death and health resources utilization. The OPENIN ("Optimización de procesos clínicos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de infecciones") Group is composed of Infectious Diseases specialists and Microbiologists and aims at generating recommendations that can contribute to improve the approach to processes with high impact on the health system. Such task relies on a critical review of the available scientific evidence. The first Group meeting (held in October 2023) aimed at answering the following questions: Can we optimize the syndromic and microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia? Is it feasible to safely shorten the length of antibiotic therapy? And, is there any role for the immunomodulatory strategies based on the adjuvant use of steroids, macrolides or immunoglobulins? The present review summarizes the literature reviewed for that meeting and offers a series of expert recommendations.
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We present the case of a 68-year-old female who presented with a substantial cyclodialysis after phacoemulsification identified by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Gonioscopy is challenging because of its shallow anterior chamber. Due to lack of response to topical steroids and refusal by the patient for surgical treatment, topical steroids were tapered, and cycloplegic was initiated. After two weeks, the cyclodialysis cleft was closed on optical coherence tomography persisting residual subchoroidal fluid, topical treatment was mantained. Despite of this, visual acuity and hypotony were restored. Finally at 2 months visit subchoroidal fluid was reabsorbed and patient was discharged. Clinics should consider the possibility of cyclodialysis in cases of unjustified hypotony during postoperative period. In addition, we recommend performing anterior segment imaging which includes ultrasound biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography, when the evaluation of angular structures is unfeasible. Finally, we propose medical management for severe cyclodialysis as the first option considering anti-inflammatory drugs could perpetrate the separation between scleral spur and ciliary muscle.
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Objetivo El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es identificar el tratamiento óptimo para la infertilidad masculina derivada del abuso de esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA). Métodos Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática según la declaración Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se incluyeron estudios que comparaban distintos protocolos para la recuperación de la espermatogénesis tras el uso de EAA. Resultados Un total de 13 estudios que investigaban diferentes protocolos para recuperar la espermatogénesis en pacientes con abuso de EAA cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Entre los agentes disponibles que demostraron eficacia en el reestablecimiento de la espermatogénesis se encuentran las gonadotropinas inyectables, los moduladores selectivos de los receptores de estrógenos (SERM) y los inhibidores de la aromatasa (AI), pero su uso apenas ha sido descrito en la literatura. Conclusiones Los médicos deben conocer los efectos adversos que los EAA pueden tener sobre la espermatogénesis. La infertilidad asociada a estos agentes puede ser de carácter reversible, pero la producción de espermatozoides puede tardar más de un año en normalizarse. Tanto el tratamiento conservador como el agresivo pueden estimular la espermatogénesis con resultados satisfactorios. Se requiere una mayor comprensión de la endocrinología reproductiva masculina y datos de alta calidad sobre la recuperación de la espermatogénesis tras el abuso de EAA. (AU)
Objective This systematic review aims to evaluate the optimal treatment for male infertility resulting from Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) abuse. Methods A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Studies that compared different protocols for the recovery of spermatogenesis in patients after AAS use were included. Results 13 studies investigating different protocols to restore spermatogenesis in patients with AAS abuse met the inclusion criteria. The available agents that showed restoration of spermatogenesis include injectable gonadotropins, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors, but their use is still poorly described in the literature. Conclusions Clinicians need to be aware of the detrimental effects of AAS on spermatogenesis. AAS-associated infertility may be reversible, but sperm production may take over a year to normalize. Both conservative and aggressive treatment can boost spermatogenesis with positive results. Further understanding of male reproductive endocrinology and high-quality data on the field of restoration of spermatogenesis after AAS abuse are warranted. (AU)
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Infertilidad Masculina , Espermatogénesis , /efectos adversos , Testosterona , GonadotropinasAsunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Trabajo de Parto Prematuro/psicología , Estrés Psicológico , Depresión Posparto/terapia , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Atención Plena , Testosterona , Medicina Psicosomática , Psiquiatría , Salud Mental , Complicaciones del Embarazo , Progesterona , Trauma PsicológicoRESUMEN
Se presenta un caso clínico de Síndrome de Klinefelter y se revisan que los aspectos en relación al sueño en estos pacientes, siendo relevante a ser abordado y estudiado debido a la relación causal entre el metabolismo de esteroides sexuales afectados. En especial la testosterona y cómo esto influye en la microarquitectura del sueño y la probabilidad de presentar síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, con las repercusiones cognitivas que pueden sumarse a las ya descritas por el síndrome en si. De allí la importancia de un seguimiento y abordaje dirigido en este aspecto, al momento del diagnóstico y en el seguimiento a largo plazo.
A clinical case of Klinefelter's Syndrome is presented and the aspects related to sleep in these patients are reviewed, being relevant to be addressed and studied due to the causal relationship between the metabolism of affected sex steroids, especially testosterone and how this influences the microarchitecture of sleep and the probability of presenting obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with the cognitive repercussions that can be added to those already described by the syndrome itself. Hence the importance of a targeted follow-up and approach in this aspect, at the time of diagnosis and in long-term follow-up.
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Humanos , Masculino , Niño , Sueño , Síndrome de Klinefelter/diagnóstico , Testosterona , Vitamina DRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Anxiety, mood- and stress-related behaviors are regulated by sex hormones in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Very scarce information exists about the role of sex steroids in pregnant women displaying high levels of anxiety. Objective To determine sex hormones serum levels in pregnant women exhibiting high levels of anxiety symptoms. Method The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS/ HAM-A) was used to assess the intensity of anxiety symptoms in third-trimester pregnant women. Two groups were included in the study, pregnant women exhibiting severe anxiety (ANX; HARS scores ≥ 25; n = 101) and healthy control subjects (CTRL; n = 40) displaying lower scores for anxiety (HARS scores ≤ 7). Estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T) serum levels were measured using a standard chemiluminescent immunoassay. Bivariate and partial correlations were performed to detect significant associations between groups, clinical measures, biochemical data, and HARS scores. Results The anxiety group (ANX) showed an increase in E2 and T serum levels (p < .001) compared to CTRL. Conversely, significantly lower P4 levels were found in the symptomatic group (p < .001) as compared to the CTRL hormone values. The P4:E2 index was significantly reduced in pregnant women with high levels of anxiety (p < .001). Negative correlations between anxiety (HARS) scores, P4 serum levels (p = .02), and P4:E2 ratio (p = .04) were found in the symptomatic group. Conversely, T serum levels displayed a positive association (p = .001) with high levels of anxiety symptoms in the same group, after adjusting our data by clinical confounders. Discussion and conclusion Serum levels of sex-steroid hormones are altered in pregnant women exhibiting severe anxiety.
Resumen Introducción La ansiedad, el estado de ánimo y el estrés están regulados por diversos esteroides sexuales. Existe poca información sobre el papel que juegan estos esteroides en mujeres embarazadas con niveles elevados de ansiedad. Objetivo Determinar los niveles séricos de hormonas sexuales en mujeres embarazadas con altos índices de síntomas de ansiedad con respecto a mujeres gestantes sanas. Método Determinación de la intensidad de síntomas ansiosos empleando la escala de Hamilton de Ansiedad (HAM-A) en 141 mujeres embarazadas en el tercer trimestre de gestación. Cuantificación de los niveles séricos de estradiol (E2), progesterona (P4) y testosterona (T) por inmunoensayo estándar. Aplicación de las correlaciones de Pearson para detectar asociaciones entre parámetros clínicos y valores hormonales entre los grupos de estudio. Resultados Las mujeres con ansiedad severa (ANX; n = 101; HAM-A ≥ 25) mostraron niveles séricos más altos de E2 y T (p < .001), así como niveles más bajos de P4 (p < .001) en relación con el grupo control (CTRL, n = 40, HAM-A < 7). Se detectó una disminución significativa en el índice P4:E2 en el grupo de ANX (p < .001) y se observaron correlaciones negativas y positivas entre los puntajes elevados de ansiedad con los niveles circulantes de P4 (p = .02), en la taza P4:E2 (p = .04) y en los niveles séricos de T (p = .001) respectivamente, al ajustar nuestros datos con variables confusoras. Discusión y conclusión Los niveles circulantes de los esteroides sexuales se encontraron alterados en mujeres con ansiedad severa.
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OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to evaluate the optimal treatment for male infertility resulting from Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) abuse. METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Studies that compared different protocols for the recovery of spermatogenesis in patients after AAS use were included. RESULTS: 13 studies investigating different protocols to restore spermatogenesis in patients with AAS abuse met the inclusion criteria. The available agents that showed restoration of spermatogenesis include injectable gonadotropins, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors, but their use is still poorly described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians need to be aware of the detrimental effects of AAS on spermatogenesis. AAS-associated infertility may be reversible, but sperm production may take over a year to normalize. Both conservative and aggressive treatment can boost spermatogenesis with positive results. Further understanding of male reproductive endocrinology and high-quality data on the field of restoration of spermatogenesis after AAS abuse are warranted.
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Anabolizantes , Andrógenos , Humanos , Masculino , Esteroides Anabólicos Androgénicos , Anabolizantes/efectos adversos , Semen , Congéneres de la Testosterona/efectos adversos , EspermatogénesisRESUMEN
Infecções odontogênicas são processos patológicos de grande importância na rotina odontológica. Seu tratamento pode constituir um desafio para profissionais e ser motivo de muita discussão. Anti-inflamatórios para casos de infecção severa são rotineiramente utilizados por alguns profissionais para amenizar sintomas agudos, como dor, edema, trismo, disfagia, disfonia e dispneia. Porém, alguns estudos indicam desvantagens do uso desses medicamentos no tratamento das infecções. Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada com o objetivo de responder se indivíduos acometidos por infecção odontogênica grave apresentam melhora do quadro com o emprego de anti-inflamatórios não-esteroidais ou esteroidais quando se avalia tempo de internação hospitalar, dor, edema, trismo, entre outros aspectos. Em dezembro de 2023, a base de dados eletrônicos PubMed/MEDLINE foi acessada e termos específicos indexados no Mesh e DeCS foram utilizados para a busca. Poderiam ser incluídos estudos observacionais, ensaios clínicos ou revisões que correspondessem à pergunta foco. Ao fim do processo de seleção de artigos, quatro foram incluídos. Outros dois artigos foram encontrados em lista de referências de artigos primariamente selecionados. Um estudo transversal relatou agravos em infecções odontogênicas entre paciente que fizeram uso de anti-inflamatórios. Um segundo e um terceiro estudos transversais não relataram diferenças nos desfechos quando compararam o uso e o não uso de anti-inflamatórios. Porém, o segundo detectou um maior consumo de antibióticos por aqueles pacientes que foram medicados com anti-inflamatórios. Uma auditoria reportou baixo índice de prescrição de corticoides no tratamento de infecções odontogênicas em rotinas de centros de saúde, exceto em casos de severidade, como na presença de dispneia e disfagia. Uma revisão que objetivou relatar o uso de anti-inflamatórios em infecções odontogênicas, não sugeriu qualquer influência desses medicamentos no tratamento. Por último, uma revisão sistemática incluiu pesquisas e relatos de caso que avaliaram os efeitos de corticoides em infecções profundas em espaços cervicais, epiglotite, supraglotite, celulite orbitária e periorbitária, faringite e abscesso peritonsilar. Resultados positivos foram encontrados, porém nenhum dos estudos incluídos relataram desfechos baseados em infecções odontogênicas. Portanto, sugere-se que o uso de anti-inflamatórios pode ocultar sinais inflamatórios da infecção, retardando seu correto diagnóstico e tratamento, resultando um prognóstico não favorável. Corticoides em alta dose por curto período de tempo é visto como adjuvante no tratamento de infecções cervicofaciais severas, principalmente quando vias aéreas estão comprometidas.
Odontogenic infections are pathologic processes of great importance in the dentistry routine. Its treatment may be a challenge for professionals and it may be the subject of discussion. Usually, some professionals prescribe anti-inflammatories for severe cases of infection to alleviate acute symptoms, such as pain, edema, trismus, dysphagia, dysphonia, and dyspnea. However, some studies indicate disadvantages of using these medications to treat infections. A review of the literature was conducted to answer whether individuals affected by severe odontogenic infection improve their condition with the use of non-steroidal or steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs when evaluating length of hospitalization, pain, edema, trismus, among others aspects. In December 2023, the electronic database PubMed/MEDLINE was accessed and specific terms indexed in the Mesh were used for the search. Observational studies, clinical trials or reviews that correspond to the focus question could be included. At the end of the article selection process, four studies were included. Two other articles were found in the reference list of primarily selected articles. A cross-sectional study reported worsening of odontogenic infections among patients who used anti-inflammatories. A second and third cross-sectional studies reported no differences in outcomes when comparing the use and non-use of anti-inflammatories. However, the second detected a greater consumption of antibiotics by those who were treated with anti-inflammatories. An audit reported a low rate of prescription of corticosteroids in the treatment of odontogenic infections in the routine of dental offices, except in severe cases, such as in the presence of dyspnea and dysphagia. A review that aimed to report the use of anti-inflammatories in odontogenic infections did not suggest any influence of these medications on the treatment. Finally, a systematic review included researches and case reports that evaluated the effects of corticosteroids on deep neck infections, epiglottitis, supraglottitis, orbital and periorbital cellulitis, pharyngitis and peritonsillar abscess. Positive results were found, but none of the included studies reported outcomes based on odontogenic infections. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs may hide inflammatory signs of the infection, delaying its correct diagnosis and treatment, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis. High-doses corticosteroids for a short period of time are seen as an adjuvant in the treatment of severe cervicofacial infections.
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Corticoesteroides , Control de Infección Dental , Infección Focal Dental , Glucocorticoides , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the long-term ocular findings of children that were operated of congenital cataract before the age of two and that received an intraoperative intracameral triamcinolone injection or used postoperative oral prednisolone to modulate ocular inflammation. Methods: All patients who had previously participated in a clinical trial that analyzed the 1-year surgical outcomes of congenital cataract surgery utilizing intracameral triamcinolone (study group) or oral prednisolone (control group) were eligible to participate in this prospective cohort research. Patients' medical records were reviewed, and the children underwent a complete ophthalmologic exam on final follow-up. Biomicroscopic findings, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, the need for additional surgical interventions, and findings compatible with glaucoma were the primary end measures. Results: Twenty-six eyes (26 patients) were included (study group = 11 eyes; control group = 15 eyes). The mean follow--up was 8.2 ± 1.2 years and 8.1 ± 1.7 years in the study and control groups, respectively (p=0.82). All eyes presented a centered intraocular lens. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with regards to the presence of posterior synechia (p=0.56), intraocular pressure (p=0.49), or central corneal thickness (p=0.21). None of the eyes fulfilled the glaucoma diagnostic criteria, presented secondary visual axis obscuration, or were reoperated. Conclusion: The long--term ocular findings of children that underwent congenital cataract surgery and received an intraoperative intracameral triamcinolone injection were similar to those that used postoperative oral prednisolone to modulate ocular inflammation. This suggests that intracameral triamcinolone may substitute oral prednisolone in congenital cataract surgery, facilitating the postoperative treatment regimen and compliance.
RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os achados oculares em longo prazo de crianças que se submeteram à cirurgia de catarata congênita antes dos dois anos de idade e receberam uma injeção intracameral de triancinolona no intraoperatório ou usaram prednisolona oral no pós-operatório para modular a inflamação ocular. Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo de coorte, todos os pacientes que participaram de um ensaio clínico anterior, que analisou os resultados cirúrgicos de 1 ano da cirurgia de catarata congênita usando triancinolona intracameral (Grupo de Estudo) ou prednisolona oral (Grupo Controle), eram elegíveis para participar. Os prontuários médicos dos pacientes foram revisados e as crianças foram submetidas a um exame oftalmológico completo no acompanhamento final. As principais medidas de desfecho foram: achados biomicroscópicos, pressão intraocular, espessura central da córnea, a necessidade de intervenções cirúrgicas adicionais e achados compatíveis com glaucoma. Resultados: Vinte e seis olhos (26 pacientes) foram incluídos (Grupo de Estudo = 11 olhos; Grupo de Controle = 15 olhos). O seguimento médio foi de 8,2 ± 1,2 anos e 8,1 ± 1,7 anos nos Grupos de Estudo e Controle, respectivamente (p=0,82). Todos os olhos apresentavam lente intraocular centrada. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com relação à presença de sinéquia posterior (p=0,56), pressão intraocular (p=0,49) ou espessura central da córnea (p=0,21). Nenhum dos olhos preencheu os critérios diagnósticos para glaucoma, apresentou opacificação secundária do eixo visual ou foi reoperado. Conclusão: Os achados oculares em longo prazo de crianças que se submeteram à cirurgia de catarata congênita e receberam uma injeção intracameral de triancinolona no intraoperatório foram semelhantes aos que usaram prednisolona oral no pós-operatório para modular a inflamação ocular, sugerindo que a triancinolona intracameral pode substituir a prednisolona oral na cirurgia de catarata congênita, facilitando o tratamento pós-operatório e a adesão ao mesmo.
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Objetivo: caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo trasversal, que incluyó pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en un hospital universitario de Medellín. Material y métodos: la fuente de información fue secundaria a través de historias clínicas, el análisis se realizó en el programa Jamovi, empleando un análisis univariado. Resultados y discusión: se incluyeron 552 pacientes, la edad mediana fue 76 años con predominio del sexo femenino (56.7%). Respecto a la exposición a sustancias tóxicas respiratorias importantes en el desarrollo de la enfermedad, 24.1% consumían cigarrillo y 23% exposición a biomasa. Al momento del ingreso hospitalario 17.9% fueron clasificados con disnea grado IV; 74.1% recibió beta-agonistas de corta acción y antimuscarínicos de corta acción 60%; 11.6% requirió ingreso a las unidades de cuidados intensivos o especiales y 7.8% fallecieron durante la hospitalización. Conclusiones: se evidencia subdiagnóstico espirométrico de la enfermedad que puede estar relacionado con las limitaciones económicas, tecnológicas y de recurso humano capacitado, lo cual afecta el adecuado diagnóstico y manejo de la enfermedad, así como impacta la calidad de vida de los pacientes.
Objective: clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study, which included adult patients with a diagnosis of COPD in a university hospital in Medellín. Data sources were secondary, based on medical records. The Jamovi program was used to perform a univariate analysis. Results and discussion: 552 patients were included. Median age was 76 years with a female predominance (56.7%). Regarding exposure to major respiratory toxic substances implicated in the development of the disease, 24.1% were tobacco smokers and 23% were exposed to biomass smoke. At the time of hospital admission,17.9% were classified as having grade 4 dyspnea; 74.1% received short acting beta-agonists and 60% short-acting antimuscarinics,11.6% required intensive care unit or special care unit admission, and 7.8% died in hospital. Conclusions: under-diagnosis of COPD by spirometry may be related to economic, technological, and trained human resource limitations, which affect adequate diagnosis and management of the disease, as well as patient Ìs quality of life.
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HumanosRESUMEN
Abstract Ewing sarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor of the pelvis in children and young adults. Even with aggressive treatment, its survival rate is amongst the poorest. Classical presentation may not be the rule. It may simulate clinically, imagiologically and histopathologically other nonmalignant entities. Therefore, its suspicion should not be overlooked. We report two cases of pelvic Ewing sarcoma: the first mimicking eosinophilic granuloma, and the second mimicking osteomyelitis. In the latter, we also report an atypical finding of its natural history: an initial response to antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. In both cases, we highlight the possibility of an inconclusive percutaneous bone biopsy and the importance of immunochemistry and cytogenetics for the definitive diagnosis.
Resumo O sarcoma de Ewing é o tumor ósseo maligno da pelve mais comum em crianças e adultos jovens. Mesmo com tratamento agressivo, sua taxa de sobrevivência está entre as piores. A apresentação clássica pode não ser a regra. Ele pode simular clinicamente, imaginologicamente e histopatologicamente outras entidades não malignas. Portanto, sua suspeita não deve ser negligenciada. Relatamos dois casos de sarcoma pélvico: o primeiro imitando granuloma eosinofílico e o segundo imitando osteomielite. Neste último, também relatamos um achado atípico de sua história natural: uma resposta inicial ao antibiótico e ao tratamento anti-inflamatório. Em ambos os casos, destacamos a possibilidade de uma biópsia óssea percutânea inconclusiva e a importância da imunoquímica e da citogenética para o diagnóstico definitivo.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Osteomielitis , Neoplasias Pélvicas , Sarcoma de Ewing , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Enfermedad de KimuraRESUMEN
A 69-year-old man with a history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and major depressive disorder was admitted to the Emergency Department with fever, weakness, and shortness of breath. He was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 and received oxygen and steroids during a one-month hospital stay. After discharge, he continued steroids and home oxygen therapy for nearly two years. CT scans revealed bronchiectasis and ground glass opacities related to COVID-19. He developed pulmonary nodules and M. intracellulare infection, which were treated with rifampicin, ethambutol, and azithromycin. After six months of treatment, the patient showed clinical and radiological improvement (AU)
Un hombre de 69 años con antecedentes de miocardiopatía hipertrófica y trastorno depresivo mayor acudió a urgencias por fiebre, debilidad y dificultad respiratoria. Se le diagnosticó síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo debido a COVID-19 y fue ingresado en planta de neumología, donde recibió oxígeno y esteroides durante 1 mes. Después del alta continuó con esteroides y oxigenoterapia domiciliaria durante casi 2 años. Las tomografías objetivaron bronquiectasias y opacidades en vidrio deslustrado relacionadas con la COVID-19. Desarrolló nódulos pulmonares e infección por Mycobacterium intracellulare, siendo tratado con rifampicina, etambutol y azitromicina. Después de 6 meses de tratamiento, el paciente mostró mejoría clínica y radiológica (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Complejo Mycobacterium avium , Infección por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/complicacionesRESUMEN
Osteoporosis and vertebral and non-vertebral fractures are common in glucocorticoids (GC) treated patients. Oral GC treatment leads to bone loss, particularly of trabecular bone. The benefits of GC used in rheumatological and traumatological disorders are known but they would have possible negative effects on bone. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of epidural steroid injections (ESI), and intra-articular and intramuscular GC administration on bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fractures. A systematic review of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, and LILACS up to November 2020 was conducted. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, and prospective and retrospective studies comparing the effect of ESI, intra-articular or intramuscular GC used compared to a control group or baseline measurements were included. Results: A total of 8272 individuals were included among the 13 selected articles (10 about ESI and 3 about intra-articular GC; no article was found evaluating intramuscular GC). Only a few studies showed a negative effect of ESI on bone in the qualitative analysis considering osteopenia and osteoporosis in lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip and BMD as surrogate outcomes. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis showed that most studies found an increased risk of fragility fracture. However, only two studies could be included in the quantitative analysis, in which there were no differences between patients exposed to ESI versus controls in all evaluated regions. In conclusion, there was insufficient evidence to suggest that ESI and intra-articular GC, unlike oral GC, negatively affect bone mass. Longitudinal studies are needed to obtain more knowledge regarding the effect of ESI or intra-articular GC on BMD and fragility fractures. (AU)
La osteoporosis y las fracturas vertebrales y no vertebrales son comunes en pacientes tratados con glucocorticoides (GC). El tratamiento oral con GC conduce a la pérdida ósea, particularmente del hueso trabecular. Los beneficios de los GC utilizados en patologías reumatológicas y traumatológicas son conocidos, pero tendrían posibles efectos negativos sobre el hueso. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de las inyecciones epidurales de esteroides (ESI), GC intraarticulares e intramusculares sobre la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y las fracturas por fragilidad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de Medline/PubMed, Cochrane y LILACS hasta noviembre de 2020. Se incluyeron metanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos controlados aleatorizados y no aleatorizados, estudios prospectivos y retrospectivos que compararon el efecto de ESI, GC intraarticular o intramuscular utilizado en comparación con un grupo de control o mediciones iniciales. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 8272 individuos entre los 13 artículos seleccionados (10 sobre ESI y 3 sobre GC intraarticular; no se encontró ningún artículo que evaluara GC intramuscular). Solo unos pocos estudios mostraron un efecto negativo del ESI sobre el hueso en el análisis cualitativo considerando la osteopenia y la osteoporosis en la columna lumbar, el cuello femoral y la cadera total y la DMO como un resultado indirecto. Por otro lado, el análisis cualitativo mostró que la mayoría de los estudios encontraron un mayor riesgo de fractura por fragilidad. Sin embargo, solo dos estudios pudieron incluirse en el análisis cuantitativo, en los que no hubo diferencias entre los pacientes expuestos a ESI versus los controles en todas las regiones evaluadas. En conclusión, no hallamos datos suficientes para sugerir que la ESI y los GC intraarticulares, a diferencia de los GC orales, afectan negativamente a la pérdida ósea. Se necesitan estudios longitudinales para obtener más conocimiento sobre el efecto de ESI o GC intraarticular en la DMO y las fracturas por fragilidad. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Osteoporosis/etiología , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/etiología , Densidad Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Fracturas Osteoporóticas/inducido químicamente , Glucocorticoides/efectos adversos , Literatura de Revisión como Asunto , Sesgo , Vías de Administración de Medicamentos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Medición de Riesgo , Densitometría , Estrógenos/efectos adversosRESUMEN
La atrofodermia idiopática de Pasini y Pierini es una entidad poco frecuente y de etiología aún no esclarecida, se presenta con una frecuencia hasta seis veces mayor en mujeres que en hombres y una posible asociación con la esclerodermia localizada (morfea). Paciente femenina de 30 años, quien consultó por una lesión asintomática de dos años de evolución en el glúteo izquierdo. En el examen físico se evidenció una placa ovalada, deprimida y acrómica en su centro, que mide cinco por diez centímetros. La paciente había sido tratada previamente con múltiples terapias tópicas sin obtener mejoría clínica. Se realizó la biopsia de piel que demostraba cambios mínimos en epidermis, homogenización y adelgazamiento de colágeno sin afección de anexos. Se hizo correlación con los hallazgos clínicos y se decidió iniciar tratamiento con esteroides intralesionales de alta potencia (acetónido de triamcinolona). Posterior a la administración de dos aplicaciones del medicamento, con cuatro semanas de diferencia entre ellas, se evidenció la resolución completa de la dermatosis. Un mes después de la última dosis la paciente no mostró recidivas
diopathic atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini is a rare entity of unclear etiology, occurring as much as six times more frequently in women than in men, with a possible association with localized scleroderma (morphea). It is about a 30 years old woman who consulted with an asymptomatic lesion of two years of evolution on the left gluteal region. Physical examination revealed an oval plaque, depressed and acromic in its center, measuring five by ten centimeters. A 30 years old female patient who consulted about an asymptomatic lesion of two years of evolution on the left gluteal region. Physical examination revealed an oval plaque, depressed and acromic in its center, measuring five by ten centimeters. The patient was previously treated with multiple topical therapies without clinical improvement.Skin biopsy showed minimal changes in the epidermis, homogenization, and thinning of the collagen without adnexal involvement. After a correlation was made with the clinical findings, starting treatment with high-potency intralesional steroids (triamcinolone acetonide) was recommended. After administering two applications of the drug, four weeks apart, the complete resolution of the dermatosis was evidenced. One month after the last dose, the patient showed no recurrence
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Esclerodermia Localizada , Enfermedades de la Piel , El SalvadorRESUMEN
Accurate measurement of sex steroids, particularly testosterone and estradiol, is relevant for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of conditions. Unfortunately, current chemiluminescent immunoassays have analytical limitations with important clinical consequences. This document reviews the current state of clinical assays for estradiol and testosterone measurements and their potential impact in different clinical situations. It also includes a series of recommendations and necessary steps to introduce steroid analysis by mass spectrometry into national health systems, a methodology recommended for more than a decade by international societies.
Asunto(s)
Estradiol , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Testosterona , Esteroides/análisisRESUMEN
Introducción: El síndrome nefrótico es una patología que afecta el complejo glomerular del riñón, se caracteriza por una proteinuria mayor 3500 mg/d. De acuerdo a la respuesta de los esteroides se puede clasificar en síndrome nefrótico en esteroide resistente o esteroide sensible. Objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre la proteinuria y las variantes del síndrome nefrótico en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, con una población de 28 pacientes. Se recolectaron y se procesaron los datos a través del software Epi-Info 7,2TM; la frecuencia simple, la media estadística, prueba t de Student, y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: En el análisis combinatorio de los fármacos adyuvantes para síndrome nefrótico, el grupo que utilizó antiproteinúricos pero no estatinas, demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la proteinuria postratamiento media del grupo de síndrome nefrótico esteroideo resistente (6202 mg/d) vs síndrome nefrótico esteroideo sensible (65,9 mg/d) (valor de p 0,418). Existe una correlación negativa entre los niveles proteinuria postratamiento y el nivel de albúmina sérica postratamiento (r = - 0,7 valor de p < 0,00001). Conclusiones: Se demostró la ausencia de asociación entre la proteinuria inicial y las variantes de síndrome nefrótico esteroide sensible y esteroide resistente (valor de p = 0,8)(AU)
Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a pathology that affects the glomerular complex of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria greater than 3500 mg/d. According to the response to steroids, nephrotic syndrome can be classified as steroid-resistant or steroid-sensitive. Objective: To determine the relationship between proteinuria and the variants of the nephrotic syndrome in adults. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, case series type study was carried out with a population of 28 patients. The data was collected and processed through Epi-Info 7.2TM software; simple frequency, statistical mean, student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The statistically significant difference was obtained in the antiproteinuric and non-statin group, between the mean post-treatment proteinuria of the steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome group (6202 mg/d) in comparison to steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (65.9 mg/d) (p value 0.0418). There is negative correlation between post-treatment proteinuria levels and post-treatment serum albumin level (r= -0.7 p value <0.00001). Conclusions: The absence of association between initial proteinuria and steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant variants of nephrotic syndrome was demonstrated (p value=0.8)(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Proteinuria , Esteroides , Albuminuria , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Síndrome Nefrótico/epidemiología , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Introducción y objetivos: La sordera súbita idiopática se define habitualmente, como una pérdida auditiva superior o igual a 30 dB HL, en 3 o más frecuencias consecutivas, con un tiempo de instauración inferior a 72 horas, de causa desconocida. Siendo actualmente motivo de discusión el efecto de la terapia esteroidea en este síndrome, evaluaremos la eficacia del corticoide intratimpánico (CIT) como tratamiento de rescate. Como objetivo secundario, estudiaremos la influencia de determinados factores considerados de riesgo o pronóstico. Pacientes y métodos: Se comparan los resultados de dos grupos de población con edad y pérdida auditiva similar. El primero, de 99 pacientes, recibió exclusivamente tratamiento sistémico con corticoides. En el segundo de 70, con una sordera súbita idiopática refractaria al tratamiento general, instilamos corticoide intratimpánico. Comparamos las diferencias de umbral medio auditivo en el momento del diagnóstico y a los 3 meses, además del grado general de recuperación. Resultados: La aplicación intratimpánica de 3 dosis de dexametasona (8mg/ml) en la sordera súbita idiopática refractaria, no ha producido, en nuestra población, un cambio significativo respecto al tratamiento sistémico. Analizamos también la influencia de los factores pronósticos seleccionados. Discusión: Desconocemos la eficacia del tratamiento con corticoides en la sordera súbita idiopática. El tipo de lesión y las características del paciente podrían ser decisivos en el pronóstico final y en el resultado terapéutico. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de rescate con CIT, no ha aportado mejoría auditiva significativa en la población estudiada. Los factores con peor pronóstico son: la presencia de síntomas vestibulares, la hipoacusia de grado profundo, la caída audiométrica hacia tonos agudos, el inicio del tratamiento después de 2 semanas y fundamentalmente, la falta de mejoría de al menos 10 dB el 4º día de tratamiento. (AU)
Introduction and objectives: Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSNHL) is commonly defined as greater than 30 dB of hearing loss in at least 3 audiometric frequencies occurring over 3 days or less, of unknown cause. Since the effect of steroid therapy in this syndrome is currently under discussion, we will evaluate the efficacy of intratympanic corticosteroid (ITC) as rescue treatment. As a secondary objective, we will study the influence of certain factors considered risk or prognostic. Patients and methods: The results of two population groups with similar age and hearing loss are compared. The first of 99 patients received exclusively systemic treatment with corticosteroids. In the second group of 70, with ISSNHL refractory to general treatment, we instilled intratympanic corticosteroids. We compared the differences in mean hearing threshold at diagnosis and at 3 months, as well as the general degree of recovery. Results: Intratympanic application of 3 doses of dexamethasone (8mg/ml) in refractory ISSNHL did not produce, in our population, a significant change with respect to systemic treatment. We also analyzed the influence of selected prognostic factors. Discussion: We do not know the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment in idiopathic sudden deafness. The type of lesion and patient characteristics could be decisive in the final prognosis and therapeutic outcome. Conclusions: Rescue treatment with ITC has not provided significant hearing improvement in the population studied. The factors with the worst prognosis are the presence of vestibular symptoms, profound hearing loss, high-frequency hearing loss in audiometry, the beginning of treatment after 2 weeks and fundamentally, the lack of improvement of at least 10 dB on the 4th day of treatment. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Pérdida Auditiva Súbita , Esteroides , Pronóstico , Pérdida AuditivaRESUMEN
Abstract In the last few decades, there have been considerable improvements in the diagnosis and care of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common childhood muscular dystrophy. International guidelines have been published and recently reviewed. A group of Brazilian experts has developed a standard of care based on a literature review with evidence-based graded recommendations in a two-part publication. Implementing best practice management has helped change the natural history of this chronic progressive disorder, in which the life expectancy for children of the male sex in the past used to be very limited. Since the previous publication, diagnosis, steroid treatment, rehabilitation, and systemic care have gained more significant insights with new original work in certain fields. Furthermore, the development of new drugs is ongoing, and some interventions have been approved for use in certain countries. Therefore, we have identified the need to review the previous care recommendations for Brazilian patients with DMD. Our objective was to create an evidence-based document that is an update on our previous consensus on those topics.
Resumo Nas últimas décadas, houve progressos significativos no diagnóstico e no tratamento da distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD), considerada a distrofia muscular mais comum na infância. Diretrizes internacionais foram publicadas e revisadas recentemente. Um grupo de especialistas brasileiros desenvolveu um padrão de atendimento baseado em revisão de literatura, com recomendações graduadas pautadas em evidências compiladas em uma publicação dividida em duas partes. A implementação de melhores práticas de manejo ajudou a modificar a história natural desta doença crônica, progressiva, que, no passado, oferecia uma expectativa de vida muito limitada para crianças do sexo masculino. Desde a publicação desse consenso anterior, o diagnóstico, o tratamento com esteroides, a reabilitação e os cuidados sistêmicos ganharam novas possibilidades a partir da divulgação dos resultados de trabalhos originais em algumas dessas áreas. Além disso, as pesquisas e o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos estão em andamento, e algumas intervenções já foram aprovadas para uso em determinados países. Nesse contexto, identificamos a necessidade de rever as recomendações anteriores sobre o manejo dos pacientes brasileiros com DMD. Nosso objetivo principal foi elaborar uma atualização baseada em evidências sobre esses tópicos do consenso.
RESUMEN
Dado el problema de salud pública que plantean los esteroides anabólicos, el consumo de ayudas ergogénicas está aumentando a nivel mundial, no es en Bolivia. Además, existe un consumo desmedido de suplementos nutricionales y farmacéuticos, así como efectos reversibles e irreversibles de los esteroides anabólicos. Objetivos: describir cómo se consumen las ayudas ergogénicas nutricionales y farmacéuticas y cómo los asistentes a gimnasios en el municipio Cercado de Cochabamba perciben sus efectos en su salud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con 378 participantes mayores de 18 años, (estratificada) divididos en cuatro grupos; Amateur, Fitness, Deportista y en nueve gimnasios y dos grupos (NABBA-IFFB) y deportistas en general en el área metropolitana de Cercado Cochabamba. Resultados: se encontró que el 74,6% consume alguna sustancia que mejoran el rendimiento; el consumo de ayudas ergogénicas nutricionales fue del 57,1%(n=216) y farmacológicas el 17,4% (n=66). El tiempo dedicado a entrenamiento y dieta para el grupo amateur es estadísticamente significativo con un valor de (p<0,05). Los efectos percibidos y reportados por el consumo de ayudas ergogénicas farmacológicas (esteroides anabólicos androgénicos) son principalmente cambios de humor, alteración en la libido y acné. Entre los efectos secundarios irreversibles dos casos de hombres desarrollaron ginecomastia y dos mujeres desarrollaron clítoromegalia. Conclusiones: los usuarios de ejercicio en el gimnasio consumen grandes cantidades de sustancias nutricionales y/o farmacológica que mejoran el rendimiento.
Given the public health problem posed by anabolic steroids, the consumption of ergogenic aids is increasing worldwide, not indifferently in Bolivia. In addition, there is an excessive consumption of nutritional and pharmaceutical supplements, as well as reversible and irreversible effects of anabolic steroids. Objectives: to describe how nutritional and pharmaceutical ergogenic aids are consumed and how gym-goers in the Cercado municipality of Cochabamba perceive their effects on their health. Methods: a crosssectional observational study was conducted with 378 participants over 18 years of age, (stratified) divided into four groups; Amateur, Fitness, Athlete and in 9 gyms and 2 groups (NABBA-IFFB) and athletes in general in the metropolitan area of Cercado Cochabamba. Results: it was found that 74.6% consumed some performance-enhancing substance; the consumption of nutritional ergogenic aids was 57.1% (n=216) and pharmacological aids 17.4% (n=66). Time dedicated to training and diet for the amateur group is statistically significant with a value of (p<0.05). The perceived and reported effects of the consumption of pharmacological ergogenic aids (anabolic androgenic steroids) are mainly mood changes, libido alteration and acne. Among the irreversible side effects 2 cases of men developed gynecomastia and 2 women developed clitoromegaly. Conclusions: exercise users in the gym consume large amounts of nutritional and/or pharmacological performance enhancing substances.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT We assessed the effects of anti-inflammatory treatment after selective laser trabeculoplasty through a systematic search of the MEDLINE, COCHRANE, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The outcome measures were intraocular pressure, anterior chamber inflammation, and discomfort. Evidence synthesis was performed using fixed effects or random-effects model according to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q-statistic and I2. For an overall estimate of continuous outcomes, the mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals were applied, while odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were applied for dichotomous outcomes. Six studies were included in all. No significant difference was noted in the patients for intraocular pressure and discomfort when treated with anti-inflammatory drops. However, the patients showed benefit from reduced anterior chamber inflammation in the first postoperative week [FE OR=0.43, 95% CI=(0.19, 0.95), PQ=0.97, I2=0%], with no significant difference between the outcomes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids [FE OR=0.75, 95% CI=(0.20, 2.82), PQ=0.37, I2=0%]. Anti-inflammatory drops reduce anterior chamber inflammation after selective laser trabeculoplasty but showed no effect on the intraocular pressure.
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos do tratamento anti-inflamatório após a trabeculoplastia seletiva a laser. Uma busca sistemática foi feita no MEDLINE, COCHRANE e ClinicalTrials.gov. As medidas de resultado foram pressão intraocular, inflamação da câmara anterior e desconforto. A síntese de evidência foi realizada utilizando-se modelo de efeitos fixos ou efeitos aleatórios, de acordo com a heterogeneidade dos estudos incluídos. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada utilizando-se Q-statistic e I². Para uma estimativa global dos resultados contínuos, foram usadas diferenças médias e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% enquanto para resultados dicótomos, usou-se odds ratios e seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. Seis estudos foram incluídos. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada em pacientes tratados com gotas anti-inflamatórias em termos de pressão intraocular e desconforto. No entanto, eles se beneficiaram da redução da inflamação da câmara anterior na primeira semana pós-operatória [FE OR=0,43, IC 95% = (0,19, 0,95), PQ=0,97, I2=0%], sem diferença significativa entre anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais e esteroidais [FE OR=0,75, IC 95% = (0,20, 2,82), PQ=0,37, I2=0%]. Gotas anti-inflamatórias reduzem a inflamação da câmara anterior após trabeculoplastia seletiva a laser, não afetando a pressão intraocular.