[Application Value of Exercise Therapy in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease].

Cardiovascular diseases,such as coronary heart disease (CHD),are the main causes of death in humans.Cardiac rehabilitation with exercise therapy as the core contents is a rehabilitation program specially designed for the patients with cardiovascular diseases,aiming to help the patients improve their physical functions and return to social activities as soon as possible.Active cardiac rehabilitation can not only reduce the morbidity and mortality of CHD and improve the cardiopulmonary function of patients but also reduce the medical and economic burden.This article summarizes the effect of physical function on CHD patients,the current application mode of exercise therapy in cardiac rehabilitation,and the formulation principles of different exercise prescriptions in cardiac rehabilitation,aiming to provide a reference for the application of exercise therapy in CHD patients.

The Effect of Duration on Performance and Perceived Fatigability During Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Young, Healthy Males and Females.

Few studies have explored the kinetics of performance and perceived fatigability during high-intensity interval training, despite its popularity. We aimed to characterize the kinetics of fatigability and recovery during an 8 × 4-min HIIT protocol, hypothesizing that most muscle function impairment would occur during the initial four intervals. Fifteen healthy males and females (mean ± standard deviation; age = 26 ± 5 years, V̇O2max = 46.8 ± 6.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed eight, 4-min intervals at 105% of critical power with 3 min of rest. Maximal voluntary knee extension contractions (MVCs) coupled with electrical nerve stimulation were performed at baseline and after the first, fourth, and eighth intervals. MVC, potentiated twitch force (Pt), and Db10:100 ratio all declined throughout HIIT (p < 0.05). MVC sharply declined after interval 1 (-15 ± 9% relative to baseline; p < 0.05) and had only further declined after interval 8 (-26 ± 11%; p < 0.05), but not interval 4 (-19 ± 13%; p > 0.05). Pt and Db10:100 also sharply declined after interval 1 (Pt: -18 ± 13%, Db10:100: -14 ± 20%; p < 0.05) and further declined after interval 4 (Pt: -35 ± 19%, Db10:100: -30 ± 20%; p < 0.05) but not interval 8 (Pt: -41 ± 19%; Db10:100: -32 ± 18%; p > 0.05). Voluntary activation did not significantly change across the HIIT protocol (p > 0.05). Evoked force recovery was significantly blunted as more intervals were completed: after interval 1, Pt recovered by 7 ± 11% compared to -6 ± 7% recovery after interval 8 (p < 0.05). Ratings of perceived effort, fatigue, and leg pain rose throughout the session (p < 0.05 for each) and were greater (effort and fatigue) for females (p < 0.05). Otherwise, males and females exhibited similar performance fatigability kinetics, with contractile function declines blunted in response to additional intervals.

A modified step-ramp-step protocol to prescribe constant-speed exercise in treadmill running.

PURPOSE: This study investigated whether a running-adapted version of the cycling-based "step-ramp-step" (SRS) protocol would improve prediction of V ˙ O2 in treadmill exercise compared to the traditional prescriptive approach. METHODS: Fourteen healthy individuals (6 females; 25 ± 6 years; 66.1 ± 12.7 kg) performed a treadmill-based SRS protocol including a ramp-incremental test to task failure followed by two constant-speed bouts within the moderate-(MODstep-below estimated lactate threshold; θLT), and heavy-intensity domains (HVYstep-between θLT and respiratory compensation point; RCP). Using the uncorrected V ˙ O2-to-speed relationship from the ramp exercise, three constant-speed bouts were performed at 40-50% between: baseline and θLT (CSEMOD); θLT and RCP (CSEHVY); and RCP and peak (CSESEV). For CSEMOD, CSEHVY, and CSESEV measured end-exercise V ˙ O2 was compared to predicted V ˙ O2 based on the: (i) "SRS-corrected" V ˙ O2-to-speed relationship (where MODstep and HVYstep were used to adjust the V ˙ O2 relative to speed); and (ii) linear "uncorrected" data. RESULTS: Average treadmill speeds for CSEMOD and CSEHVY were 7.8 ± 0.8 and 11.0 ± 1.4 km·h-1, respectively, eliciting end-exercise V ˙ O2 of 1979 ± 390 and 2574 ± 540 mL·min-1. End-exercise V ˙ O2 values were not different compared to SRS-predicted V ˙ O2 at CSEMOD (mean difference: 5 ± 166 mL·min-1; p = 0.912) and CSEHVY (20 ± 128 mL·min-1; p = 0.568). The linear "uncorrected" estimates were not different for CSEMOD (- 91 ± 172 mL·min-1; p = 0.068) but lower for CSEHVY (- 195 ± 146 mL·min-1; p < 0.001). For CSESEV (running speed: 13.8 ± 1.7 km·h-1), the end-exercise V ˙ O2 was not different from peak V ˙ O2 achieved during the ramp (3027 ± 682 vs. 2979 ± 655 mL·min-1; p = 0.231). CONCLUSION: In healthy individuals, the SRS protocol more accurately predicts speeds for a target V ˙ O2 compared to traditional approaches.

Understanding and Involving the Perspective of Pregnant Women as Users When Designing the Framework of e-Health and Exercise Interventions during Pregnancy: Preliminary Study.

Health and exercise technology may promote a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to understand and involve the perspective of pregnant women as users in the design of a framework for future e-health and exercise interventions during pregnancy. Pregnant women replied to a questionnaire aimed at understanding their physical activity patterns, needs, and preferences regarding the use of mobile applications (apps). The main results showed that one-third of the women did not practice any type of exercise during pregnancy. Women preferred to exercise in a gym, outdoors, or at home. The majority already had or were currently using a fitness app, but never used any pregnancy-specific app. Most women agreed that it was important to have a specific app for pregnancy to improve knowledge about recommendations on lifestyle, have direct contact with health and exercise professionals, have social interaction with other mothers, and have guidance on preparation for childbirth and postpartum recovery. Understanding and involving the perspective of pregnant women as users will allow researchers to improve the design of a pregnancy-specific app and future e-health and exercise interventions during pregnancy. These preliminary results will lead to the development of the "active pregnancy app" focused on the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle during pregnancy and postpartum.

Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Adolescents and Young Adults.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy is widely known as a major risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although exercise is proven to exert overall beneficial effects on hypertension and hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy, there are some concerns among providers about potential adverse effects induced by intense exercise, especially in hypertensive athletes. We will overview the underlying mechanisms of physiological and pathological hypertrophy and delineate the beneficial effects of exercise in young people with hypertension and consequent hypertrophy. RECENT FINDINGS: Multiple studies have demonstrated that exercise training, both endurance and resistance types, reduces blood pressure and ameliorates hypertrophy in hypertensives, but certain precautions are required for hypertensive athletes when allowing competitive sports: Elevated blood pressure should be controlled before allowing them to participate in high-intensity exercise. Non-vigorous and recreational exercise are always recommended to promote cardiovascular health. Exercise-induced cardiac adaptation is a benign and favorable response that reverses or attenuates pathological cardiovascular remodeling induced by persistent hypertension. Exercise is the most effective nonpharmacological treatment for hypertensive individuals. Distinction between recreational-level exercise and competitive sports should be recognized by medical providers when allowing sports participation for adolescents and young adults.

Automatic adjustment of cycle ergometer power output to accurately clamp heart rate.

We assessed the accuracy and inter-sessional reliability of traditional (manual) compared to automatic (AutoHR) heart rate (HR) clamping methods during submaximal intensity continuous cycling. On separate occasions, thirteen males cycled at an HR corresponding to 80% of the ventilatory threshold for 18 min. Cycling power output was adjusted using either manual or AutoHR methods, encompassing three trials per method. For the manual method, cycling power output was adjusted every 30 s by 0, 5 or 10 W at the experimenter's discretion. Conversely, AutoHR automatically adjusted power output based on the difference between target and actual HR. Participants' HR was measured at 1 Hz. Root-mean square error (RMSE) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated from the difference between measured and target HR to represent accuracy and reliability of each method. The RMSE for the manual method (3.2 ± 2.6 bpm) was significantly higher compared to AutoHR (2.8 ± 2.3 bpm) (p < 0.01, r = 0.13); inter-day ICC were 0.92 and 0.89 for manual adjustment and AutoHR, respectively. Automatic methods to clamp HR are more accurate than manual approaches during submaximal intensity continuous cycling and can be easily implemented for uniform HR control in individual and group training sessions at minimal cost.

Heart Rate Monitoring Among Breast Cancer Survivors: Quantitative Study of Device Agreement in a Community-Based Exercise Program.

BACKGROUND: Exercise intensity (eg, target heart rate [HR]) is a fundamental component of exercise prescription to elicit health benefits in cancer survivors. Despite the validity of chest-worn monitors, their feasibility in community and unsupervised exercise settings may be challenging. As wearable technology continues to improve, consumer-based wearable sensors may represent an accessible alternative to traditional monitoring, offering additional advantages. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement between the Polar H10 chest monitor and Fitbit Inspire HR for HR measurement in breast cancer survivors enrolled in the intervention arm of a randomized, pilot exercise trial. METHODS: Participants included breast cancer survivors (N=14; aged 38-72 years) randomized to a 12-week aerobic exercise program. This program consisted of three 60-minute, moderate-intensity walking sessions per week, either in small groups or one-on-one, facilitated by a certified exercise physiologist and held at local community fitness centers. As originally designed, the exercise prescription included 36 supervised sessions at a fitness center. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of supervised sessions varied depending on whether participants enrolled before or after March 2020. During each exercise session, HR (in beats per minute) was concurrently measured via a Polar H10 chest monitor and a wrist-worn Fitbit Inspire HR at 5 stages: pre-exercise rest; midpoint of warm-up; midpoint of exercise session; midpoint of cool-down; and postexercise recovery. The exercise physiologist recorded the participant's HR from each device at the midpoint of each stage. HR agreement between the Polar H10 and Fitbit Inspire HR was assessed using Lin concordance correlation coefficient (rc) with a 95% CI. Lin rc ranges from 0 to 1.00, with 0 indicating no concordance and 1.00 indicating perfect concordance. Relative error rates were calculated to examine differences across exercise session stages. RESULTS: Data were available for 200 supervised sessions across the sample (session per participant: mean 13.33, SD 13.7). By exercise session stage, agreement between the Polar H10 monitor and the Fitbit was highest during pre-exercise seated rest (rc=0.76, 95% CI 0.70-0.81) and postexercise seated recovery (rc=0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.92), followed by the midpoint of exercise (rc=0.63, 95% CI 0.55-0.70) and cool-down (rc=0.68, 95% CI 0.60-0.74). The agreement was lowest during warm-up (rc=0.39, 95% CI 0.27-0.49). Relative error rates ranged from -3.91% to 3.09% and were greatest during warm-up (relative error rate: mean -3.91, SD 11.92%). CONCLUSIONS: The Fitbit overestimated HR during peak exercise intensity, posing risks for overexercising, which may not be safe for breast cancer survivors' fitness levels. While the Fitbit Inspire HR may be used to estimate exercise HR, precautions are needed when considering participant safety and data interpretation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03980626; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03980626?term=NCT03980626&rank=1.

A Practice Guide for Physical Therapists Prescribing Physical Exercise for Older Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity and exercise are protective factors for physical and cognitive decline in older adults, but recent studies reveal that a large percentage of this population do not practice exercise at the levels recommended by international guidelines. The frequency, intensity, type, time, volume, and progression (FITT-VP) principles are a widely used method for prescribing physical exercise, allowing the development of a personalized exercise program that meets the needs of each individual. OBJECTIVES: This masterclass is intended to serve as a professional application tool for physical therapists who prescribe physical exercise for older adults. We present a section for each FITT-VP principle to facilitate handling these principles individually when prescribing exercise for this population. METHODS: Review of the scientific literature and international guidelines on the prescription of physical exercises for older adults. RESULTS: Aerobic, mobility, resistance, balance, and flexibility exercises, as well as functional training, should be included in an exercise program for older adults, which should be progressed using different methods for each of the exercise modalities. CONCLUSIONS: An exercise program for older adults should integrate different exercise modalities. Exercise progression should be performed following the FITT-VP principles and some specific progression factors recommended for each exercise modality. SIGNIFICANCE: Considering the challenge faced by clinicians in designing a viable exercise program for older adults that responds to international recommendations, with this masterclass we hope to help physical therapists to plan an exercise program that is feasible and at the same time, responds to the expected needs of this population.

A multi-method exploration of a cardiac rehabilitation service delivered by registered Clinical Exercise Physiologists in the UK: key learnings for current and new services.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation has been identified as having the most homogenous clinical exercise service structure in the United Kingdom (UK), but inconsistencies are evident in staff roles and qualifications within and across services. The recognition of Clinical Exercise Physiologists (CEPs) as a registered health professional in 2021 in the UK, provides a potential solution to standardise the cardiac rehabilitation workforce. This case study examined, in a purposefully selected cardiac exercise service that employed registered CEPs, (i) how staff knowledge, skills and competencies contribute to the provision of the service, (ii) how these components assist in creating effective service teams, and (iii) the existing challenges from staff and patient perspectives. METHODS: A multi-method qualitative approach (inc., semi-structured interviews, observations, field notes and researcher reflections) was employed with the researcher immersed for 12-weeks within the service. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used as an overarching guide for data collection. Data derived from registered CEPs (n = 5), clinical nurse specialists (n = 2), dietitians (n = 1), service managers/leads (n = 2) and patients (n = 7) were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Registered CEPs delivered innovative exercise prescription based on their training, continued professional development (CPD), academic qualifications and involvement in research studies as part of the service. Exposure to a wide multidisciplinary team (MDT) allowed skill and competency transfer in areas such as clinical assessments. Developing an effective behaviour change strategy was challenging with delivery of lifestyle information more effective during less formal conversations compared to timetabled education sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Registered CEPs have the specialist knowledge and skills to undertake and implement the latest evidence-based exercise prescription in a cardiac rehabilitation setting. An MDT service structure enables a more effective team upskilling through shared peer experiences, observations and collaborative working between healthcare professionals.

Are incremental exercise relationships between rating of perceived exertion and oxygen uptake or heart rate reserve valid during steady-state exercises?

Background: Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered a valid method for prescribing prolonged aerobic steady-state exercise (SSE) intensity due to its association with physiological indicators of exercise intensity, such as oxygen uptake (V̇O2) or heart rate (HR). However, these associations between psychological and physiological indicators of exercise intensity were found during graded exercise tests (GXT) but are currently used to prescribe SSE intensity even though the transferability and validity of the relationships found during GXT to SSE were not investigated. The present study aims to verify whether (a) RPE-HR or RPE-V̇O2 relations found during GXTs are valid during SSEs, and (b) the duration and intensity of SSE affect these relations. Methods: Eight healthy and physically active males (age 22.6 ± 1.2 years) were enrolled. On the first visit, pre-exercise (during 20 min standing) and maximal (during a GXT) HR and V̇O2 values were measured. Then, on separate days, participants performed 4 SSEs on the treadmill by running at 60% and 80% of the HR reserve (HRR) for 15 and 45 min (random order). Individual linear regressions between GXTs' RPE (dependent variable) and HRR and V̇O2 reserve (V̇O2R) values (computed as the difference between maximal and pre-exercise values) were used to predict the RPE associated with %HRR (RPEHRR) and %V̇O2R (RPEV̇O2R) during the SSEs. For each relation (RPE-%HRR and RPE-%V̇O2R), a three-way factorial repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05) was used to assess if RPE (dependent variable) was affected by exercise modality (i.e., RPE recorded during SSE [RPESSE] or GXT-predicted), duration (i.e., 15 or 45 min), and intensity (i.e., 60% or 80% of HRR). Results: The differences between RPESSE and GXT-predicted RPE, which were assessed by evaluating the effect of modality and its interactions with SSE intensity and duration, showed no significant differences between RPESSE and RPEHRR. However, when RPESSE was compared with RPEV̇O2R, although modality or its interactions with intensity were not significant, there was a significant (p = 0.020) interaction effect of modality and duration yielding a dissociation between changes of RPESSE and RPEV̇O2R over time. Indeed, RPESSE did not change significantly (p = 0.054) from SSE of 15 min (12.1 ± 2.0) to SSE of 45 min (13.5 ± 2.1), with a mean change of 1.4 ± 1.8, whereas RPEV̇O2R decreased significantly (p = 0.022) from SSE of 15 min (13.7 ± 3.2) to SSE of 45 min (12.4 ± 2.8), with a mean change of -1.3 ± 1.5. Conclusion: The transferability of the individual relationships between RPE and physiological parameters found during GXT to SSE should not be assumed as shown by the results of this study. Therefore, future studies modelling how the exercise prescription method used (e.g., RPE, HR, or V̇O2) and SSE characteristics (e.g., exercise intensity, duration, or modality) affect the relationships between RPE and physiological parameters are warranted.

Cardiovascular benefits of resistance exercise: It's time to prescribe.

Despite the well-known health benefits of regular physical activity, sedentary behavior and physical inactivity remain a real global pandemic. Exercise is associated with increased life expectancy, improved quality of life and prevention of multiple diseases. Although less implemented in practice compared to aerobic exercise, recent evidence shows that resistance exercise (RE) is also responsible for various benefits, including improvements in body composition, control of several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and reduction of CV outcomes. RE increases strength and muscle mass, is effective in controlling type 2 diabetes, and improves the management of obesity, lipids, and blood pressure profiles. In this setting, clinical guidelines recommend the inclusion of RE for primary and secondary CV risk prevention, particularly in combination with aerobic exercise, in which the benefits are most pronounced. Prescription of RE should follow a methodology that includes key variables such as frequency, intensity, type, time, and progression. Despite challenges, professionals in the CV field should be familiar with RE prescription in order to maximize its referral in clinical practice. This review aims to analyze the CV effects of RE and current recommendations regarding the prescription of this type of exercise.

South African mental healthcare providers' views about exercise for people with mental illness.

Background: People living with mental illness (PWMI) have significantly reduced life expectancy compared to the general population, yet mental healthcare providers (MHCPs) do not regularly prescribe exercise, despite its proven health benefits. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate South African MHCPs' views regarding exercise for PWMI. Setting: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted across five public sector specialised psychiatric units in Gauteng. Methods: Mental healthcare providers were surveyed using the Exercise in Mental Illness Questionnaire - Health Professionals Version. Results: Most participants were nurses (49.1%) and doctors (26.2%) and reported no prior formal training in exercise prescription (79.4%). The vast majority (up to 89.7%) agreed regarding the physical benefits of exercise, particularly cardiometabolic benefits. The most common barriers, as perceived by MHCPs, to exercise participation for PWMI were: stigma (56.5%) and medication side effects (56.5%). The majority (76.2%) reported prescribing exercise for PWMI at least 'occasionally'. The method most frequently used was personal discussion (77.3%) and aerobic exercise was most frequently recommended (81.0%). Specific instructions regarding physical activity recommendations however were often not provided. Regarding MHCPs personal exercise habits, only a third (34%) met physical activity guidelines. Most MHCPs (92.1%) indicated an interest in further training regarding exercise for PWMI. Conclusion: Mental healthcare providers were supportive of exercise for PWMI. Strategies to address the stigma around mental illness and medication side-effects, to improve training regarding exercise prescription, as well as the exercise habits of MHCPs themselves, and collaboration with exercise professionals and organisations are recommended. Contribution: This study provides insight into the views of South African MHCPs regarding exercise for PWMI.

Reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT): a feasible approach for improving health and fitness?

In recent years, research investigating the dose-response to sprint interval training (SIT) has provided evidence that the number and duration of repetitions in a SIT session can be reduced whilst preserving the beneficial health-related adaptations. Together this research has led to the development of protocols involving minimal doses of SIT: regularly performing just two or three 20-30 s all-out sprints in a 10 min training session has been shown to elicit beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations. These SIT protocols, which we originally termed "reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training" (or REHIT), have the potential to remove many of the common barriers associated with other SIT protocols, as well as with HIT and aerobic exercise. Here, we critically review the evidence on the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability, and effectiveness of REHIT for improving health and fitness.

The Development of a Multi-Modal Cancer Rehabilitation (Including Prehabilitation) Service in Sheffield, UK: Designing the Active Together Service.

Cancer patients undergoing major interventions face numerous challenges, including the adverse effects of cancer and the side effects of treatment. Cancer rehabilitation is vital in ensuring cancer patients have the support they need to maximise treatment outcomes and minimise treatment-related side effects and symptoms. The Active Together service is a multi-modal rehabilitation service designed to address critical support gaps for cancer patients. The service is located and provided in Sheffield, UK, an area with higher cancer incidence and mortality rates than the national average. The service aligns with local and regional cancer care objectives and aims to improve the clinical and quality-of-life outcomes of cancer patients by using lifestyle behaviour-change techniques to address their physical, nutritional, and psychological needs. This paper describes the design and initial implementation of the Active Together service, highlighting its potential to support and benefit cancer patients.

[Effects of Personalized Exercise Prescriptions on Sarcopenia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis].

Sarcopenia is a major factor affecting the health and quality of life of the patients undergoing hemodialysis.Exercise can effectively ameliorate sarcopenia in these patients.However,the type,intensity,time,and frequency of exercise influence the effect of exercise.This review describes the effects of different exercise prescriptions on sarcopenia in the patients undergoing hemodialysis.It aims to assist medical staff in developing personalized exercise prescriptions,guiding patients to engage in exercise,and provide effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in the patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The effect of chronotropic incompetence on physiologic responses during progressive exercise in people with Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: Heart rate (HR) response is likely to vary in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly for those with chronotropic incompetence (CI). This study explores the impact of CI on HR and metabolic responses during cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in people with PD, and its implications for exercise intensity prescription. METHODS: Twenty-eight participants with mild PD and seventeen healthy controls underwent CPET to identify the presence or absence of CI. HR and metabolic responses were measured at submaximal (first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds), and at peak exercise. Main outcome measures were HR, oxygen consumption (VO2), and changes in HR responses (HR/WR slope) to an increase in exercise demand. RESULTS: CI was present in 13 (46%) PD participants (PDCI), who during CPET, exhibited blunted HR responses compared to controls and PD non-CI beyond 60% of maximal workload (p ≤ 0.05). PDCI presented a significantly lower HR at VT2, and peak exercise compared to PD non-CI and controls (p ≤ 0.001). VO2 was significantly lower in PDCI than PD non-CI and controls at VT2 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.036, respectively) and at peak exercise (p = 0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although poorly understood, the presence of CI in PD and its effect on HR and metabolic responses during incremental exercise is significant and important to consider when programming aerobic exercises.

Artificial intelligence in sport: Exploring the potential of using ChatGPT in resistance training prescription.

OpenAI's Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) technology enables conversational interactions with applications across various fields, including sport. Here, ChatGPT's proficiency in designing a 12-week resistance training programme, following specific prompts, was investigated. GPT3.5 and GPT4.0 versions were requested to design 12-week resistance training programmes for male and female hypothetical subjects (20-years-old, no injury, and 'intermediate' resistance training experience). Subsequently, GPT4.0 was requested to design an 'advanced' training programme for the same profiles. The proposed training programmes were compared with established guidelines and literature (e.g., National Strength and Conditioning Association textbook), and discussed. ChatGPT suggested 12-week training programmes comprising three, 4-week phases, each with different objectives (e.g., hypertrophy/strength). GPT3.5 proposed a weekly frequency of ~3 sessions, load intensity of 70-85% of one repetition-maximum, repetition range of 4-8 (2-4 sets), and tempo of 2/0/2 (eccentric/pause/concentric/'pause'). GPT4.0 proposed intermediate- and advanced programme, with a frequency of 5 or 4 sessions, 60-90% or 70-95% intensity, 3-5 sets or 3-6 sets, 5-12 or 3-12 repetitions, respectively. GPT3.5 proposed rest intervals of 90-120 s, and exercise tempo of 2/0/2. GPT4.0 proposed 60-180 (intermediate) or 60-300 s (advanced), with exercise tempo of 2/1/2 for intermediates, and 3/0/1/0, 2/0/1/0, and 1/0/1/0 for advanced programmes. All derived programmes were objectively similar regardless of sex. ChatGPT generated training programmes which likely require additional fine-tuning before application. GPT4.0 synthesised more information than GPT3.5 in response to the prompt, and demonstrated recognition awareness of training experience (intermediate vs advanced). ChatGPT may serve as a complementary tool for writing 'draft' programme, but likely requires human expertise to maximise training programme effectiveness.

Safety and efficacy evaluation of personalized exercise prescription during chemotherapy for lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: To explore the safety and effectiveness of personalized exercise intervention during chemotherapy for lung cancer patients who were relatively weak and with compromised cardiopulmonary function. METHODS: Thirty-eight lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy at Peking University Third Hospital were enrolled in this prospective study. The exercise group (N = 21) received individualized exercise guidance based on personal test results and exercised regularly, while the control group (N = 17) only received exercise education and planed exercise methods according to their own preferences. Both groups underwent three fitness tests and clinical indicator assessments at 0, 6, and 12 weeks after starting the exercise, and the differences in trends of various indicators between the two groups were compared. RESULTS: No exercise-related adverse events occurred during the 12-week exercise period. After 12 weeks of exercise training, in terms of fitness, the exercise group showed significant improvements in 6-min walk test (6MWT) (p < 0.001), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (p = 0.005), muscle content (p < 0.001), muscle percentage (p < 0.001), and grip strength (p = 0.008) compared to the control group. In terms of clinical indicators, the exercise group showed significant improvements in vital capacity (p = 0.018), D-dimer (p = 0.031), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.01), uric acid (p = 0.003), triglycerides (p < 0.001), functional average score (p < 0.001), and main symptom average score (p = 0.004) compared to the control group in trends over time. CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation exercises using individualized exercise prescriptions tailored by exercise prescription specialists during chemotherapy are safe for lung cancer patients. Adhering to exercise can achieve comprehensive improvements in physical fitness and quality of life at 12 weeks.

Effects of Exercise Training Response on Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles in People With Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From the HIIT or MISS UK Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of responders and nonresponders to 8 weeks of exercise training to determine differences in key cardiovascular disease outcomes in people with coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from the HIIT or MISS UK trial. SETTING: Six outpatient National Health Service cardiac rehabilitation (CR) centers in the UK. In people with CAD attending CR, the HIIT or MISS UK trial reported that short-term, low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was more effective than moderate-intensity steady state (MISS) exercise training for improving peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak). PARTICIPANTS: 382 participants with CAD (N=382) (mean age: 58.8±9.6y; mean body mass index: 29.0±4.3 kg/m2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We identified responders and nonresponders based on a meaningful change in V̇o2peak, using 2 established methods. Key clinical, quality of life (QoL), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)-derived outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: Responders were more likely to be younger (P<.05), and demonstrate greater improvement in CPET-related outcomes, for example, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, ventilatory efficiency, and peak power output (all comparisons, P<.001). Responders were more likely to observe improvements in QoL (EQ-5D-5L; mean Δ 13.6 vs mean Δ 9.4; P=.045), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (mean Δ 0.09 mmol/L vs mean Δ 0.04 mmol/L; P=.004), compared to nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS: In people with CAD attending CR, responders to exercise training were more likely to be younger and demonstrate greater improvements in health-related QoL and HDL-c.

Physically active primary care physicians consult more on physical activity and exercise for patients: A public teaching-hospital study.

Physical activity and exercise (PAE) improve quality of life and reduce the effects of chronic diseases. Primary care physicians (PCPs) play an important role to encourage PAE in patients. We aim to assess PCPs' current PAE consultation practices and their enablers/barriers in daily clinical practice. We had 64 PCPs (age [35.3 â€‹± â€‹4.7] y, 47 women) that completed self-administered questionnaires on PAE consultation practices, training, and confidence levels. PCPs (n â€‹= â€‹42) also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form to assess their physical activity (PA) levels. We conducted correlation, one-way analysis of variance and a linear regression to assess the associations between enablers, barriers and PA levels to PAE consultation practices. On average, PCPs consulted on PAE in 49.7% of their daily clinical appointments. Majority of PCPs (70%) strongly agreed that more PAE knowledge were needed to increase consultation practices. Top three barriers related (p â€‹< â€‹0.001) to practices were lack of PAE education (r â€‹= â€‹0.47), patients' preference of pharmaceutical interventions (r â€‹= â€‹0.45) and lack of continuing education in PAE for PCPs (r â€‹= â€‹0.37). Physically active PCPs (health-enhancing PA levels, n â€‹= â€‹6) gave significantly more daily consultations in PAE, 73.2% â€‹± â€‹21.9%, compared to inactive PCPs (n â€‹= â€‹13), 37.4% â€‹± â€‹22.8% (p â€‹= â€‹0.013). In our regression output, PCPs who had higher PA levels consulted more on PAE daily (R2 â€‹= â€‹0.38, p â€‹< â€‹0.001) while controlling for age. Conclusion, PCPs require more knowledge on PAE and need be physically active themselves to increase PAE consultation for patients in their daily practice. Medical education should consider including more PA and exercise topics that may benefit both physicians and their patients.