Knowledge of Food-Drug Interactions among Medical University Students.

BACKGROUND: Food-drug interactions (FDIs) may alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, modifying the whole therapy's effectiveness. Some of them cause the attenuation of drug effects, while others inhibit the medicines' metabolism resulting, in too high concentrations of the medicine in the body. Thus, some healthcare professionals-doctors, pharmacists or dieticians-should be aware of the possibility of food-drug interactions. This study aimed to assess knowledge of food-drug interactions among students of pharmacy, medicine, stomatology, medical analysis and dietetics and students of the college of further medical education for pharmacy technicians. METHODS: Students (n = 820) completed a custom-made questionnaire. The relationships between the continuous variables were analysed on the basis of Pearson's correlation coefficient. To verify the predictors of objective students' knowledge about food-drug interactions, a multiple linear regression model with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare the total scores the respondents received for questions assessing their objective knowledge of FDI. RESULTS: Students' objective knowledge of FDIs correlated positively with their year of study and their self-evaluation of it. It was also significantly influenced by the field and mode of studies and by the fact that the issue had been discussed during the courses. CONCLUSIONS: Most students of the medical university had serious deficiencies in their knowledge of food-drug interactions. This is of particular concern for future doctors and dentists. Among the respondents, pharmacy students stood out, as their FDI knowledge was greater. The issue of food-drug interactions should be more widely taught at medical universities, which was emphasised by the respondents themselves.

Assessing knowledge and awareness of Food and Drug Interactions among nutrition sciences students: Implications for education and clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases and polymedication increase the risk of food-drug interactions (FDIs) among the population, negatively impacting health. Nutritionists, as responsible for dietary planning, have a key role in preventing these events. AIM: To assess the knowledge about FDIs among a sample of Nutrition Sciences Bachelor students. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted, involving 44 students from the 3rd and 4th academic years of different Portuguese universities during the 2023/2024 academic year. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire, covering general and specific FDIs knowledge, academic background, and perceptions regarding FDIs importance and training adequacy. RESULTS: Results revealed a general lack of FDIs knowledge among participants, particularly in identifying specific interactions and appropriate dietary management. While half of the students reported exposure to a subject dedicated to FDIs, only 18.18% considered the knowledge acquired sufficient. Nearly all participants (93.18%) expressed the need for further training in FDIs during their undergraduate course. Furthermore, none of the participants had received additional training or attended workshops on FDIs. Specifically, participants struggled to identify appropriate dietary choices in conjunction with certain medications. Moreover, only a minority of participants demonstrated awareness of the ideal timing for medication intake relative to food consumption. Despite these knowledge gaps, participants recognized the importance of FDIs knowledge for future clinical practice. CONCLUSION: Bridging these knowledge gaps through targeted educational interventions and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to ensure future nutrition professionals are equipped to address the complex challenges posed by FDIs in professional practice.

Abemaciclib pharmacology and interactions in the treatment of HR+/HER2- breast cancer: a critical review.

Abemaciclib (ABE) in combination with endocrine therapy represents the mainstay treatment for either endocrine-resistant metastatic or high-risk early-stage HR+/HER2- breast cancer patients. Hence, an adequate knowledge of this agent pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and of its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is crucial for an optimal patients management. Additionally, ABE interference with food and complementary/alternative medicines should be taken into account in the clinical practice. Several online tools allow to freely check DDIs and can be easily consulted before prescribing ABE. According to one of this instruments, ABE display the lowest number of interactions among the available cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors. Still, clinicians should be aware that online tools cannot replace the technical datasheet of the drug as well as a comprehensive clinical assessment for each patient. Here we critically review the main pharmacological features of ABE, then focusing on its potential interactions with drugs, food, and alternative medicine, in order to provide a guide for its optimal use in the treatment of HR+/HER2- breast cancer patients.

Pharmacological features and drug interactions of abemaciclib Why was the review done? Abemaciclib, paired with hormone therapy, is a key treatment for breast cancer patients whose cancer cells respond to hormones but not to a protein called HER2. Understanding how this medication functions in the body, how it interacts with other drugs, and how the body processes it is crucial for providing optimal care. What did the authors do? The authors looked for published evidence about the way abemaciclib works into the body and about how it interacts with other drugs (including alternative medicines) or food. Then they summarized these findings. What did the authors find? Abemaciclib absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion is well known and it is here described. What people eat and any alternative medications they take can affect how abemaciclib works. Online tools are available for doctors to check potential interactions between abemaciclib and other drugs a patient might be using. It's advisable for doctors to consult abemaciclib data sheet and use online tools before prescribing the drug. Notably, compared to similar treatments, abemaciclib has fewer interactions with other drugs. What does the review mean? This review delves into how abemaciclib works in the body and explore its potential interactions with other drugs, food, and alternative medicines. This information will aid doctors in using abemaciclib effectively for treating breast cancer patients.

Enriching the FIDEO ontology with food-drug interactions from online knowledge sources.

The increasing number of articles on adverse interactions that may occur when specific foods are consumed with certain drugs makes it difficult to keep up with the latest findings. Conflicting information is available in the scientific literature and specialized knowledge bases because interactions are described in an unstructured or semi-structured format. The FIDEO ontology aims to integrate and represent information about food-drug interactions in a structured way. This article reports on the new version of this ontology in which more than 1700 interactions are integrated from two online resources: DrugBank and Hedrine. These food-drug interactions have been represented in FIDEO in the form of precompiled concepts, each of which specifies both the food and the drug involved. Additionally, competency questions that can be answered are reviewed, and avenues for further enrichment are discussed.

Immunosuppression in solid organ-transplant recipients and impact on nutrition support.

A key component to nutrition support is to consider immunosuppressive agents, the interaction with nutrients, and how the side effects of the medications influence nutrition support. The immunosuppression of the solid organ-transplant recipient involves the individualized titration of multiple therapeutic agents to prevent allorecognition and, thus, rejection of the transplanted organ. Induction immunosuppression includes the agents used at the time of transplant to prevent early rejection. Maintenance immunosuppression typically consists of oral medications taken for life. Regular therapeutic monitoring of immunosuppression is necessary to balance the risk of rejection with that of infections and malignancy. In the acute-care setting, multidisciplinary collaboration, including pharmacy and nutrition, is needed to optimize the route of administration, titration, and side effects of immunosuppression. Long-term nutrition management after transplant is also vital to prevent exacerbating adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapies, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and bone loss. This review summarizes common immunosuppressive agents currently utilized in solid organ-transplant recipients and factors that may influence decisions on nutrition support.

Decreased serum concentrations of antiseizure medications in children with drug resistant epilepsy following treatment with ketogenic diet.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential influence of a ketogenic diet on serum concentrations of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in children with drug resistant epilepsy. METHODS: We investigated the serum concentrations of ASMs in 25 children with drug resistant epilepsy, 2-13 years of age, treated with a classical ketogenic diet for 12 weeks. The patients were recruited from the National Centre for Epilepsy from August 15th, 2017, to January 24th, 2022. Changes in ASM serum concentrations were analyzed using a mixed effect model analysis. Significance level was set at P < 0.05 for all comparisons. RESULTS: The participants used 12 different ASMs during the study. The mean number of ASMs was 2.4 (±SD 0.7). None of the participants changed the type or dose of the ASMs during the intervention period. The serum concentrations of clobazam (n = 9, P = 0.002), desmethylclobazam (n = 9, P = 0.010), and lamotrigine (n = 6, P = 0.016) decreased significantly during the dietary treatment. The analytes with the largest reduction in serum concentration after 12 weeks of dietary treatment were clobazam (mean change -38%) and desmethylclobazam (mean change -37%). We found no significant change in the serum concentrations of levetiracetam, topiramate, and valproic acid. SIGNIFICANCE: We identified a significant decrease in the serum concentrations of clobazam, desmethylclobazam, and lamotrigine following a 12-week ketogenic diet intervention in children with drug resistant epilepsy. An unintended decrease in the serum concentrations of ASMs may render the patient prone to seizures. Measurements of ASM serum concentrations might be useful in patients on a ketogenic diet, especially in patients with lack of efficacy of the dietary treatment.

Assessment of food effects during clinical development.

Food-drug interactions frequently hamper oral drug development due to various physicochemical, physiological and formulation-dependent mechanisms. This has stimulated the development of a range of promising biopharmaceutical assessment tools which, however, lack standardized settings and protocols. Hence, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the general approach and the methodology used in food effect assessment and prediction. For in vitro dissolution-based predictions, the expected food effect mechanism should be carefully considered when selecting the level of complexity of the model, together with its drawbacks and advantages. Typically, in vitro dissolution profiles are then incorporated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, which can estimate the impact of food-drug interactions on bioavailability within 2-fold prediction error, at least. Positive food effects related to drug solubilization in the GI tract are easier to predict than negative food effects. Preclinical animal models also provide a good level of food effect prediction, with beagle dogs remaining the gold standard. When solubility-related food-drug interactions have large clinical impact, advanced formulation approaches can be used to improve fasted state pharmacokinetics, hence decreasing the fasted/fed difference in oral bioavailability. Finally, the knowledge from all studies should be combined to secure regulatory approval of the labelling instructions.

Effects of food and race on the pharmacokinetics of lazertinib in healthy subjects and patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Lazertinib is a potent, irreversible, brain-penetrant, mutant-selective, and wild type-sparing third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study aimed to evaluate the effects of food and race on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of lazertinib from a healthy volunteer trial and PK data from NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An open-label, single-dose, two-period, single-sequence crossover study was conducted in healthy subjects with two race groups (non-Asian and Asian). Subjects orally received a single dose of lazertinib 240 mg in fasted and fed state (high-fat meal) in each period separated by a 21-day washout. An open-label, multicenter, phase 1/2 study was conducted in Asian and non-Asian patients with NSCLC. Patients were given oral lazertinib 20-320 mg once daily in fasted state continuously in 21-day cycles. PK parameters were evaluated using non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS: A total of 24 healthy subjects (12 non-Asians and 12 Asians) and 52 NSCLC patients (22 non-Asians and 30 Asians) were evaluated. The change in the overall systemic exposure of lazertinib at fed state was less than 15%. Non-Asians showed 58-76% of the systemic exposure than Asians in healthy subjects. In contrast, there were no significant differences in systemic exposure by race both after single and multiple doses among NSCLC patients. CONCLUSION: Lazertinib can be taken with or without food considering the comparable systemic exposures related to food. Although effect of race was not consistent across studies, there was no evidence for dose adjustment based on race.

Interactions between selected over-the-counter drugs and food: clinical relevance and prevention.

The use of medicines is associated with both therapeutic and adverse effects and interactions. In particular, interactions between drugs and food are common, and can either enhance the action of drugs or diminish their effect. Health professionals have a responsibility to screen for and educate patients about food-drug interactions, as well as to assist in decreasing their occurrence. The aim of this study was to identify any interactions present between food and selected over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Sixty-five publications out of a potential 1112 found in the search were included in the study and among them 28 concerned painkillers, 6 - antihistamines, 4 - nasal decongestants, 10 were for proton pump inhibitors and for iron and 8 for sildenafil. Interactions between food and OTC drugs do exist. These drugs should not be taken regardless of the meal. Providing relevant information to the patient will increase drug safety and efficacy.

Manipulación de fármacos para su administración por gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y nutrición enteral / Handling of drugs for administration by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and enteral nutrition

Introducción: la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa. Entre sus síntomas destaca la disfagia, que hace necesaria la colocación de una gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) para alimentarse. La administración de fármacos por la PEG puede obstruirla, disminuir la eficacia del tratamiento y aumentar el riesgo de toxicidad, al alterar la forma farmacéutica original. Objetivo: describir y analizar el grado de adecuación de la prescripción de fármacos administrados por PEG en pacientes con ELA y con nutrición enteral (NE). Material y métodos: se revisó la prescripción del tratamiento farmacológico de los pacientes con ELA que ingresaban para la colocación de una PEG. Se analizó el grado de adecuación de los fármacos prescritos según los criterios de pérdida de eficacia, toxicidad, riesgo para el manipulador y compatibilidad con la NE, consultando la evidencia científica disponible. Resultados: se revisaron las prescripciones médicas de los tratamientos de 34 pacientes, con un total de 307 medicamentos (mediana de 9 fármacos por paciente; rango, 2-17). Se pautaron por la PEG 267 medicamentos de administración oral (mediana de 8 por paciente; rango, 2-15). El 81,65 % fueron formas sólidas y se modificó la forma farmacéutica en el 43 % por riesgo de oclusión de la sonda, toxicidad o pérdida de eficacia, afectando al 97 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: los pacientes con ELA y con PEG tienen riesgo de presentar problemas de seguridad y de pérdida de eficacia del tratamiento relacionados con la alteración de la forma farmacéutica original y de la interacción con la NE. Palabras clave: Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica; Gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea; Interacción fármaco-nutriente; Medicamentos peligrosos; Nutrición enteral; Sondas digestivas (AU)

Introduction: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease. Its symptoms include dysphagia that may make it necessary to place a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for feeding. The administration of drugs by PEG can obstruct it, decrease the effectiveness of treatment, and increase the risk of toxicity by altering the original pharmaceutical form. Objective: to describe and analyze the degree of adequacy of the prescription of drugs administered by PEG in patients with ALS and with enteral nutrition (EN). Material and methods: the prescription of pharmacological treatment for patients with ALS who were admitted for placement of a PEG was reviewed. The degree of adequacy of the prescribed drugs was analyzed according to criteria of loss of efficacy, toxicity, risk for handler, and compatibility with EN by consulting the available scientific evidence. Results: the medical prescriptions of the treatments of 34 patients were reviewed, with a total of 307 medications (median of 9 drugs per patient, range 2-17). Via PEG 267 oral medications (median 8 per patient, range 2-15) were prescribed; 81.65 % were solid forms, and the pharmaceutical form was modified in 43 %, due to the risk of catheter occlusion, toxicity or loss of efficacy, affecting 97 % of the patients. Conclusions: patients with ALS and PEG are at risk of presenting safety problems and loss of treatment efficacy related to alteration of the original pharmaceutical form and the interaction with EN (AU)

Effects of feed intake and water hardness on fluralaner pharmacokinetics in layer chickens.

BACKGROUND: Fluralaner is a novel drug belonging to the isoxazoline class that acts on external parasites of domestic animals. It is used systemically via drinking water, especially against red poultry mite in layer chickens. Fluralaner is frequently used in layers infected with D. gallinae. However, no study to date has investigated the effects of feed intake and water hardness. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effects of variable water hardness and feed intake on the pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner. METHODS: Layer chickens were divided into four groups (n = 8): fed + purified water (Group 1), feed restricted + purified water (Group 2), feed restricted + hard water (Group 3), and feed restricted + soft water (Group 4). After administering a single dose of the drug with drinking water, the blood samples were collected for 21 days. Fluralaner concentrations in plasma samples were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (tmax), area under the concentration-time curve values (AUC0-21d), half-life (t1/2), and other pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: Although the highest maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was determined in Group 1 (fed + purified water), no statistically significant difference was found in the Cmax, tmax, t1/2, MRT0-inf_obs, Vz/Fobs, and Cl/F_obs parameters between the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the feed intake or water hardness did not change the pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner in layer chickens. Therefore, fluralaner could be used before or after feeding with the varying water hardness in poultry industry.

Potential food-drug interaction risk of thymoquinone with warfarin.

Thymoquinone, predominant bioactive compound in Nigella sativa L. (N.sativa) oil, may inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). However, it is not clear whether thymoquinone can affect the pharmacokinetic behavior of warfarin. Thus, we further to investigate the effect of thymoquinone on warfarin 7-hydroxylation activity and to quantitatively evaluate their food-drug interactions (FDIs) potential. Our data demonstrated that thymoquinone could inhibit warfarin 7-hydroxylase activity with IC50 value of 11.35 ± 0.25 µM. The kinetic analysis indicated that thymoquinone exhibited competitive inhibition on warfarin 7-hydroxylation with Ki value of 3.50 ± 0.44 µM. FDIs risk prediction suggested that coadministration of thymoquinone (>18 mg/day) or dietary supplements containing thymoquinone (N.sativa > 1 g/day or N. sativa oil >1 g/day) might influence pharmacokinetic behavior of warfarin. In conclusion, coadministration of thymoquinone or dietary supplements containing thymoquinone in warfarin-treated patients would likely trigger off unexpected potential drug interactions.

Computer-Aided (In Silico) Modeling of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Food-Drug Interactions (FDI).

Modifications of the activity of Cytochrome 450 (CYP) enzymes by compounds in food might impair medical treatments. These CYP-mediated food-drug interactions (FDI) play a major role in drug clearance in the intestine and liver. Inter-individual variation in both CYP expression and structure is an important determinant of FDI. Traditional targeted approaches have highlighted a limited number of dietary inhibitors and single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), each determining personal CYP activity and inhibition. These approaches are costly in time, money and labor. Here, we review computational tools and databases that are already available and are relevant to predicting CYP-mediated FDIs. Computer-aided approaches such as protein-ligand interaction modeling and the virtual screening of big data narrow down hundreds of thousands of items in databanks to a few putative targets, to which the research resources could be further directed. Structure-based methods are used to explore the structural nature of the interaction between compounds and CYP enzymes. However, while collections of chemical, biochemical and genetic data are available today and call for the implementation of big-data approaches, ligand-based machine-learning approaches for virtual screening are still scarcely used for FDI studies. This review of CYP-mediated FDIs promises to attract scientists and the general public.

Phloretin exhibits potential food-drug interactions by inhibiting human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in vitro.

Phloretin is a well-known apple polyphenol possessing a wide variety of biological effects and has been widely used in many fields. However, it's unclear whether phloretin has an effect on the activity of human UGT enzymes. Our study indicated that phloretin inhibited human UGTs on a broad spectrum. Further kinetic analysis revealed that phloretin inhibited UGT1A1, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7, and 2B15 in a noncompetitive manner, with calculated Ki of 8.34 µM, 16.69 µM, 10.58 µM, 17.74 µM and 2.46µΜ, respectively, whereas phloretin inhibited UGT1A7 in an un-competitive manner, with calculated Ki of 5.70 µM. According to the quantitative risk prediction, co-administration of phloretin with drugs primarily metabolized by UGT1A7 and/or UGT2B15 may result in potential food-drug interactions. To sum up, when phloretin or phloretin-rich food is administered with medications metabolized by UGT1A7 and/or UGT2B15, concern should be exercised.

Curcumin and quercetin modify warfarin-induced regulation of porcine CYP1A2 and CYP3A expression and activity in vitro.

The anticoagulant drug warfarin is used treat atrial fibrillation. Several cases of drug-drug and drug-food interactions have been reported for warfarin.The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between simultaneous administration of warfarin with the two ubiquitous flavonoids quercetin and curcumin.Using porcine primary hepatocytes we demonstrated that warfarin treatment increased the mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A(29), while no changes in CYP1A2 were observed. Co-treatment with quercetin and/or curcumin decreased the warfarin-induced CYP3A protein expression. Moreover, when quercetin and curcumin were co-administrated to warfarin-exposed hepatocytes the protein expression of CYP1A2 was decreased. In hepatic microsomes, curcumin inhibited the activity of both CYP1A2 and CYP3A, while warfarin had no effect. Both quercetin and curcumin decreased the CYP1A2 and CYP3A activity when co-administrated with warfarin.The results clearly demonstrated that quercetin and curcumin can cause food-drug interactions with warfarin, and that the cocktail effect of exposure to more compounds than one can further enhance these interactions.

Inhibition of CYP3A-mediated Midazolam Metabolism by Kaempferia Parviflora.

Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract has recently attracted attention in Japan as a dietary supplement; however, there is little information regarding food-drug interactions (FDIs). The current study was conducted to clarify the FDI of KP extract via inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), a typical drug-metabolizing enzyme. The inhibitory effects of KP extract and its main ingredients, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) and 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (3,5,7,3',4'-PMF), on CYP3A-mediated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation (MDZ 1'-OH) activity were investigated in human liver microsomes. In addition, the effect of a single oral treatment with KP extract (135 mg/kg) on oral MDZ (15 mg/kg) metabolism was investigated in rats. Serum MDZ concentration was analyzed and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with the control group. KP extract competitively inhibited MDZ 1'-OH activity with an inhibition constant value of 78.14 µg/ml, which was lower than the estimated concentration in the small intestine after ingestion. Furthermore, KP extract, 5,7-DMF, and 3,5,7,3',4'-PMF inhibited the activity in a time-, NADPH-, and concentration-dependent manner. In vivo study showed that administration of KP extract to rats 2 h before MDZ significantly increased the area under the serum concentration-time curve and the maximum concentration of MDZ significantly by 2.3- and 1.9- fold, respectively (p < 0.05). Conversely, administration of MDZ 18 h after KP extract treatment displayed a weaker effect. These results suggest that KP extract competitively inhibits CYP3A-mediated MDZ metabolism, and that this inhibition may be time-dependent but not irreversible. This work suggests an FDI through CYP3A inhibition by KP extract.

Assessment of Dry Heating, Water Rinsing, and Baking on Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloid Noscapine in Poppy Seeds.

Limited information is available on methods to reduce concentrations of the opium alkaloid noscapine in poppy seeds. A series of experiment were conducted using poppy seeds to evaluate the impact of thermal treatments, water rinsing, and baking on noscapine concentrations. A sample set of commercially available poppy seeds (n=15) was screened for noscapine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean and median noscapine concentrations for poppy seed samples above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 89.9 and 28.4 mg kg-1, respectively. Six out of 15 samples were less than the LOQ. Poppy seed samples containing a mean noscapine concentration of 121 mg kg-1 were subjected to dry heat treatments ranging from 120-200 °C and a 5 min rinse with water. Baking experiments were also done by incorporating the poppy seeds into a muffin batter and baking in an oven at 200 °C. The dry heat treatment experiments showed that noscapine degraded at 160-200 °C, with a 50% loss of noscapine observed after 3.44 ± 0.46 min at 200 °C. Although the mean concentration of noscapine decreased when a muffin containing poppy seeds was baked at 200 °C for 16 min, these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Rinsing the poppy seeds with water did not have a significant effect on noscapine concentrations. Together, these data allow for better characterization of potential dietary exposure to noscapine and indicate that certain thermal treatments can be effective for reduction of noscapine in poppy seeds.

Pharmacokinetic Outcomes of the Interactions of Antiretroviral Agents with Food and Supplements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Because pharmacokinetic changes in antiretroviral drugs (ARV), due to their concurrent administration with food or nutritional products, have become a clinical challenge, it is necessary to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of ARV in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to clarify the pharmacokinetic outcomes of the interaction between supplements such as food, dietary supplements, and nutrients, and ARV. Twenty-four articles in both healthy subjects and PLWH were included in the qualitative analysis, of which five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Food−drug coadministration significantly increased the time to reach maximum concentration (tmax) (p < 0.00001) of ARV including abacavir, amprenavir, darunavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, zidovudine, ritonavir, and tenofovir alafenamide. In addition, the increased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of ARV, such as darunavir, under fed conditions was observed. Area under the curve and terminal half-life were not significantly affected. Evaluating the pharmacokinetic aspects, it is vital to clinically investigate ARV and particular supplement interaction in PLWH. Educating patients about any potential interactions would be one of the effective recommendations during this HIV epidemic.

Potential interactions among myricetin and dietary flavonols through the inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in vitro.

Myricetin is a dietary flavonol and possesses multiple bioactivities, which making it an excellent nutritional supplement and a new drug candidate. However, whether myricetin and other homologous dietary flavonols affect the activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) enzymes and facilitated food-drug interactions remains unclear. Our results demonstrated that myricetin displayed broad-spectrum inhibition against human UGTs. Myricetin exhibited strong inhibitory effects against UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 1A10 (IC50 < 10 µM) with non-competitive inhibition type, while serving as a moderate inhibitor against UGT1A9 and 2B7 (IC50 range from 25 to 29 µM) with competitive and mixed inhibition type, respectively. In Silico docking was carried out to explore the binding models and free energies of myricetin towards inhibitory UGTs. The potential risks of food-drug interactions after myricetin consumption were predicted by combining the in vitro inhibitory data and physiological data. The quantitative prediction in vivo of inhibition on gastrointestinal UGTs by myricetin showed that the inhibition against UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 1A9, 1A10 and 2B7 would likely occur with high risk. The follow-up findings demonstrated that morin, kaempferol, quercetin and galangin, the four homologous dietary flavonols, shared similar inhibition patterns towards UGTs. These findings altogether demonstrate that myricetin and homologous dietary flavonols have potent and broad-spectrum inhibitory effects against most human UGTs, thus suggest that much caution should be exercised when flavonols-rich foods or supplements are co-administered with UGT substrate drugs.