The differential role of socioeconomic status dimensions in depressive symptoms of aging adults: data from the Hamburg City Health cohort Study.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) has consistently been associated with depressive symptoms, however, it remains unclear which subset of SES variables is most relevant to the development of depressive symptoms. This study determined a standardized SES-Index to test the relationship of its sub-dimensions with depressive symptoms. Methods: HCHS data (N = 10,000; analysis sample n = 8,400), comprising participants 45+ years of age, was used. A standardized approach to quantify SES was employed. Depressive symptoms were quantified using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Using multiple linear regression models, PHQ-9-scores were modeled as a function of age and sex, and (1a) total SES-Index score versus (1b) its three sub-dimension scores (education, occupational status, income). Models were compared on explained variance and goodness of fit. We determined risk ratios (RR, concerning a PHQ-9 sum score ≥ 10) based on (low, middle, high; 2a) SES-Index scores and (2b) the sub-dimension scores, with groups further differentiated by sex and age (45-64 versus 65+). We distinguished between the total SES-Index score and its three sub-dimension scores to identify relevant SES sub-dimensions in explaining PHQ-9-variability or risk of depression. Results: Among all regression models (total explained variance 4-6%), income explained most variance, but performance of the SES-Index was comparable. Low versus high income groups showed the strongest differences in depressive trends in middle-aged females and males (RRs 3.57 and 4.91). In older age, this result was restricted to females (RR ≈ 2). Middle-aged males (versus females) showed stronger discrepancies in depressive trends pertaining to low versus high SES groups. In older age, the effect of SES was absent. Education was related to depressive trends only in middle-aged females and males. In an exploratory analysis, marital status and housing slightly increased model fit and explained variance while including somatic symptoms lead to substantial increases (R2 adj = 0.485). Conclusion: In line with previous research, the study provides evidence for SES playing a significant role in depressive symptoms in mid to old age, with income being robustly linked to depressive trends. Overall, the relationship between SES and depressive trends appears to be stronger in males than females and stronger in mid compared to old age.

Health transition and eye care policy planning for people with diabetic retinopathy in south Asia.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), associated systemic disorders, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and current health policies in south Asian countries were analysed to assess country-specific preparedness to meet the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The south Asian countries were classified by human development index, socio-demographic index, multidimensional poverty indices, and eye health resources for epidemiological resource-level analysis. In south Asia, the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed T2D in adults aged 40 years or above, was higher in Pakistan (26.3%) and Afghanistan (71.4%), respectively; India has the highest absolute number of people with DR, and Afghanistan has the highest prevalence of DR (50.6%). In this region, out-of-pocket spending is high (∼77%). This Health Policy is a situational analysis of data available on the prevalence of DR and common eye diseases in people with T2D in south Asia and available resources to suggest tailored health policies to local needs. The common issues in the region are insufficient human resources for eye health, unequal distribution of available workforce, and inadequate infrastructure. Addressing these challenges of individuals with T2D and DR, a 10-point strategy is suggested to improve infrastructure, augment human resources, reduce out-of-pocket spending, employ targeted screening, and encourage public-private partnerships.

Factors associated with healthcare transition readiness for adolescents with chronic conditions: A cross-sectional study.

Healthcare transition readiness (HCTR) plays a vital role by fostering autonomy, self-management skills, and active involvement in healthcare, leading to positive health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with HCTR in adolescents with chronic conditions (ACCs) including adolescents' autonomy, parental overprotection, and autonomy support from healthcare providers (HCPs). This descriptive study included 107 adolescents aged 14-19 years (median age: 17 years, IQR = 1), recruited from online communities and support groups in South Korea. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. Our research has shown that HCTR is linked to a lower level of parental overprotection (ß = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.33]) and higher levels of autonomy support from HCPs (ß = 0.46, 95% CI [0.36, 0.56]). Among general characteristics, we also found that having a transfer plan to adult care (ß = 0.24, 95% CI [0.04, 0.44]) is significantly associated with HCTR. This study contributes to a broader understanding of HCTR by examining its associated factors in ACC. The results emphasize the pivotal roles of parental involvement, healthcare provider support, and structured transition to adult care in enhancing HCTR. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive assistance to ensure successful healthcare transitions.

Continuation of Pediatric Care after Transfer to Adult Care Among Autistic Youth Overlap of Pediatric and Adult Care.

The transition from pediatric to adult health care is a vulnerable time period for autistic adolescents and young adults (AYA) and for some autistic AYA may include a period of receiving care in both the pediatric and adult health systems. We sought to assess the proportion of autistic AYA who continued to use pediatric health services after their first adult primary care appointment and to identify factors associated with continued pediatric contact. We analyzed electronic medical record (EMR) data from a cohort of autistic AYA seen in a primary-care-based program for autistic people. Using logistic and linear regression, we assessed the relationship between eight patient characteristics and (1) the odds of a patient having ANY pediatric visits after their first adult appointment and (2) the number of pediatric visits among those with at least one pediatric visit. The cohort included 230 autistic AYA, who were mostly white (68%), mostly male (82%), with a mean age of 19.4 years at the time of their last pediatric visit before entering adult care. The majority (n = 149; 65%) had pediatric contact after the first adult visit. Younger age at the time of the first adult visit and more pediatric visits prior to the first adult visit were associated with continued pediatric contact. In this cohort of autistic AYA, most patients had contact with the pediatric system after their first adult primary care appointment.

Growing up with chronic pain: a systematic review of the evidence in transitional care for young people with chronic pain.

Objective: Paediatric chronic pain presents a significant individual and societal burden, with an estimated prevalence of 11-38%. A large proportion of adolescents with chronic pain will have unresolved pain that continues into adulthood and thus requires transitional care. The aim of this review was to investigate the current evidence for the core components of effective transitional care interventions designed for young people with chronic pain. Methods: Studies were identified by searching the Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases. A search strategy using terms such as 'Adolescent', 'Persistent long-term pain' and 'Transition' (or variations of such words) was implemented. Inclusion criteria were sample population age 10-24 years, a confirmed diagnosis of a condition characterized by chronic pain, any healthcare setting, any service provider, published peer reviewed and English language. Results: Ninety-eight articles were identified by the search and 14 were selected after abstract screening. Two independent reviewers screened the articles, followed by a senior reviewer. Of the 14 articles, full-text review found that none of the articles looked specifically at evidence with respect to core components of effective transitional care designed for young people with chronic pain. Conclusion: Chronic pain is a feature of many long-term health conditions. It remains unknown as to whether there are any pain-specific aspects of transitional care. How pain management is addressed in existing transitional care provision and the relationship of pain to outcomes needs further research. If effective interventions can be provided during these crucial years, the trajectory of these young people can potentially be improved into adulthood.

Health, income, and the preston curve: A long view.

Well-being is increasingly viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon, of which income is only one facet. In this paper I focus on another one, health, and look at its synthetic measure, life expectancy at birth, and its relationship with per capita income. International trends of life expectancy and per capita GDP differed during the past 150 years. Life expectancy gains depended on economic growth but also on the advancement in medical knowledge. The pace and breadth of the health transitions drove life expectancy aggregate tendencies and distribution. The new results confirm the relationship between life expectancy and per capita income and its outward shift over time as put forward by Samuel Preston. However, the association between nonlinearly transformed life expectancy and the log of per capita income does not flatten out over time, but becomes convex suggesting more than proportional increases in life expectancy at higher per capita income levels.

Estudo exploratório acerca da prevalência do alto risco para eventos coronários na população brasileira: evidências da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 / Exploratory study on the prevalence of high risk for coronary events in the Brazilian population: evidence from National Health Survey 2013

Resumo Introdução: As doenças do aparelho circulatório representam a principal causa de adoecimento e mortes na população mundial. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de alto risco para evento coronário (ARC) e os fatores associados na população adulta brasileira. Método: Estudo transversal, com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Para os indivíduos classificados em ARC, segundo a primeira fase de estratificação da I Diretriz Brasileira de Prevenção Cardiovascular, avaliou-se a associação dessa condição com variáveis sociodemográficas, condição de saúde e hábitos e estilo de vida. A análise estatística foi realizada em três etapas: descritiva, bivariada e múltipla. Consideraram-se os pesos amostrais e o efeito de desenho do plano de amostragem complexo, utilizando-se da biblioteca survey do programa estatístico R, versão 3.2.2. Resultados: A prevalência de ARC na população brasileira foi de 11,06% (IC95% 10,83-11,29). Observou-se maior proporção de ARC com o avançar da idade, em indivíduos residentes no centro-sul, que autoavaliaram a saúde como ruim/muito ruim, ex-fumantes e hipertensos. Conclusões: A população brasileira apresentou alta prevalência de ARC e, assim, possui mais de 20% de risco de um evento coronário agudo nos próximos dez anos, caso medidas de prevenção e controle não sejam tomadas.

Abstract Background: Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of illness and death in the world population. Objective: Estimate the prevalence of high risk for coronary events (HRC) and associated factors in the Brazilian adult population. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, based on data from the National Health Survey 2013. The association of this condition with sociodemographic, health condition, and habits and lifestyle was evaluated for individuals as in HRC, according to the first stratification phase of the I Brazilian Directive of Cardiovascular Prevention. Statistical analysis was performed in three stages: descriptive; bivariate; and multiple analysis. Sampling weights and design effect of the complex sampling plan were considered, using the survey library of the statistical program R, version 3.2.2. Results: The prevalence of HRC in the Brazilian population was 11.06% (95%CI 10.83-11.29). A higher prevalence of HRC was observed with advancing age, in individuals living in the Central-South, who self-rated their health as poor/very poor, former smokers, and individuals with systemic arterial hypertension. Conclusions: The Brazilian population presented a high prevalence of HRC and, thus, has a more than 20% risk of an acute coronary event in the next ten years, if prevention and control measures are not taken.

Cuidados paliativos na formação inicial em enfermagem: Um estudo de métodos mistos / Palliative care in undergraduate nursing education: A mixed-methods study / Cuidados paliativos en la formación inicial de enfermería: Un estudio de métodos mixtos

Resumo Enquadramento: Com o avançar da transição epidemiológica, faz-se necessária a aquisição de competências em cuidados paliativos já na formação inicial de enfermagem. No entanto, a maioria das instituições formadoras têm demorado a adaptar-se às necessidades emergentes deste novo contexto. Objetivos: Identificar as perceções e os conhecimentos de finalistas do curso de enfermagem no Brasil e em Portugal sobre cuidados paliativos e relacioná-los às suas experiências na prática clínica. Metodologia: Estudo multicêntrico, exploratório e descritivo, de natureza qualitativa. Foram entrevistados 15 estudantes, 10 brasileiros e cinco portugueses, no decorrer de 2018. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Utilizou-se o modelo de Patricia Benner para o suporte teórico. Resultados: As narrativas trouxeram à tona sentimentos de insatisfação com o conteúdo em cuidados paliativos disponibilizado pelas escolas e de frustração em relação às experiências vividas na prática clínica. Revelaram-se equívocos conceptuais sobre a temática. Conclusão: Os currículos precisam de ser adaptados e de incorporar conteúdos de cuidados paliativos em disciplinas obrigatórias.

Abstract Background: With the progression of the epidemiological transition, palliative care skills should be acquired already in undergraduate nursing education. However, most nursing schools have been slow to adapt to the needs emerging from this new context. Objectives: To identify the perceptions and knowledge of final-year undergraduate nursing students in Brazil and Portugal about palliative care and compare them with their experiences in clinical practice. Methodology: Multicenter, exploratory, and descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Fifteen students were interviewed in 2018: 10 Brazilian students and five Portuguese students. Data were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis technique. Patricia Benner's model was used as theoretical framework. Results: The narratives revealed dissatisfaction with the palliative care content in the curricula, frustration with the experiences in clinical practice, and conceptual misconceptions about the theme. Conclusion: The curricula should be adapted and palliative care content integrated into mandatory subjects.

Resumen Marco contextual: Con el avance de la transición epidemiológica, la adquisición de competencias en cuidados paliativos es ya necesaria en la formación inicial de enfermería. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las instituciones de formación ha tardado en adaptarse a las nuevas necesidades de este nuevo contexto. Objetivos: Identificar las percepciones y los conocimientos de los estudiantes de último curso de enfermería de Brasil y Portugal sobre los cuidados paliativos y relacionarlos con sus experiencias en la práctica clínica. Metodología: Estudio multicéntrico, exploratorio y descriptivo, de carácter cualitativo. Se entrevistó a 15 estudiantes, 10 brasileños y cinco portugueses, durante 2018. Los datos se sometieron al análisis de contenido de Bardin. Se utilizó el modelo de Patricia Benner como base teórica. Resultados: Los relatos pusieron de manifiesto sentimientos de insatisfacción con los contenidos sobre cuidados paliativos puestos a disposición por las escuelas y de frustración respecto a las experiencias vividas en la práctica clínica. Se pusieron de manifiesto malentendidos conceptuales sobre el tema. Conclusión: Es necesario adaptar los planes de estudio e incorporar contenidos de cuidados paliativos en las asignaturas obligatorias.

Relaciones y procesos de familias en confinamiento por COVID-19 narradas por madres / Relationships and processes of families during the COVID-19 lockdown as told by mothers / Relações e processos de famílias em confinamento por COVID-19 narrados por mães

Introducción: El estado de alarma que provoco COVID-19, obligó a que se tomaran medidas sociales de restricción, esperando reducir los contagios, incluyendo el confinamiento, que impactó diversos aspectos de la vida humana, ha tenido efecto considerable en la dinámica familiar, provocando que permanezcan en casa acrecentando el afrontamiento de las situaciones de crisis, experimentando un proceso de transición a nuevas formas de vida. Objetivo: analizar las relaciones y procesos que viven las familias ante el confinamiento por COVID-19 narradas por las madres. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo de teoría fundamentada, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a cinco madres de familia. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos emergieron de una categoría central "adquisición de nuevas formas de vida" y tres categorías que la sustentan: 1. Afrontando el inicio de la pandemia; 2. Adaptando la nueva normalidad en familia y 3. Adoptando las consecuencias de la pandemia en la vida cotidiana. Discusión: El proceso que han mostrado las familias mexicanas ante el COVID-19 se vive diferente al de otros países, la convivencia en los hogares fue de las afectadas ya que se compromete la libertad con la que viven día a día. Conclusión: Las participantes expresaron que durante la pandemia por COVID-19, la familia vivió un proceso de transición para poder adquirir nuevas formas de vida, las cuales incluían hábitos, costumbres y estructuras que cubrieran sus necesidades requeridas en ese momento, este proceso incluyó diferentes etapas (afrontamiento, adaptación y adopción).

Introduction: The state of emergency caused by COVID-19 forced the adoption of social restriction measures to reduce contagion, including lockdowns. They impacted various aspects of human life and considerably affected family dynamics by causing families to remain at home, increasing the coping of crisis, and experiencing a transition to new ways of living. Objective: To analyze the relationships and processes experienced by families during the COVID-19 lockdown as told by mothers. Materials and Methods: A qualitative grounded theory study was conducted using in-depth interviews with five mothers. Results: The results obtained emerged from a core category, "acquisition of new ways of living," and three categories that support it: 1) Coping with the pandemic onset, 2) adapting to the new normal in the family, 3) embracing the pandemic consequences in everyday life. Discussion: The process that Mexican families have gone through with COVID-19 has been different from that of other countries; living together at home was affected since their freedom to live day to day as they did was compromised. Conclusion: The participants expressed that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the family underwent a transition process in order to acquire new ways of living, which included habits, customs, and structures that met their needs at that time; this process included different stages (coping, adaptation, and adoption).

Introdução: O estado de alarme causado pela COVID-19 obrigou à adoção de medidas de restrição social, na esperança de reduzir o contágio, incluindo o confinamento, que impactou vários aspetos da vida humana, tem tido um efeito considerável na dinâmica familiar, fazendo com que a permanência em casa aumente o enfrentamento com situações de crise, vivenciando um processo de transição para novos modos de vida. Objetivo: analisar as relações e processos que as famílias vivenciam diante do confinamento por COVID-19 narrado pelas mães. Materiais e métodos: estudo qualitativo de grounded theory, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com cinco mães. Resultados: os resultados obtidos emergiram de uma categoria central "aquisição de novas formas de vida" e três categorias que a sustentam: 1. Enfrentando o início da pandemia; 2. Adaptando-se ao novo normal em família e 3. Abraçando as consequências da pandemia na vida cotidiana. Discussão: O processo que as famílias mexicanas mostraram diante do COVID-19 é vivido de forma diferente do de outros países, a convivência em casas foi uma das afetadas, pois a liberdade com a qual convivem no dia a dia está comprometida. Conclusão: Os participantes expressaram que durante a pandemia do COVID-19, a família passou por um processo de transição para poder adquirir novos modos de vida, que incluiu hábitos, costumes e estruturas que cobriam suas necessidades exigidas naquele momento, esse processo incluiu diferentes etapas (enfrentamento, adaptação e adoção).

Zero malaria: a mirage or reality for populations of sub-Saharan Africa in health transition.

The global burden of malaria continues to be a significant public health concern. Despite advances made in therapeutics for malaria, there continues to be high morbidity and mortality associated with this infectious disease. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be the most affected by the disease, but unfortunately the region is burdened with indigent health systems. With the recent increase in lifestyle diseases, the region is currently in a health transition, complicating the situation by posing a double challenge to the already ailing health sector. In answer to the continuous challenge of malaria, the African Union has started a "zero malaria starts with me" campaign that seeks to personalize malaria prevention and bring it down to the grass-root level. This review discusses the contribution of sub-Saharan Africa, whose population is in a health transition, to malaria elimination. In addition, the review explores the challenges that health systems in these countries face, that may hinder the attainment of a zero-malaria goal.

The minimal important change for the EQ VAS based on the SF-36 health transition item: observations from 25772 spine surgery procedures.

PURPOSE: The EQ VAS is an integral part of EQ-5D, a commonly used instrument for health-related quality of life assessment. This study aimed to calculate the minimal important change (MIC) thresholds for the EQ VAS for improvement and deterioration after surgery for disk herniation or spinal stenosis. METHODS: Patients, who were surgically treated for disk herniation or spinal stenosis between 2007 and 2016, were recruited from the Swedish spine register. Preoperative and 1-year postoperative data for a total of 25772 procedures were available for analysis. We used two anchor-based methods to estimate MIC for EQ VAS: (1) a predictive model based on logistic regression and (2) receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. The SF-36 health transition item was used as anchor. RESULTS: The EQ VAS MIC threshold for improvement after disk herniation surgery ranged from 8.25 to 11.8 while the corresponding value for deterioration ranged from - 6.17 to 0.5. For spinal stenosis surgery the corresponding MIC values ranged from 10.5 to 14.5 and - 7.16 to - 6.5 respectively. There were moderate negative correlations (disk herniation - 0.47, spinal stenosis - 0.46) between the 1 year change in the EQ VAS and the SF-36 health transition item (MIC anchor). CONCLUSIONS: For EQ VAS, we recommend a MIC threshold of 12 points for improvement after surgery for disk herniation or spinal stenosis, whereas the corresponding threshold for deterioration is - 7 points. There are marked differences between the EQ VAS MIC for improvement and deterioration after surgery for disk herniation or spinal stenosis. The MIC value varied depending on the method used for MIC estimation.

Quality of life of elderly in a long-stay care facility in the city of Teresina-PI

The purposeof this research was to evaluate the quality of life of elderly people in a Long-Stay Care Facility for the Elderly (ILPI) in the city of Teresina. This is a descriptive and exploratory study with a quantitative methodology. Data collection was carried out between March and April 2019, through the application of the Pentacle of Well-being questionnaire for the elderly at a Long-stay Care Facility in the city of Teresina-PI. Data analysis was performed using the Tabwin 4.1.4 program. Twenty elderly people were interviewed and as to the profile found, 45% (n = 9) were between 80 and 89 years old and 50% (n = 10) were female and male. Regarding the questionnaire, the components nutrition, preventive behavior, social relationship and stress control showed satisfactory results, except for the component 'physical activity', in which 65% (n = 13) of the elderly rarely perform any physical activity. The lifestyle of the elderly is considered satisfactory, however, the Physical Activity component showed an unsatisfactory result.

Single item self-rated general health: SF-36 based observations from 16,910 spine surgery procedures.

PURPOSE: In spine surgery single item patient-reported outcome assessment has been used for many years. Items 1 and 2 of SF-36 are used for assessment of general health. We used these items to explore single item, self-rated, general health assessment after spine surgery. METHODS: Patients operated for lumbar disc herniation or lumbar spinal stenosis between 2007 and 2017, were recruited from the national Swedish spine register. A total of 16,910 procedures were eligible for analysis. The responsiveness of the SF-36 general health assessment items to surgical treatment was evaluated with the standardized response mean (SRM). Improvement in self-rated general health was used to dichotomize SF-36 profiles and EQ VAS distributions. RESULTS: For disc herniation, 5852 (83%) patients reported improvement in general health 1 year after surgery. For spinal stenosis, the corresponding numbers were 6,482 (66%). The additional improvement after year 1 was small. The responsiveness of the SF-36 item 2 (the health transition item) to surgical treatment of disc herniation or spinal stenosis was substantial. There was a clear association between improvement in SF-36 item 2 and improvements in all domains of SF-36. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for disc herniation or spinal stenosis improve patients' perception of general health 1 year after surgery. The improvement in general health after year 1 is limited. The SF-36 item 2 is a responsive measure of self-rated general health that may be used for dichotomization of SF-36 and EQ VAS data when evaluating surgical outcome in spine surgery.

Reducing overuse of antibiotics at discharge home: A single-center mixed methods pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic overuse at hospital discharge is common and harmful; however, methods to improve prescribing during care transitions have been understudied. We aimed to pilot a pharmacist-facilitated antibiotic timeout prior to discharge. METHODS: From May 2019 to October 2019, we conducted a single-center, controlled pilot study of a pharmacist-facilitated antibiotic timeout prior to discharge. The timeout addressed key elements of stewardship (eg, duration) and was designed and implemented using iterative cycles with rapid feedback. We evaluated implementation outcomes related to feasibility, including usability, adherence, and acceptability, using mixed methods. Pre versus postintervention antibiotic use at discharge in intervention versus control groups was assessed using logistic regression models controlling for patient characteristics. RESULTS: Pharmacists conducted 288 antibiotic timeouts. Timeouts were feasible (mean 2.5 minutes per timeout) and acceptable (85% [40/48] of hospitalists believed timeouts improved prescribing). Pharmacists recommended an antibiotic change in 25% (73/288) of timeouts with 70% (51/73) of recommended changes accepted by hospitalists. Barriers to adherence included unanticipated and weekend discharges. Compared to control services, there were no differences in antibiotic use after discharge during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A pharmacist-facilitated antibiotic timeout at discharge was feasible and holds promise as a method to improve antibiotic use at discharge.

Assessing the Changes in Iranian Household Food Basket Using National Household Budget and Expenditure Survey Data, 1991-2017.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was assessing the changes in Iranian household food basket. The Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data of 717,432 of Iranian households from 1991 to 2017 were used in this repeated cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-classified random-effects modeling (CCREM) specifications of hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) in two models, one without controlling for the effects of key individual characteristics, namely socioeconomic status; household size; place; and household head sex, and another one with controlling for the effect of mentioned variables, was used in the present study. RESULTS: The present study showed that the equivalent to an adult male daily consumption of "total calorie" (P value = 0.0001) and "fats, oils, sugars, and sweets" (P value = 0.0002) had an increasing trend from 1991 to 2004 and a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2017 among Iranian households. The daily consumption of "bread, cereal, rice, and pasta" (P value = 0.0001) had a decreasing and "fruits" (P value = 0.0002) had a rising trend during periods. After an increasing trend for the "meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, and nuts" (P value = 0.0002) and "vegetable" (P value=<0.0001) by 2004, there was a decreasing trend from 2004 to 2017, but the share of them in the total calorie consumption increased. The "dairy" (P value = 0.0002) consumption had a decreasing trend in recent years. CONCLUSIONS: Iranian household food basket, during these years, had significant changes that some of them (increase in the share of the vegetables and fruits in the total calorie intake) are positive and some of them are negative (decrease in the consumption of dairy).

Transição da morbimortalidade no Brasil: um desafio aos 30 anos de SUS / Transition of morbidity and mortality in Brazil: a challenge on the thirtieth anniversary of the SUS

Resumo Em 2020, completamos 30 anos desde a publicação das Leis Orgânicas do Sistema Único de Saúde. Desde então, a mudança no perfil de morbimortalidade tem desafiado a gestão, para que o serviço de saúde consiga atender à grande heterogeneidade dos quase seis mil municípios. Para isso, é necessário monitorar os principais indicadores do país. O objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar uma visão geral das tendências de mortalidade e morbidade no Brasil entre 1990 e 2019. Utilizamos os dados do Estudo de Carga Global de Doenças para descrever a morbimortalidade pelos grandes grupos (doenças infecciosas, doenças crônicas e causas externas), segundo sexo e grupos etários. Há redução da morbimortalidade no período, independente do grupo de causa ou faixa etária, com variada diferença entre sexo de acordo com o grupo de causas. A contribuição das doenças crônicas é crescente com a progressão da idade, com diferença substancial segundo o sexo. As curvas de mortalidade e de anos perdidos por incapacidade possuem padrão típico, com destaque ao padrão diferenciado para curvas de homens por causas externas, com marcada sobremortalidade em idades jovens. A tendência ratifica o declínio dos indicadores de forma linear no período.

Abstract In 2020, the 30th anniversary of the publication of the Organic Laws of the Unified Health System was celebrated. Since then, the change in the profile of morbidity and mortality has been a challenge to management to ensure that the health services can attend the significant heterogeneity of approximately 6,000 municipalities. To achieve this, it is necessary to monitor the leading indicators of the country. The scope of this study was to present an overview of trends in mortality and morbidity in Brazil between 1990 and 2019. Data from the Study on the Global Burden of Disease was used to describe morbidity and mortality by major groupings (infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and external causes), according to gender and age groups. There was a reduction in morbidity and mortality in the period, irrespective of the cause or age group, albeit with a varied difference between the sexes depending on the cause. The contribution of chronic diseases increases with age, with a marked difference according to gender. The curves for mortality and years lost due to disability have a typical profile, with a different pattern of curves for men due to external causes, with marked excess mortality at young ages. The trend confirms the decline of indicators in a linear manner over the period.

The Health Status Transition and Medical Expenditure Evaluation of Elderly Population in China.

(1) Background: Because of the rapid expansion of the aging population in China, their health status transition and future medical expenditure have received increasing attention. This paper analyzes the health transition of the elderly and how their health transition impacts medical expenditures. At the same time, feasible policy suggestions are provided to respond to the rising medical expenditure and the demand for social care. (2) Methods: The data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015 and analyzed using the Markov model and the Two-Part model (TPM) to forecast the size of the elderly population and their medical expenditures for the period 2020-2060. (3) Results: The study indicates that: (1) for the elderly with a mild disability, the probability of their health improvement is high; in contrast, for the elderly with a moderate or severe disability, their health deterioration is almost certain; (2) the frequency of the diagnosis and treatments of the elderly is closely related to their health status and medical expenditure; alternatively, as the health status deteriorates, the intensity of the elderly individuals' acceptance of their diagnosis and treatment increases, and so does the medical expense; (3) the population of the elderly with mild and moderate disability demonstrates an inverted "U"-shape, which reaches a peak around 2048, whereas the elderly with severe disability show linear growth, being the target group for health care; (4) with the population increase of the elderly who have severe disability, the medical expenditure increases significantly and poses a huge threat to medical service supply. Conclusions: It is necessary to provide classified and targeted health care according to the health status of the elderly. In addition, improving the level of medical insurance, establishing a mechanism for sharing medical expenditure, and adjusting the basic demographic structure are all important policy choices.

Morbimortality transition in Brazil: a challenge to 30 years of SUS / Transição da morbimortalidade no Brasil: um desafio aos 30 anos de SUS

In 2020, we celebrated 30 years since the publication of the Organic Laws of the Unified Health System. Since then, the change in the profile of morbidity and mortality has challenged management. The health service can meet the significant heterogeneity of almost 6000 municipalities. For this, it is necessary to monitor the leading indicators of the country. The present study aimed to present an overview of trends in mortality and morbidity in Brazil between 1990 and 2019. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study to describe morbidity and mortality by large groups (infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and external causes), according to sex and age groups. There is a reduction in morbidity and mortality in the period, regardless of the cause or age group. Also, there is a varying difference between sex according to the cause group. The contribution of chronic diseases is increasing with age, with a substantial difference according to sex. The mortality and years lost curves due to disability curves have a typical pattern. We emphasize the different patterns for male curves due to external causes, with marked over-mortality at young ages. The trend confirms the decline of indicators in a linear manner in the period. The peculiarities of the health transition and the mortality transition in Brazil need to be seen in the light of the different socio-spatial patterns and demographic profiles.

Em 2020, completamos 30 anos desde a publicação das Leis Orgânicas do Sistema Único de Saúde. Desde então, a mudança no perfil de morbimortalidade tem desafiado a gestão, para que o serviço de saúde consiga atender à grande heterogeneidade dos quase 6000 municípios. Para isso, é necessário monitorar os principais indicadores do país. O objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar uma visão geral das tendências de mortalidade e morbidade no Brasil entre 1990 e 2019. Utilizamos os dados do Estudo de Carga Global de Doenças para descrever a morbimortalidade pelos grandes grupos (doenças infecciosas, doenças crônicas e causas externas), segundo sexo e grupos etários. Há redução da morbimortalidade no período, independente do grupo de causa ou faixa etária, com variada diferença entre sexo de acordo com o grupo de causas. A contribuição das doenças crônicas é crescente com a progressão da idade, com diferença substancial segundo o sexo. As curvas de mortalidade e de anos perdidos por incapacidade possuem padrão típico, com destaque ao padrão diferenciado para curvas de homens por causas externas, com marcada sobremortalidade em idades jovens. A tendência ratifica o declínio dos indicadores de forma linear no período. As peculiaridades da transição da saúde e da transição da mortalidade no Brasil precisam ser vista à luz dos diferentes padrões socioespaciais e perfis demográficos.