The influence of classical music on learning and memory in rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

During the learning process, music can activate important neural areas in the brain, promoting the retention of information and memory formation. However, studies testing music effects on memory had found different improvements, which could be due to the methodological differences across studies. Thus, the purpose of this article was to systematically review the literature and meta-analyze the effects of music on Rattus norvegicus' explicit memory (Maze tests) only in controlled investigations. The seven studies included led to a very homogeneous analysis (I2 = 0%), confirming the consistency of the significant standardized mean difference (SMD) between the memory of animals exposed and not exposed to music (SMD 0.60 (95% CI 0.38; 0.83, p < 0.001)). Exploratory analysis suggests music benefits on memory can be acquired when begun at any age, when tested with the three types of mazes evaluated, with exposure lasting from 8 to 83 days and when the age on test day was either under 30 days or over 30 days. To expand the actual understanding of music effects on memory, future studies should investigate different types of music and animal species, with different sex and health conditions, at different time points.

Ausencia de efecto de la práctica en el deterioro cognoscitivo leve amnésico. Evidencia en un seguimiento cuatro meses después del diagnóstico / Absence of practice effect in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Evidence in a follow-up four months after diagnosis

Introducción: la forma amnésica del deterioro cognoscitivo leve (DCL-amn) es considerada fenotípica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en fase prodrómica. Dado el déficit de memoria que caracteriza a los pacientes con DCL-amn, se hipotetiza que su desempeño en tareas de memoria explícita no se vería afectado por el efecto de la práctica al realizar un retest en un tiempo relativamente corto. Objetivo: evaluar la memoria explícita verbal y visual de un grupo de pacientes (N = 13) con DCL-amn, comparando su desempeño en 2 momentos evaluativos: el primero al diagnóstico clínico y el otro cuatro meses después. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio ex post facto descriptivo comparativo con el plan de investigación evolutivo de grupo. Se evaluó la memoria explícita verbal con el Buschke Selective Reminded Test y la memoria explícita visual con la figura compleja de Rey. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 2.0, obteniendo medias y desviaciones estándar y empleando una p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: los análisis a partir de la prueba t-student demuestran que las diferencias entre ambos momentos no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los resultados apoyan la evidencia previa de ausencia de efecto de la práctica en las evaluaciones sucesivas en el DCL-amn, que se explica por el déficit crónico de memoria anterógrada que impide hacer aprendizajes significativos, aún ante la exposición repetida a los mismos materiales de prueba y en cortos períodos de retest.

Introduction: The amnestic subtype of mild cognitive impairment (amn-MCI) is considered to be a phenotype of Alzheimer´s disease in the prodromal stages. Given memory deficit that characterizes patients with amn-MCI, it hypothesized that their performance in explicit memory task would not be influenced by the practice effect when a retest is performed over a relatively short time. Objective: To evaluate the explicit verbal and visual memory of a group of patients (N = 13) with amn-MCI, comparing their performance in 2 evaluative moments: the first to the clinical diagnosis and the other four months after. Materials and methods: An ex post facto comparative descriptive study was carried out with a group evolutionary research plan. Verbal explicit memory was evaluated with the Buschke Selective Reminded Test and explicit visual memory with the Complex Figure of Rey. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program version 2.0, obtaining means and standard deviations and using p <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: The analyzes from the t-student test show that the differences between both moments were not statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusions: The results support the previous evidence of absence of practice effect in the successive evaluations in the amn-MCI, which is explained by the chronic deficit of anterograde memory that prevents significant learning, even in the face of repeated exposure to the same test materials and in short retest periods.

Alcance e limites da simbolização e da representação dos processos psíquicos nas filosofias, na psicanálise e nas neurociências / phenomenology, Habermas, neurosciences, Kandel, early psyche, autism epidemic, procedural or implicit memory, verbal or explicit memory, virtual culture media / The range and limits of symbolization and representation of mental processes in the philosophies, psychoanalysis and neurosciences

Frente às mudanças das psicopatologias que hoje nos acabrunham como psicanalistas e, inclusive, como cidadãos, o presente trabalho pretende deslindar se tais mudanças, no início do psiquismo, são, em princípio, passíveis de serem abrangidas pelas filosofias – exemplificadas pela fenomenologia de Habermas – ou pelas neurociências. A fenomenologia só chega a vislumbrar tentativamente e, como uma periferia, a ocorrência de fenômenos psíquicos por fora do modelo do texto a que se cinge, enquanto as neurociências só timidamente ampliam seu campo de estudo para além do cartesianismo de base de seus modelos mecânicos. Para tal fim, questiona-se a distinção, pelas neurociências, de uma memória procedimental ou implícita, que supõem não distinguir indivíduos ou eventos, e uma memória explícita, que só apareceria a partir de dois a três anos. Fica, pois, para a psicanálise, localizada na linha do naturalismo amplo de Freud, distante dos cartesianismos, conciliar seu devido lugar com o estudo das incidências da cultura dos meios sobre a simbolização e a representação, em especial quanto ao psiquismo precoce, no marco da atual epidemia de autismo(AU)

Due to the changes of psychopathology that overwhelm us today as psychoanalysts as well as citizens, this study aims to disentangle whether such changes at the beginning of the psyche are capable of being covered by the philosophies – exemplified by Habermas phenomenology – or by the neurosciences. The phenomenology only reaches a glimpse and as a periphery, the occurrence of psychic phenomena outside its text, while the neurosciences only maidenly extend its field of study beyond the Cartesian base of their mechanical models. Therefore, it is questioned the distinction done by the neurosciences of a procedural or implicit memory, which seems not to distinguish individuals or events, and of an explicit memory, which only appear after two to three years of age. Thus, it is for psychoanalysis, coming from the wide naturalism of Freud, far from the Cartesian notion, to reconcile its place in the study of the effects of the virtual culture media on the symbolism and representation, especially regarding the early psyche, within the framework of current epidemic of autism(AU)

Ante los cambios de las psicopatologías que hoy nos abruman como psicoanalistas e incluso como ciudadanos, el presente trabajo apunta a deslindar si dichos cambios, a punto de inicio en el psiquismo temprano, son en principio abarcables por las filosofías – ejemplificadas por la fenomenología de Habermas – o por las neurociencias. La fenomenología sólo llega a vislumbrar tentativamente y al modo de una periferia la ocurrencia de fenómenos psíquicos por fuera del modelo del texto al cual se ciñe, en tanto que las neurociencias sólo tímidamente amplían su campo de estudio más allá del cartesianismo de base de sus modelos mecánicos. A tal fin se cuestiona la distinción por las neurociencias de una memoria procedimental o implícita, que supone no distinguir individuos o eventos, y una memoria explícita que aparecería recién a partir de los 2-3 años. Queda pues para el psicoanálisis, ubicado en la línea del naturalismo amplio de Freud lejos de los cartesianismos, acordar su debido lugar al estudio de las incidencias de la cultura de los medios sobre la simbolización y la representación, en especial en cuanto al psiquismo temprano, en el marco de la actual epidemia del autismo(AU)

Alcance e limites da simbolização e da representação dos processos psíquicos nas filosofias, na psicanálise e nas neurociências / phenomenology, Habermas, neurosciences, Kandel, early psyche, autism epidemic, procedural or implicit memory, verbal or explicit memory, virtual culture media / The range and limits of symbolization and representation of mental processes in the philosophies, psychoanalysis and neurosciences

Frente às mudanças das psicopatologias que hoje nos acabrunham como psicanalistas e, inclusive, como cidadãos, o presente trabalho pretende deslindar se tais mudanças, no início do psiquismo, são, em princípio, passíveis de serem abrangidas pelas filosofias – exemplificadas pela fenomenologia de Habermas – ou pelas neurociências. A fenomenologia só chega a vislumbrar tentativamente e, como uma periferia, a ocorrência de fenômenos psíquicos por fora do modelo do texto a que se cinge, enquanto as neurociências só timidamente ampliam seu campo de estudo para além do cartesianismo de base de seus modelos mecânicos. Para tal fim, questiona-se a distinção, pelas neurociências, de uma memória procedimental ou implícita, que supõem não distinguir indivíduos ou eventos, e uma memória explícita, que só apareceria a partir de dois a três anos. Fica, pois, para a psicanálise, localizada na linha do naturalismo amplo de Freud, distante dos cartesianismos, conciliar seu devido lugar com o estudo das incidências da cultura dos meios sobre a simbolização e a representação, em especial quanto ao psiquismo precoce, no marco da atual epidemia de autismo

Due to the changes of psychopathology that overwhelm us today as psychoanalysts as well as citizens, this study aims to disentangle whether such changes at the beginning of the psyche are capable of being covered by the philosophies – exemplified by Habermas phenomenology – or by the neurosciences. The phenomenology only reaches a glimpse and as a periphery, the occurrence of psychic phenomena outside its text, while the neurosciences only maidenly extend its field of study beyond the Cartesian base of their mechanical models. Therefore, it is questioned the distinction done by the neurosciences of a procedural or implicit memory, which seems not to distinguish individuals or events, and of an explicit memory, which only appear after two to three years of age. Thus, it is for psychoanalysis, coming from the wide naturalism of Freud, far from the Cartesian notion, to reconcile its place in the study of the effects of the virtual culture media on the symbolism and representation, especially regarding the early psyche, within the framework of current epidemic of autism

Ante los cambios de las psicopatologías que hoy nos abruman como psicoanalistas e incluso como ciudadanos, el presente trabajo apunta a deslindar si dichos cambios, a punto de inicio en el psiquismo temprano, son en principio abarcables por las filosofías – ejemplificadas por la fenomenología de Habermas – o por las neurociencias. La fenomenología sólo llega a vislumbrar tentativamente y al modo de una periferia la ocurrencia de fenómenos psíquicos por fuera del modelo del texto al cual se ciñe, en tanto que las neurociencias sólo tímidamente amplían su campo de estudio más allá del cartesianismo de base de sus modelos mecánicos. A tal fin se cuestiona la distinción por las neurociencias de una memoria procedimental o implícita, que supone no distinguir individuos o eventos, y una memoria explícita que aparecería recién a partir de los 2-3 años. Queda pues para el psicoanálisis, ubicado en la línea del naturalismo amplio de Freud lejos de los cartesianismos, acordar su debido lugar al estudio de las incidencias de la cultura de los medios sobre la simbolización y la representación, en especial en cuanto al psiquismo temprano, en el marco de la actual epidemia del autismo

Psychoanalytic treatment: a neurobiological view

We present a review of several hypotheses concerning the possible neurobiological correlates of the main processes involved in analytic therapy. Attachment theory may represent an interesting link between psychoanalysis and neurobiology. According to Bowlby's conception, interactions with parental figures during infancy lead to the formation of an "internal working model." This determines how the individual will relate with others and cope with stress throughout life. The patterns formed are in many cases pathological. The internal working model is stored as implicit memory, which is expressed independently of consciousness. Clinical improvement in analytic therapy ultimately depends on changes in the implicit memory system, which entails structural brain modifications. Implicit memory system changes may be related to alterations in explicit memory systems, which result from interpretative work. They may also occur directly as a result of the emotional experiences in the patient-analyst relationship.

Psychoanalytic treatment: a neurobiological view

We present a review of several hypotheses concerning the possible neurobiological correlates of the main processes involved in analytic therapy. Attachment theory may represent an interesting link between psychoanalysis and neurobiology. According to Bowlby's conception, interactions with parental figures during infancy lead to the formation of an "internal working model." This determines how the individual will relate with others and cope with stress throughout life. The patterns formed are in many cases pathological. The internal working model is stored as implicit memory, which is expressed independently of consciousness. Clinical improvement in analytic therapy ultimately depends on changes in the implicit memory system, which entails structural brain modifications. Implicit memory system changes may be related to alterations in explicit memory systems, which result from interpretative work. They may also occur directly as a result of the emotional experiences in the patient-analyst relationship.(AU)

Effect of the time-of-day of training on explicit memory

Studies have shown a time-of-day of training effect on long-term explicit memory with a greater effect being shown in the afternoon than in the morning. However, these studies did not control the chronotype variable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess if the time-of-day effect on explicit memory would continue if this variable were controlled, in addition to identifying the occurrence of a possible synchronic effect. A total of 68 undergraduates were classified as morning, intermediate, or afternoon types. The subjects listened to a list of 10 words during the training phase and immediately performed a recognition task, a procedure which they repeated twice. One week later, they underwent an unannounced recognition test. The target list and the distractor words were the same in all series. The subjects were allocated to two groups according to acquisition time: a morning group (N = 32), and an afternoon group (N = 36). One week later, some of the subjects in each of these groups were subjected to a test in the morning (N = 35) or in the afternoon (N = 33). The groups had similar chronotypes. Long-term explicit memory performance was not affected by test time-of-day or by chronotype. However, there was a training time-of-day effect [F (1,56) = 53.667; P = 0.009] with better performance for those who trained in the afternoon. Our data indicated that the advantage of training in the afternoon for long-term memory performance does not depend on chronotype and also that this performance is not affected by the synchronic effect.

Memoria explícita en el trastorno depresivo mayor / Major depression and explicit memory

Introducción: el trastorno depresivo mayor es una alteración muy frecuente del estado de ánimo con gran impacto personal y social. Puede generar déficit notables en funciones psicológicas importantes como la ejecutiva, la atención o la memoria y evolucionar hasta un cuadro de pseudodemencia susceptible de mejorar con tratamiento antidepresivo. Objetivo: describir el funcionamiento de la memoria explícita en el trastorno depresivo mayor. Materiales y métodos: se hizo una búsqueda en la base de datos PUBMED con las palabras clave “major depression” (depresión mayor), “explicit memory” (memoria explícita) y “recollection memory” (memoria de recolección); se tomaron los artículos publicados después del año 2000; adicionalmente se incluyó bibliografía científica relevante para el cumplimiento del objetivo. Desarrollo: en la neuroanatomía del trastorno depresivo mayor se encuentran implicadas redes fronto-subcorticales (como las áreas prefrontales, tálamo, ganglios basales, hipocampo, entre otras). Estas estructuras pueden presentar atrofias que explicarían la persistencia o cronicidad de algunos de los síntomas cognitivos de la depresión. Las alteraciones en la memoria explícita, declarativa o de recolección, son de particular importancia por ser las más frecuentemente encontradas en sujetos con uno o más episodios depresivos mayores, y la estructura cerebral que se ha correlacionado más directamente con alteraciones en el almacenamiento de la memoria explícita es el hipocampo. Se ha observado actividad continua de neurogénesis en el hipocampo de animales adultos, la cual es especialmente susceptible cuando hay exposición prolongada a situaciones de estrés grave. Esto se evidencia en estudios que han encontrado reducido su volumen en sujetos con trastorno depresivo mayor, en comparación con individuos sanos. De todas maneras, aunque no se encuentre una reducción marcada del volumen, se sugiere que hay una alteración de su funcionamiento...

Introduction: Major depression is a highly prevalent affective disorder with great personal and social impact. It can generate remarkable deficits inimportant psychological functions such as executive function, attention or memory and evolve into a profile of pseudodementia that can be amelioratedwith antidepressive treatment. Objective: To describe explicit memory functioning in major depressive disorder. Materials and methods: Using the key words "major depression", "explicit memory", and"recollection memory", a search in PUBMED was carried out, selecting articles published after 2000. Additonal relevant scientific bibliography was alsoincluded. Results: In the neuroanatomy of the major depressive disorder fronto-subcortical networks are involved, among them prefrontal areas, the thalamus, basal ganglia, and the hippocampus. Atrophy of these structures may explain the persistence or chronicity of some cognitive symptoms of depression. Alterations of explicit, declarative or recollectionmemory are particularly important because of their frequency in subjects with one or more depressive episodes. The hippocampus is the cerebral structure more directly related with alterations of the explicit memory. In the hippocampus of adult animalscontinuous neurogenesis activity has been observed, and it is especially vulnerable to prolonged severestress. Hippocampal volume has been found to be reduced in individuals with major depressive disorder, as compared to healthy ones. Even in the absence of marked volume reduction, there may bealterations in hippocampal function. Conclusion: Explicit memory is a psychological process with a very clear biological basis whose structure andfunction may be altered in the presence of major depression.