A systematic strategy for investigating the pharmacological effects and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicinal formula: Guilin Xiguashuang as a case.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicinal formula (TCMF) has specific advantages in treating diseases. However, the pharmacological effects and mechanism of TCMF composed of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) with unclear active components or targets have not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES: This research proposed a strategy for elucidating the pharmacological effects and mechanism to address this issue systematically. METHODS: With Guilin Xiguashuang (GLXGS) taken as a case, this study newly provided the multi-level assays, which decomposes TCMF into components, TCM, and TCMF levels. The main pharmacological effects were acquired through a comprehensive analysis based on the active components, pharmacological effects of TCM, and clinical efficacy of TCMF, respectively. The core targets and pathways were further identified and verified to elucidate the mechanism. RESULTS: The main pharmacological effects of GLXGS were anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, immunoregulatory, and wound healing. Moreover, the mechanism analysis demonstrated that GLXGS was involved in the regulation of NF-κB and VEGF signaling pathways and core targets, such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Finally, unproven immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanism were verified using RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells. GLXGS was verified to down-regulate IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and CD86 in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, while enhancing polarization in both RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells, which were consistent with analysis results. CONCLUSION: The present research provides a systematic strategy for the pharmacological effect prediction and mechanism analysis of TCMF, which is of great significance for studying complex TCMF.

Research progress on ecology and sustainable development of Guilin Lijiang River Basin, China, based on bibliometric analysis.

Guilin is a typical representative of karst landform in South China. Because of its unique geographical landform and hydrological environment, Lijiang River Basin has received a certain degree of attention in field of ecology and sustainable development. Explore and visualize the hotspots and frontiers of Guilin Lijiang River Basin Ecology and Sustainable Development (GLRBESD) by using bibliometrics, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer. Results showed that number of published papers was in a fluctuating upward trend from 1992 to 2022 and from 2011 to 2022, respectively. Work of scholars in this field has been continuously strengthened and deepened, and overall scientific research results show an increasing trend. Research objects and topics are mainly aimed at the water resources, climate, and environment of GLRB Landscape ecology and SDG index construction. Research of GLRBESD-published documents has the characteristics of multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary integration. High-frequency keywords in research field focus on ecotourism, ecological restoration, and sustainable development, mainly based on the research of ecotourism development. Impact of environmental factor changes and human activities on land use change in different periods is an important research topic. Core research field of GLRBESD on macro-scale can be divided into ESV and function, ecological compensation and ecotourism, ecological environment and ecological restoration, ecological network and ecological risk assessment, and sustainable development. This research provides systematic scientific research basis for enhancing sustainable development ability and ecosystem functions and services of World Natural Heritage Site.

Landscape Pattern and Ecological Risk Assessment in Guilin Based on Land Use Change.

The land use and ecological risk patterns in Guilin, which is the only innovation demonstration zone under the National Sustainable Development Agenda in China with a focus on the sustainable use of natural resources, have changed significantly as a result of the combined impact of climate change and human activities, thus presenting challenges to the sustainable development of the local area. This research employs an ecological risk assessment model and spatial analysis techniques in order to analyze the spatial correlation between land use and ecological risk, and to evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of ecological risk at the overall and county scales in Guilin. The results reveal the following: (1) A total of 1848.6 km2 land types in Guilin have changed from 2000 to 2020, and construction land has gradually expanded from the central urban area to the suburbs with increasing internal stability each year. (2) The ecological risk level in Guilin showed a decreasing trend at the city scale, but some regions still showed an increasing trend at the county distribution scale. (3) The ecological risk value in Guilin has significant spatial correlation, and the spatial distribution showed a clustering effect, which was consistent with the spatial distribution of ecological risk class areas. The research results can provide a reference for ecological risk control and sustainable development of landscape resource cities.

Coupling Coordination Analysis of Urban Development and Ecological Environment in Urban Area of Guilin Based on Multi-Source Data.

Urban development in developing regions increases ecological and environmental pressures. Few annual ecological studies have been conducted on tourist-oriented cities. Guilin is famous as an international tourist destination in Chine. Analyzing its coupling coordination between urbanization and ecology is vital for subsequent sustainable development. This paper constructed a night-time light index (NTLI) based on DMSP/OLS, NPP/VIIRS night-time light data in response to these problems. The remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) model was established in this study by using four indexes: greenness, wetness, dryness and heat. The coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was built. From the dynamic time-series changes of CCDM, the urban development and ecological environment of the urban area of Guilin, from 2000 to 2020, were analyzed. The results showed that the urban area of Guilin's urbanization had developed rapidly over the past 20 years. NTLI in 2020 was 7.72 times higher than in 2000. The overall ecological quality of the main urban area of Guilin has improved significantly, while local ecological pressure in Lingui District has increased. CCDM has shifted from low to high coupling coordination, and the relationship between urban development and the ecological environment has improved. The method of annual spatial-temporal analysis of urban ecology in this paper can be applied in similar studies on other cities, and the results obtained for Guilin have reference value for future urban planning and environmental protection work.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influence Mechanism of Habitat Quality in Guilin City, China.

Based on the models of ArcGIS10.5, Fragstats 4.2, and InVEST, this research describes the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of habitat quality in Guilin from three aspects, which are land use change, landscape pattern change, and habitat quality evaluation, and further explores the main driving factors of Guilin's habitat quality change by using the method of geographic detector evaluation. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the land use type in Guilin City is dominated by forest, accounting for the highest proportion of 77.87%. The forest has decreased significantly, the mutual transformation of forest and cropland is obvious, and the area of impervious has continued to increase. A large amount of cropland is occupied, indicating that human activities were the main factor in land use transformation. From 2000 to 2020, the irregularity of the patch shape of each land use type was deepened, the fragmentation degree was relatively stable, the landscape diversity was enhanced, and the spatial distribution of each patch showed a relatively obvious heterogeneity. From 2000 to 2020, the habitat quality of Guilin City was mainly high-grade and the habitat quality was good, but the overall trend showed a downward trend, and the spatial difference was obvious. From 2000 to 2020, elevation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), splitting index (SPLIT), and slope were the main factors affecting the habitat quality of Guilin City, among which elevation and NDVI had the most significant effects.

Effect of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of precipitation in Guilin, SW China.

This study monitored the isotopic compositions of precipitation in Guilin as well as the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the isotope ratios and water vapour sources from 2015 to 2016. The results indicate that the lower isotope values of precipitation from ocean water vapour source are affected by long transport distance and fractionation during summer and autumn. In contrast, the isotope values of winter and spring precipitation are affected by continental air masses and their evaporation sources yielding higher values. The intercepts of the local meteoric water line in Guilin are larger than those of the global meteoric water line, which is typical for subtropical monsoon climate. During the El Niño event, development of anomalous anticyclonic circulation enhances the northbound transport over the western Pacific and brings abundant water vapour to the southern part of China. During El Niño event prevailing period, precipitations exhibit a lower δ 18O value and low d (deuterium excess) value, indicating that the 2015/2016 ENSO event had a significant effect on the precipitation distribution, precipitation amount, and isotope ratios in regional precipitation.

Characterization of precipitation in the background of atmospheric pollutants reduction in Guilin: Temporal variation and source apportionment.

Rainfall samples were collected from three observation sites in Guilin from 2013 to 2017, and the chemical composition characteristics of precipitation and the contribution made by different ion sources were analyzed when atmospheric pollutants levels were reduced. The results showed that acid gas emissions and atmospheric pollutant concentrations continued to decline during the study period. However, the change in the volume-weighted mean pH at the three sites suggested that acid rain pollution was not alleviated and began to deteriorate after 2015. The continuing downward trend for alkaline neutralizing ions (Ca2+, NH4+) in precipitation indicated that the reduction in alkaline neutralizing substances in the atmosphere was an important factor that led to the deterioration in acid rain across Guilin. The principal component analysis and spearman correlation analysis indicated five sources of ions in precipitation. Quantitative assessment of these five sources indicated that fossil fuel combustion contributed the most ions concentration in precipitation at the three sites, followed by agriculture, terrestrial (crustal) sources, marine sources, and biomass burning. Long-distance airflow might affect the acidity, the electrical conductivity (EC), and ion concentrations in precipitation across Guilin. The airflow trajectory from the west and southeast directions corresponded to higher acidity and ion concentrations. According to the current air pollution control strategy planned by Guilin, reducing atmospheric coarse particles and NH3 at the same time may potentially lead to further deteriorations in acid rain contents. Therefore, Guilin needs to develop more reasonable pollution prevention measures that synergistically control atmospheric pollutants and acid rain pollution.

[Interspecific associations of the main tree populations of the Cyclobalanopsis glauca community in Karst hills of Guilin, Southwest China]. / æ¡‚æž—å²©æº¶çŸ³å±±é’å†ˆç¾¤è½ä¸»è¦ä¹”æœ¨æ ‘ç§çš„ç§é—´å ³è”.

Analyzing the interspecific association of major tree populations of Cyclobalanopsis glauca community and revealing the coexistence among the populations would provide theoretical basis for the restoration and reconstruction, management and biodiversity conservation of Karst hills in Gui-lin. Based on field survey, the χ2 test, association coefficient (AC), co-occurrence percentage (PC), Ochiai index (OI), Dice index (DI), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to investigate the interspecific association and eco-taxonomic classification of the top 22 tree species in Cyclobalanopsis glauca community in Guilin Karst Rocky Mountains. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the interspecific associations of the 22 main tree populations, indicating that this community was in a stable climax stage. The results of χ2 test showed that 108 pairs of 231 species pairs had positive associations, 115 species pairs had negative associations, 8 species pairs were unrelated, with the positive and negative linkage ratio being 93.9%. The vast majority of species pairs showed no significant association. The strong indepen-dence between species might be mainly caused by the higher habitat heterogeneity of the Karst hills in Guilin which led to the differentiation of niches between species. The results of AC, PC, OI and DI were basically consistent with that of χ2 test, indicating that the analysis of interspecific association should be based on the χ2 test and supplemented by AC, PC, OI and DI indices. According to the PCA and evaluation of interspecific relationships, the 22 main tree species were divided into three ecological groups. The species within each group had the same adaptability to habitat but different ecological requirements.

Clinical Exemplication of Qinxing Shigan Decoction Combined with Lianqin Zhidanshao Decoction in Treating Cough / 中国中医药信息杂志

Warm cough is common in clinical practice. This article summarized the medical cases of warm cough after cold, chronic bronchitis and interstitial lung disease treated by Qinxing Shigan Decoction combined with Lianqin Zhidanshao Decoction, and discussed the syndrome characteristics.

[Chemical Characteristics and Source of Acid Precipitation in Guilin].

A total of 396 rainwater samples of Guilin from 2008 to 2011 were collected and analyzed for pH, 44 of which were analyzed for major ions. The analysis of pH values showed the obvious seasonal variation of acid rain in Guilin. The pollution level of summer was lower than those in other seasons, while the pollution levels in winter and spring were the highest. The investigation of fractional acidity(AF) and neutralization factors(NF) indicated that low acid rain pollution level in 2008 was caused by alkali neutralization, especially NH4+ and Ca2+. Studies of the origins of major ions showed that CI- and Na+ were mainly from sea, Ca2+ was mainly from the crustal dust while K+, SO42- and NO3- were mainly originated from anthropogenic source. Finally, the effect of regional transportation on acid rain of Guilin was analyzed and 3 originatons of acid-causing substance were oriented by an air trajectory clustering methodology based on hysplit-4 and a clustering algorithm including 1Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei, with high population densities, these regions contributed 19% air mass in spring, 26% in summer, 19% in autumn and 36% in winter due to the northeast wind; 2Pearl River Delta, with airflow from west Pacific passing before arriving Guilin, contributing 19% in spring, 33% in autumn and 36% in winter; 3Nanning, Liuzhou. All strong acid rain vapor air mass converged in southwest Guilin in spring, and arrived in Guilin passing Naning and Liuzhou. In summer, under the direct control of southwest monsoon, the vapor from Indian Ocean directly arrived in Guilin, accounting for 75%. The southwest airflow passing these cities accounted for 14% in autumn and 63% in winter.

Experimental research on Qingyan Droping Pills for treatment of oral ulcer in rats / 中草药

Objective: To study the treatment effect of Qingyan Droping Pills (QDP) for oral ulcer. Methods: SPF level 60 rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive control (Guilin Watermelon Frost 200 mg/kg) group, high-, mid-, and low-dose QDP groups (n = 10). The oral ulcer model of rat was established by injection of acetic acid on the oral mucosa of left cheek in rat, at 24 h immediately after the formation of ulcers. The first two days after the start of the administration modeling, continuous administration of 10 d was performed. The ulcer diameters before the administration and 4, 7, 10 d after administration were recorded by vernier caliper. Rats in each group after the last measurement were sacrificed and part of oral ulcers were removed, some of ulcers tissue were homogenized by TNF-α assay kit. The remaining ulcers were sliced and the ulcer morphology was observed. Results: Mouth ulcer areas of high-dose QDP group and Watermelon Frost group were significantly reduced (P < 0.05, 0.01), ulcer tissue lesions and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Conclusion: QDP on acetic acid-induced oral ulcers has some therapeutic effect.

Epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Guilin area during 2015 / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To understand the infection situation and epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) among children with MP infections in Guilin area .Methods The IgM antibody of MP was determined in 1 704 pediatric outpatients and inpatients with respiratory tract infections in our hospital during 2015 by using the MP IgM antibody test reagent kit(colloidal Gold method) .The detection situation was investigated and analyzed .Results The total MP positive rate among children patients with respiratory tract infections in Guilin was 18 .19% ,the female was higher than male with statistical difference (22 .48% vs . 15 .37% ,P0 .05) .Conclusion MP is one of the most common pathogens leading to respiratory tract infection in children ,its infection shows gender and age differences .Summer and autumn are mainly epidemic seasons .Children aged 6―14 years old are susceptible to be infected by MP .So it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of MP infection .

Spectrum of α-thalassemia and ß-thalassemia mutations in the Guilin Region of southern China.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Thalassemia is one of the most frequent hereditary hemoglobin (Hb) disorders in southern China. Accurate population frequency data are needed for planning the control of thalassemia in the high-risk Guilin, the southern region of China. METHODS: Anemia patients (n=11,143) from the Guilin Region of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of southern China were analyzed by Gap-PCR, PCR-based reverse dot blot (RDB), and direct sequencing methods. RESULTS: Of these patients, 4365 (39.17%) were diagnosed with α-thalassemia (α-thal), 2643 (23.72%) with ß-thalassemia (ß-thal), and 263 (2.36%) as carriers of both α- and ß-thal. The diagnosed α-thal anomalies were related to 6 gene mutations and 27 genotypes, with the most common α-thal mutations being -(SEA) (61.37%), -α(3.7) (18.52%), -α(4.2) (6.80%), and α(CS)α (6.64%). The ß-thal anomalies were related to 14 gene mutations and 30 genotypes, with the seven most common mutations [CD41-42 (-TTCT) (52.02%), CD17 (A>T) (22.12%), IVS-II-654 (C>T) (11.29%), -28 (A>G) (5.01%), CD71-72 (4.04%), CD26 (2.28%), and -29 (1.83%)] accounting for 98.58% of the ß-globin gene mutations. In addition, CD37 (TGG→TAG) and CD 30 (A→G) were two particularly rare dominant ß-thal mutations in Chinese populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that the population in Guilin are at high risk of α- and ß-thalassemia. The results of this study will be useful for genetic counseling and the prevention of severe thalassemia in the Guilin Region.

Simultaneous determination of four effective components in Guilin Watermelon Frost by HPLC-MS / 中成药

AIM: To establish an HPLC-MS method for simultaneously determining four effective components in Guilin Watermelon Frost(Mirabilitum Praeparatum,Rhizoma Coptidis,Radix Scutellariae,etc.). METHODS: The sample was extracted with methanol containing 20% chloroform under ultrasonication.The HPLC separation was performed on Zorbax SB C_(18)(3.0 mm?250 mm,5 ?m) column using water including 0.5% formic acid(A)-methanol(B) as mobile phase,with the gradient elution(0-2 min,60%B;2-5 min,60%→90%B;5 min to the end,90%B), at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min.The compounds were analyzed by ESI-MS under ion monitoring mode(0-3 min,m/z 249;3-6 min,m/z 336;6-10 min,m/z 447;10-16 min,m/z 263). RESULTS: The linear ranges were 0.020-10.0 ?g/mL,0.010-40.0 ?g/mL,0.036-50.0 ?g/mL and 0.040-4.00 ?g/mL for matrine,berberine,baicalin and indirubin,with detection limits of 0.005,0.001,0.006 and 0.010 ?g/mL,respectively.The average recoveries ranged from 96% to 101% with all relative standard deviations less than 3%.CONCLUSION: (The method is rapid,accurate and suitable for the quality control of the four effective) components in Guilin Watermelon Frost.