The Effect of Mechanical Alteration on Repair Bond Strength of S-PRG-Filler-Based Resin Composite Materials.

This study investigates the impact of mechanical alteration on resin composite surfaces and its subsequent effect on repair bond strength. A total of 100 resin composite disks were prepared and were allocated for 24 h or 1 year of artificial aging. Specimens were embedded in epoxy resin, and the composite surfaces were mechanically altered using either diamond burs or air abrasion with aluminum oxide or glass beads. A universal bonding material was applied and a 2 mm circular and 3 mm high repair composite cylinder were prepared using a Teflon mold. Then, the specimens were tested for their shear bond strength, and the de-bonded specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope to determine the failure pattern. SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Two-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant effect of mechanical alteration and aging on the shear bond strength of S-PRG-filler-based resin composite (p < 0.05). Surface modification with a fine diamond bur showed a significantly higher bond strength in both 24-h- and 1-year-aged specimens. Surface modification with alumina significantly increased the bond strength of 1-year-aged specimens; however, it was statistically insignificant for 24 h-aged specimens. Mechanical alteration with a fine diamond bur and 50-micron alumina can improve the repair bond strength of the composite.

Development of an efficient, effective, and economical technology for proteome analysis.

We present an efficient, effective, and economical approach, named E3technology, for proteomics sample preparation. By immobilizing silica microparticles into the polytetrafluoroethylene matrix, we develop a robust membrane medium, which could serve as a reliable platform to generate proteomics-friendly samples in a rapid and low-cost fashion. We benchmark its performance using different formats and demonstrate them with a variety of sample types of varied complexity, quantity, and volume. Our data suggest that E3technology provides proteome-wide identification and quantitation performance equivalent or superior to many existing methods. We further propose an enhanced single-vessel approach, named E4technology, which performs on-filter in-cell digestion with minimal sample loss and high sensitivity, enabling low-input and low-cell proteomics. Lastly, we utilized the above technologies to investigate RNA-binding proteins and profile the intact bacterial cell proteome.

Utilization of Silica Filler as Reinforcement Material of Polylactic Acid (PLA) in 3D Printing Applications: Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Performance.

Glass was introduced as an additive to filaments used for the manufacturing of composite materials, employed by Additive Manufacturing applications. Glass accounts for a large waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) percentage, and its recovery and recycling can lead to the production of sustainable composite materials. In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/commercially available silicon oxide composite filaments were manufactured and their structural, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties were assessed. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the 1:2 ratio of silicon: oxygen, along with the relatively low adhesion between the filler and the matrix. Differential Scanning Calorimetry presented steady glass transition and melting temperatures of composites, whereas a crystallization temperature of 10% wt. and a crystallinity of 15% wt. composite slightly increased. Rheological analysis showcased that the viscosity of the composite filaments decreased compared to PLA (10-100 compared to 300-400 Pa·s), with a more shear-thinning behavior. Dynamic mechanical analysis exhibited increased elastic, flexural moduli, and flexural strength of composites (up to 16, 23, and 11%, respectively), whereas tensile strength and elongation decreased. The affordability of raw materials (with the future introduction of recycled ones) and the minimal processing steps can lead to the potential scaling up of the study.

Effect of particle density on microplastics transport in artificial and natural porous media.

The occurrence and persistence of microplastics (MPs) in natural environments are of increasing concern. Along with this, the transport of MPs in sediments has been investigated mainly focusing on the effect of plastic size and shape, media size effect, and solution chemistry. Yet, the influence of particle density is only partially understood. Therefore, column experiments on the transport of variably buoyant MPs in saturated natural sediments and glass beads were conducted, and transport parameters were quantified using a two-site kinetic transport model with a depth-dependent blocking function (the amount of retained MPs does not decrease at a constant rate with increasing depth, the majority of MPs were retained near the column inlet). Neutral, sinking, and buoyant MPs within the same size range were selected, with stable water isotope applied as conservative tracer to explore water and MP movement in the tested sediments. The results showed that 95.5 ± 1.4% of sinking MPs remained in columns packed with gravel, followed by buoyant and neutral MPs, thus indicating that particle density does affect MP mobility. Similar recovered amounts of MPs were found in columns packed with glass beads, indicating that tested sediment types do not affect the deposition behavior of MPs. The breakthrough curves of MPs were accurately described by the selected model. However, the simulated retention profiles overestimated the observed MP amount in layers closest to the column inlet. The coupled experimental and modeled results suggest an enhanced retention of sinking MPs, while neutrally and buoyant MPs exhibit a higher mobility in comparison. Thus, neutral or buoyant MPs can potentially pose a higher contamination risk to subsurface porous media environments compared to sinking MPs. Discrepancies between observed and simulated retention profiles indicate that future model development is needed for advancing the MP deposition as affected by particle density.

Nanobubble transport in porous media: Towards agro- and environmental applications.

Nanobubbles have been increasingly used in various applications involving porous media, such as groundwater remediation and irrigation. However, the fundamental scientific knowledge regarding the interactions between nanobubbles and the media is still limited. The interactions can be repulsive, attractive, or inert, and can involve reversible or irreversible attachment as well as destructive mechanisms. Specifically, the stability and mobility of nanobubbles in porous media is expected to be dependent on the dynamic conditions and the physicochemical properties of the porous media, solutions, and nanobubbles themselves. In this study, we investigated how changes in solution chemistry (pH, ionic strength, and valence) and media characteristics (size and wettability) affect the size and concentration of nanobubbles under dynamic conditions using column experiments. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring provided a deeper understanding of irreversible and elastic nanobubbles' interactions with silica-coated surfaces. Our findings suggest that nanobubbles are less mobile in solutions of higher ionic strength and valence, acidic pH and smaller porous media sizes, while the wettability of porous media has a negligible influence on the retention of nanobubbles. Overall, our findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of nanobubble interactions and suggest potential strategies to optimize their delivery in various applications.

Redox condition changes caused by impacts: Insights from Chang'e-5 lunar glass beads.

Lunar materials are overall more reducing compared with their terrestrial counterparts, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we present a possible explanation for the changes in redox state of the lunar regolith caused by impact events, based on our investigations of the impact glass beads from Chang'e-5 mission. These glass beads contain iron metal grains and show concentration gradients of FeO and K2O (with or without Na2O) from their rims to centers. The compositional profiles exhibit error-function-like shapes, which indicates a diffusion-limited mechanism. Our numerical modeling results suggest that the iron metal grains on the surface of the glass beads were generated through the reduction of FeO by elemental K and (or) Na produced during the impact events. Meanwhile, the iron metal grains inside the bead may have formed due to oxygen diffusion driven by redox potential gradients. Furthermore, our study suggests that impact processes intensify the local reducing conditions, as evidenced by the presence of calcium sulfide particles within troilite grains that coexist with iron metal grains on the surface of the glass beads. This study provides insights into the oxygen diffusion kinetics during the formation of iron metal spherules and sheds light on the changes in redox conditions of lunar materials caused by impact events.

Microparticles as BDMDAC (Quaternary Ammonium Compound) Carriers for Water Disinfection: A Layer-by-Layer Approach without Biocide Release.

This work studies the antimicrobial activity of benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BDMDAC)-coated microparticles with distinct morphological structures. Functionalized microparticles were prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique on hydroxyapatite (Hap), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and glass beads (GB) cores. All particles were characterized, before and after functionalization, by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Antimicrobial activity was tested against planktonic Pseudomonas fluorescens. Planktonic bacteria were exposed to 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L and 400 mg/L of BDMDAC-coated microparticles for 240 min. This strategy promoted a complete bacteria reduction at 200 mg/L for Hap microparticles after 240 min. No release of biocide was detected through HPLC analyses during 2 weeks, suggesting that bacteria inactivation may be attributed to a contact killing mechanism.

Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) Model for the Damage Mechanisms Present in Joints Bonded Using Adhesives Doped with Inorganic Fillers.

The use of adhesive bonding in diverse industries such as the automotive and aerospace sectors has grown considerably. In structural construction, adhesive joints provide a unique combination of low structural weight, high strength and stiffness, combined with a relatively simple and easily automated manufacturing method, characteristics that are ideal for the development of modern and highly efficient vehicles. In these applications, ensuring that the failure mode of a bonded joint is cohesive rather than adhesive is important since this failure mode is more controlled and easier to model and to predict. This work presents a numerical technique that enables the precise prediction of the bonded joint's behavior regarding not only its failure mode, but also the joint's strength, when inorganic fillers are added to the adhesive. To that end, hollow glass particles were introduced into an epoxy adhesive in different amounts, and a numerical study was carried out to simulate their influence on single lap joint specimens. The numerical results were compared against experimental ones, not only in terms of joint strength, but also their failure pattern. The neat adhesive, which showed 9% and 20% variations in terms of failure load and displacement, respectively. However, looking at the doped configurations, these presented smaller variations of about 2% and 10% for each respective variable. In all cases, by adding glass beads, crack initiation tended to change from adhesive to cohesive but with lower strength and ductility, correctly modeling the general experimental behavior as intended.

Combination of direct boiling and glass beads increases the purity and accuracy of bacterial DNA extraction.

Extraction of DNA is a key step in molecular biology experiments and important for counting tiny microbial individuals. Direct boiling and mechanical cell lysis like glass beads are two independent physical extraction methods, thus crossing the barriers of thresholds of magnitude in popular reagent kits or traditional spread plate method when non-equilibrium phenomenon is ongoing. The two approaches above were combined to generate a new one. In three typical microbial species, direct boiling with glass beads significantly increased the purity of DNA solution compared with some other methods (p < 0.05). The qPCR results of them were closer to direct microscopy counting than some other methods. Therefore, it provides a new choice in extracting bacterial DNA for specific circumstances.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Engineering Properties of Polymer-Coated Glass Beads.

Modern construction projects are often challenging, which has increased the demand for innovative materials that ensure improved safety, durability, and functionality. To explore the potential of enhancing soil material functionality, this study synthesized polyurethane on the surface of glass beads and evaluated their mechanical properties. The synthesis of polymer proceeded according to a predetermined procedure, where the polymerization was confirmed through analysis of chemical structure by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and microstructure observation by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after complete synthesis. The constrained modulus (M) and the maximum shear modulus (Gmax) of mixtures with synthesized materials were examined by using an oedometer cell equipped with bender elements under a zero lateral strain condition. Both M and Gmax decreased with an increase in the contents of polymerized particles due to a decrease in the number of interparticle contacts and contact stiffness induced by the surface modification. The adhesion property of the polymer induced a stress-dependent change in M but was observed to have little effect on Gmax. Compared to the behavior of the rubber-sand mixtures, polymerized particles show the advantage of a smaller reduction of M.

Delving into the study of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts distribution in table olive biofilms using a non-destructive procedure.

To turn table olives into appropriate carriers of beneficial bacteria and yeasts to consumers, it is essential to have reliable methods for analysing microorganisms in biofilms. This work validates the application of a non-destructive procedure to study the lactic acid bacteria and yeasts distribution in fruits during Spanish-style green table olive fermentations. Laboratory-scale fermentations were inoculated simultaneously with three Lactiplantibacillus pentosus strains (LPG1, 119, and 13B4) and two yeasts (Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y12 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y30), all of them natives of table olive fermentations. Data showed that L. pentosus LPG1 and yeasts W. anomalus Y12 were quite prone to colonise olive biofilms, but only the Lactiplantibacillus strain also can penetrate the epidermis of the fruit and colonise the flesh. Applying a non-destructive treatment consisting in shelling the fruits with glass beads led to obtaining similar lactic acid bacteria and yeast recovery than the classical stomacher destructive method. However, the glass bead procedure improved the quality of the metagenomics analysis (especially when using 16 S rRNA gene-based sequencing). Results show the great utility of procedures that do not destroy the fruit for studying fermented vegetable biofilms.

Purification of lipase from Burkholderia metallica fermentation broth in a column chromatography using polymer impregnated resins.

In this work, porous glass beads grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as an adsorbent to purify lipase from Burkholderia metallica in column chromatography. The purification parameters viz. salt stability, types and concentrations of PEG and salt, pH of the binding solution, and flow rate were studied to determine the performance of the purification system in an XK16/20 column. The crude lipase was mixed with different types and concentrations of salts 1-5% (w/w) (sodium citrate, potassium citrate, and sodium acetate) and subjected to the column containing the polymeric glass bead. One-variable-at-a-time experimentation revealed that 20% (w/w) PEG 6000 g/mol impregnated glass beads with a binding solution of 5% sodium citrate at pH 7.7, a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and extraction time of 10 min resulted in the highest purification factor and recovery yield at 3.67 and 88%, respectively. The purified lipase has 55 ∼ 60 kDa molecular mass. The outcome of the study showed PEG could be applied to modify the inert glass beads into polymeric form, providing a biocompatible and mild separation condition for lipase. Thus, PEG could be successfully applied for the purification of lipase from B. metallica fermentation broth using column chromatography.

Igbo-Ukwu at 50: A Symposium on Recent Archaeological Research and Analysis.

As an introduction to several papers from the "Igbo-Ukwu at 50" symposium in September 2021, this article reviews the history of the discoveries and excavations, the early debates over chronology, and more recent research contributions that refine and expand our understanding of this unique site. These include new field investigations at Igbo Ukwu, new radiocarbon dates, textile analysis, chemical analyses of glass, and carnelian beads plus lead isotope analyses of leaded bronze and copper artifacts to identify source areas, and metallographic studies.

Comme introduction à plusieurs articles du symposium "Igbo-Ukwu at 50" en septembre 2021, cet article passe en revue l'histoire des découvertes et des fouilles, les premiers débats sur la chronologie et les contributions de recherche plus récentes qui affinent et élargissent notre compréhension de ce site unique. Il s'agit notamment de nouvelles enquêtes sur le terrain à Igbo-Ukwu, de nouvelles datations au radiocarbone, d'analyses textiles, d'analyses chimiques de perles de verre et de cornaline ainsi que d'études métallographiques et d'analyses isotopiques du plomb d'artefacts en bronze au plomb et en cuivre pour identifier les zones sources.

Chemistry and Production Technology of Hallstatt Period Glass Beads from Bohemia.

The presented study evaluated a set of beads primarily originating from the Hallstatt period (800-400 BC) and uncovered in the region of Bohemia. Utilizing an SEM/EDS method, the chemical composition of the glass samples was determined and their homogeneity measured. Owing to the presence of opaque glass, Raman spectroscopy was applied, enabling the definition of the phases causing the opacity of the glass, as well as its coloring. This article discusses opacifying agents, including the possible ways in which they entered the artefacts. In addition, the techniques used to produce the glass beads are described, for both the single-colored beads, as well as the so-called eye beads that are present in a significant amount in the set. The majority of the beads examined were found to be made of the LMG glass type (low-magnesium soda-lime glass). An unexpected result was the identification of glass with a high content of K2O not corresponding to the mixed alkali type (LMHK), which is frequently discussed in the literature. The glass type in question most likely does not come from the traditional area of glass production: the eastern Mediterranean territory.

Effect of cell density on decrease in hydraulic conductivity by microbial calcite precipitation.

The effect of number of cells deposited on decrease in hydraulic conductivity of porous media using CaCO3 precipitation induced by Sporosarcina pasteurii (ATCC 11,859) was examined in columns packed with glass beads in the range of 0.25 mm and 3 mm in diameter. After resting Sporosarcina pasteurii cells were introduced into the columns, a precipitation solution, which consisted of 500 mM CaCl2 and 500 mM urea, was introduced under continuous flow conditions. It was shown that hydraulic conductivity was decreased by formation of microbially induced CaCO3 precipitation from between 8.37 * 10-1 and 6.73 * 10-2 cm/s to between 3.69 * 10-1 and 1.01 * 10-2 cm/s. The lowest hydraulic conductivity was achieved in porous medium consisting of the smallest glass beads (0.25 mm in diameter) using the highest density of cell suspension (OD600 2.25). The number of the deposited cells differed depending on the glass bead size of the columns. According to the experiments, 7 * 10-9 g CaCO3 was produced by a single resting cell. The urease activity, which led CaCO3 precipitation, depended on presence of high number of cells deposited in the column because the nutrients were not included in the precipitation solution and consequently, the amount of CaCO3 precipitated was proportional with the cell number in the column. A mathematical model was also developed to investigate the experimental results, and statistical analysis was also performed.

Characterization of the Effect of Hollow Glass Beads on the Mechanical Properties of Structural Adhesives.

Adhesives are extensively used in the automotive and aeronautical industries as they enable the creation of durable and light weight joints, with exceptional strength to weight ratios. The constant search for the means of adapting the mechanical performance of adhesives to each application has led to the use of several types of fillers to change their properties. Following a study on the effect of inorganic fillers, i.e., hollow glass beads, in the failure mechanisms of single lap joint's (SLJ), this work focuses on the response of the strength and fracture properties of structural adhesives to this filler. To this end, their tensile strength and mode I fracture properties were thoroughly analyzed by performing bulk tensile and double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests, at a quasi-static speed. The specimens were manufactured by adding different %v/v of filler to two epoxy-based crash resistant adhesives. Both adhesives have shown a negligible effect on the tensile strength, a decrease in strain at failure and critical energy release rate in mode I, as well as an increase of the Young's modulus, for higher % in volume of hollow glass beads. These phenomena were further analyzed recurring to scanning electron microscopy, and the concept of rule of mixtures.

A glass bead semi-hydroponic system for intact maize root exudate analysis and phenotyping.

BACKGROUND: Although there have been numerous studies describing plant growth systems for root exudate collection, a common limitation is that these systems require disruption of the plant root system to facilitate exudate collection. Here, we present a newly designed semi-hydroponic system that uses glass beads as solid support to simulate soil impedance, which combined with drip irrigation, facilitates growth of healthy maize plants, collection and analysis of root exudates, and phenotyping of the roots with minimal growth disturbance or root damage. RESULTS: This system was used to collect root exudates from seven maize genotypes using water or 1 mM CaCl2, and to measure root phenotype data using standard methods and the Digital imaging of root traits (DIRT) software. LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) targeted metabolomics platforms were used to detect and quantify metabolites in the root exudates. Phytohormones, some of which are reported in maize root exudates for the first time, the benzoxazinoid DIMBOA (2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), amino acids, and sugars were detected and quantified. After validating the methodology using known concentrations of standards for the targeted compounds, we found that the choice of the exudate collection solution affected the exudation and analysis of a subset of analyzed metabolites. No differences between collection in water or CaCl2 were found for phytohormones and sugars. In contrast, the amino acids were more concentrated when water was used as the exudate collection solution. The collection in CaCl2 required a clean-up step before MS analysis which was found to interfere with the detection of a subset of the amino acids. Finally, using the phenotypic measurements and the metabolite data, significant differences between genotypes were found and correlations between metabolites and phenotypic traits were identified. CONCLUSIONS: A new plant growth system combining glass beads supported hydroponics with semi-automated drip irrigation of sterile solutions was implemented to grow maize plants and collect root exudates without disturbing or damaging the roots. The validated targeted exudate metabolomics platform combined with root phenotyping provides a powerful tool to link plant root and exudate phenotypes to genotype and study the natural variation of plant populations.

Interaction of Lipopolysaccharide-Spiked Blood with Anti-Fouling Polymyxin B-Modified Glass.

Bacterial endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), plays a major role in the initiation of sepsis, a severe inflammatory condition. Removal of the toxin from blood is one accepted method of patient treatment. Polymyxin B (PMB)-modified columns have been employed successfully for this purpose via extra-corporeal blood-flow systems that incorporate a cartridge for toxin removal. Herein we demonstrate that PMB-modified glass beads are able to reduce the presence of LPS competitively with the equivalent fiber column used in a commercial cartridge. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ELISA of released fatty acids from the toxin indicates that PMB does not physically capture or significantly remove LPS from the blood samples. In reality, interaction between the surface-bound PMB and the toxin may lead to disaggregation or monomerization of LPS aggregates. As aggregates are the bioactive form of LPS, it is possible that the monomerization of these entities may be the mechanism by which their toxicity is reduced. Moreover, this work indicates that LPS monomers are stabilized subsequent to disaggregation induced by PMB.

The effects of different silicatization and silanization protocols on the bond durability of resin cements to new high-translucent zirconia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different silicatization protocols with various silane treatment methods on the bond performance to high-translucent zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-translucent zirconia specimens were assigned to five groups according to mechanical surface pretreatment: as-sintered (Con), 0.2 MPa alumina sandblasting (AB2), tribochemical silica coating (TSC), 0.2 and 0.4 MPa glass bead air abrasion (GB2) and (GB4). Each group was subjected to 4 different cementation protocols: Panavia SA Universal (SAU), Panavia SA plus (SAP), silane + SAP (S-SAP), and Universal adhesive + SAP (U-SAP). Tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured after 24 h and 10,000 thermocycling (TC). Surface topography, surface energy, and elemental composition of the abraded zirconia surface analyses were completed. TBS data was analyzed using the Weibull analysis method. Surface roughness and surface energy were compared by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: After 24 h, higher TBS was achieved with all cementation protocols in AB2 and TSC, also, in GB2 with all protocols except U-SAP, and in GB4 with SAU and S-SAP. After aging, GB4/S-SAP, GB2/S-SAP, AB2/U-SAP, and TSC/S-SAP showed the highest bond strength. GB groups showed the lowest surface roughness and highest surface energy. CONCLUSION: Glass bead abrasion achieved the durable bond strength to high-translucent zirconia using a separate silane coupling agent while altered surface chemistry, surface energy, and roughness without effect on morphology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Glass bead air abrasion is an alternative to alumina sandblasting and tribochemical silica coating and improves bond strength to high translucent zirconia.

Effect of Air-Particle Abrasion Protocol and Primer on The Topography and Bond Strength of a High-Translucent Zirconia Ceramic.

PURPOSE: To evaluate effect of air-particle abrasion protocol and primer on surface topography and bond strength of resin cement to high-translucent zirconia ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred disk-shaped high-translucent zirconia specimens of 5Y-PSZ were prepared. The specimens were assigned to 5 groups in terms of particle type and air-particle abrasion pressure: (1) control, (2) alumina with 0.2 MPa-air pressure [AB-0.2], (3) alumina with 0.4 MPa-air pressure [AB-0.4], (4) glass beads with 0.2 MPa-air pressure [GB-0.2], and (5) glass beads with 0.4 MPa-air pressure [GB-0.4]. Two different primers 1% MDP (Experimental) and MDP-silane primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus) was also tested. Stainless steel rods were bonded to the 5Y-PSZ specimens with PANAVIA V5. For each group, the tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured after 24-hour water storage (n = 10) and after 5000 thermal-cycling (n = 10) at crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed using Weibull analysis. Surface roughness (Sa) was measured using a 3D-Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (n = 5) and analyzed by t-test with Bonferroni correction. Surface topography using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface elemental analysis using energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX), and cross-section SEM at the interface with composite cement were also investigated. RESULTS: In MDP-silane groups, the highest TBS was observed in AB-0.4 after 24 hours and GB-0.4 after thermal-cycling (p < 0.05). In MDP groups, AB groups resulted in the significantly higher TBS than GB groups (p < 0.05). AB-0.4 group showed the highest Sa value compared to all groups (p < 0.005), meanwhile GB groups did not show different Sa compared to control (p > 0.005). CONCLUSION: Air-abrasion with different particle and blasting pressure can improve bonding to zirconia with proper primer selection. Particularly, glass beads abrasion followed by MDP-silane primer and alumina abrasion followed by MDP primer alone provided stable bond strength of resin cement to high-translucent zirconia after aging. High-translucent zirconia abraded with glass beads achieves a desirable bonding performance without creating surface microcracks which may hinder zirconia's mechanical properties.