Spatial modeling and socioeconomic inequities of COVID-19 in the urban area of the city of Cali, Colombia.

COVID-19 has spread worldwide with a high variability in cases and mortality between populations. This research aims to assess socioeconomic inequities of COVID-19 in the city of Cali, Colombia, during the first and second peaks of the pandemic in this city. An ecological study by neighborhoods was carried out, were COVID-19 cases were analyzed using a Bayesian hierarchical spatial model that includes potential risk factors such as the index of unsatisfied basic needs and socioeconomic variables as well as random effects to account for residual variation. Maps showing the geographic patterns of the estimated relative risks as well as exceedance probabilities were created. The results indicate that in the first wave, the neighborhoods with the greatest unsatisfied basic needs and low socioeconomic strata, were more likely to report positive cases for COVID-19. For the second wave, the disease begins to spread through different neighborhoods of the city and middle socioeconomic strata presents the highest risk followed by the lower strata. These findings indicate the importance of measuring social determinants in the study of the distribution of cases due to COVID-19 for its inclusion in the interventions and measures implemented to contain contagions and reduce impacts on the most vulnerable populations.

Under age five children survival times in Nigeria: a Bayesian spatial modeling approach.

BACKGROUND: Nigeria is among the top five countries in the world with the highest under-five mortality rates. In addition to the general leading causes of under-five mortality, studies have shown that disparity in sociocultural values and practices across ethnic groups in Nigeria influence child survival, thus there is a need for scientific validation. This study quantified the survival probabilities and the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors, proximate and biological determinants, and environmental factors on the risk of under-five mortality in Nigeria. METHODS: The Kaplan-Meier survival curve, Nelson Aalen hazard curve, and components survival probabilities were estimated. The Exponential, Gamma, Log-normal, Weibull, and Cox hazard models in a Bayesian mixed effect hierarchical hazard modeling framework with spatial components were considered, and the Deviance and Watanabe Akaike information criteria were used to select the best model for inference. A [Formula: see text] level of significance was assumed throughout this work. The 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset was used, and the outcome variable was the time between birth and death or birth and the date of interview for children who were alive on the day of the interview. RESULTS: Findings show that the probability of a child dying within the first two months is 0.04, and the probability of a boy child dying before attaining age five is 0.106, while a girl child is 0.094 probability. Gender, maternal education, household wealth status, source of water and toilet facility, residence, mass media, frequency of antenatal and postnatal visits, marital status, place of delivery, multiple births, who decide healthcare use, use of bednet are significant risk factors of child mortality in Nigeria. The mortality risk is high among the maternal age group below 24 and above 44years, and birth weight below 2.5Kg and above 4.5Kg. The under-five mortality risk is severe in Kebbi, Kaduna, Jigawa, Adamawa, Gombe, Kano, Kogi, Nasarawa, Plateau, and Sokoto states in Nigeria. CONCLUSION: This study accentuates the need for special attention for the first two months after childbirth as it is the age group with the highest expected mortality. A practicable way to minimize death in the early life of children is to improve maternal healthcare service, promote maternal education, encourage delivery in healthcare facilities, positive parental attitude to support multiple births, poverty alleviation programs for the less privileged, and a prioritized intervention to Northern Nigeria.

The importance of community during rapid development: The influence of social networks on acute gastrointestinal illness in rural Ecuador.

Social networks are often measured as conduits of infection. Our prior cross-sectional analyses found that denser social ties among individuals reduces transmission of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in coastal Ecuador; social networks can describe both risk and protection. We extend findings to examine how social connectedness influences AGI longitudinally in Ecuador from 2007 to 2013, a time of rapid development, using a two-stage Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate multiple network effects. A larger community network of people to discuss important matters with was consistently protective against AGI over time, and a network defined by people passing time together became a stronger measure of risk, due to increasing population density and travel. These networks were interdependent: the joint effect of having a small passing time network and large important matters network reduced the odds of AGI over time (2007: OR 1.16 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.44), 2013: OR 0.56 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.71)); and synergistic: the people an individual passed time with became the people they discussed important matters with. Focus groups emphasized that with greater remoteness came greater community cohesion resulting in safer WASH practices. Social networks can enhance and reduce health differently as social infrastructure evolves, highlighting the importance of community-level factors in a period of rapid development.

Hierarchical classification models and Handheld NIR spectrometer to human blood stains identification on different floor tiles.

One of the most important types of evidence in certain criminal investigations is traces of human blood. For a detailed investigation, blood samples must be identified and collected at the crime scene. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the identification of human blood in stains deposited on different types of floor tiles (five types of ceramics and four types of porcelain tiles) using a portable NIR instrument. Hierarchical models were developed by combining multivariate analysis techniques capable of identifying traces of human blood (HB), animal blood (AB) and common false positives (CFP). The spectra of the dried stains were obtained using a portable MicroNIR spectrometer (Viavi). The hierarchical models used two decision rules, the first to separate CFP and the second to discriminate HB from AB. The first decision rule, used to separate the CFP, was based on the Q-Residual criterion considering a PCA model. For the second rule, used to discriminate HB and AB, the Q-Residual criterion were tested as obtained from a PCA model, a One-Class SIMCA model, and a PLS-DA model. The best results of sensitivity and specificity, both equal to 100%, were obtained when a PLS-DA model was employed as the second decision rule. The hierarchical classification models built for these same training sets using a PCA or SIMCA model also obtained excellent sensitivity results for HB classification, with values above 94% and 78% of specificity. No CFP samples were misclassified. Hierarchical models represent a significant advance as a methodology for the identification of human blood stains at crime scenes.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Dependencia Específica del Cónyuge para Mujeres (EDEC-M) / Propriedades Psicométricas da Escala de Dependência Específica do Cônjuge para mulheres (EDEC-M) / Psychometric Properties of the Spouse Specific Dependency Scale for Women (SSDS-W)

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Dependencia Específica del Cónyuge para Mujeres (EDEC-M) para su uso en el contexto brasileño, que consta de 30 ítems. En el estudio 1, participaron 347 mujeres. Se obtuvo una estructura de tres dimensiones: apego ansioso (α = .88), dependencia emocional (α = .80) y dependencia exclusiva (α = .72), con consistencia interna satisfactoria. En el segundo estudio, participaron 325 mujeres, se probaron tres modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indicaron que el EDEC-M presentó mejores índices de ajuste en el modelo jerárquico de segundo orden: χ2 /df = 1.89; CFI = .95; TLI = .95; GFI = .95; RMSEA .05 y SRMR = 0.07. Este modelo fue apoyado por el Teoria de Respuesta al Item (TRI), que analizó una variación satisfactoria de la dificultad del ítem y permitió la construcción de un Mapa de ítems para la medición. Por lo tanto, el EDEC-M presentó propiedades psicométricas de validez de constructo para el contexto brasileño en mujeres.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi adaptar e validar Escala de Dependência Específica do Cônjuge para Mulheres (EDEC-M) para utilização no contexto brasileiro, composto por 30 itens. No Estudo 1, contou-se com 347 mulheres. Obteve-se uma estrutura tri-dimensional: apego ansioso (α = 0,88), dependência emocional (α = 0,80) e dependência exclusiva (α = 0,72), com consistências internas satisfatórias. No segundo estudo, participaram 325 mulheres, foram testados três modelos de equações estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que a EDEC-M apresentou melhores índices de ajuste no modelo hierárquico de segunda ordem: χ2 /df = 1,89; CFI = 0,95; TLI = 0,95; GFI = 0,95; RMSEA 0,05 e SRMR = 0,07. Esse modelo foi suportado pela Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), que analisou uma variação satisfatória de dificuldade dos itens e possibilitou a construção de um Mapa de Itens para a medida. Logo, a EDEC-M apresentou propriedades psicométricas de validade de construto para o contexto brasileiro em mulheres.

Abstract The aim of this research was to adapt and validate the Spouse Specific Dependency Scale for Women (SSDS-W) for use in the Brazilian context, which consists of 30 items. In study 1, 347 women participated. It was obtained a three- dimensional structure: anxiety attachment (α = .88), emotional dependence (α = .80) and exclusive dependence (α = .72), with satisfactory internal consistencies. In the second study, 325 women participated, and three structural equation models were tested. The results indicated that the EDEC-M presented better index adjustment in the second-order hierarchical model: χ2 /df = 1.89; CFI = .95; TLI = .95; GFI = .95; RMSEA .05 and SRMR = .07. This model was supported by Item Response Theory (IRT), which analyzed a satisfactory variation of the item difficulty and allowed the construction of an Item Map for the measure. Therefore, the EDEC-M presented satisfactory psychometric properties evidence of construct validity for the Brazilian context in women.

Bayesian Hierarchical Factor Analysis for Efficient Estimation across Race/Ethnicity.

Patient reported outcomes are gaining more attention in patient-centered health outcomes research and quality of life studies as important indicators of clinical outcomes, especially for patients with chronic diseases. Factor analysis is ideal for measuring patient reported outcomes. If there is heterogeneity in the patient population and when sample size is small, differential item functioning and convergence issues are challenges for applying factor models. Bayesian hierarchical factor analysis can assess health disparity by assessing for differential item functioning, while avoiding convergence problems. We conducted a simulation study and used an empirical example with American Indian minorities to show that fitting a Bayesian hierarchical factor model is an optimal solution regardless of heterogeneity of population and sample size.

Assessing amphibian disease risk across tropical streams while accounting for imperfect pathogen detection.

Ecologists studying emerging wildlife diseases need to confront the realism of imperfect pathogen detection across heterogeneous habitats to aid in conservation decisions. For example, spatial risk assessments of amphibian disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has largely ignored imperfect pathogen detection across sampling sites. Because changes in pathogenicity and host susceptibility could trigger recurrent population declines, it is imperative to understand how pathogen prevalence and occupancy vary across environmental gradients. Here, we assessed how Bd occurrence, prevalence, and infection intensity in a diverse Neotropical landscape vary across streams in relation to abiotic and biotic predictors using a hierarchical Bayesian model that accounts for imperfect Bd detection caused by qPCR error. Our model indicated that the number of streams harboring Bd-infected frogs is higher than observed, with Bd likely being present at ~ 43% more streams than it was detected. We found that terrestrial-breeders captured along streams had higher Bd prevalence, but lower infection intensity, than aquatic-breeding species. We found a positive relationship between Bd occupancy probability and stream density, and a negative relationship between Bd occupancy probability and amphibian local richness. Forest cover was a weak predictor of Bd occurrence and infection intensity. Finally, we provide estimates for the minimum number of amphibian captures needed to determine the presence of Bd at a given site where Bd occurs, thus, providing guidence for cost-effective disease risk monitoring programs.

Questionário de Agressão de Buss-Perry versão reduzida (QA-R): análises estruturais / Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry Versión corta (CA-C): análisis estructural / Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire short version (AQ-S): structural analysis

Resumo: A agressão humana é qualquer comportamento dirigido a outro indivíduo que é executado com a intenção imediata de causar dano. Objetivou-se adaptar e validar o Questionário de Agressão Buss-Perry, versão reduzida, para o português testando estruturas fatoriais já propostas pela literatura. Realizou-se 2 estudos. O primeiro estudo, participaram 200 pessoas, majoritariamente residentes do Estado da Paraíba (88%). Os resultados indicaram que os itens carregaram em seus fatores de origem. No segundo estudo, participaram 207 respondentes, majoritariamente do Estado da Paraíba (96,6%). Os resultados indicaram que a agressão tanto pode ser avaliada de forma específica (agressão física, verbal, raiva e hostilidade), como em um fator geral (agressão geral), isto é, por meio do modelo hierárquico, o qual apresentou bons indicadores de ajuste ao modelo. Como também apresentaram consistência interna satisfatória nos fatores específicos no fator geral tanto no alfa como no Ômega de McDonald, comprovando a fidedignidade e validade de construto dessa escala. Portanto, os dados confirmam o modelo de segunda ordem hipotetizado pela literatura. Esta versão pode ser útil em pesquisas futuras com estudos acerca da agressão, bem como estudos transculturais.

Resumen: La agresión humana es cualquier comportamiento dirigido a otro individuo que se lleva a cabo con la intención inmediata de causar daño. El objetivo fue adaptar y validar el Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry, versión corta, para el portugués, probando estructuras factoriales ya propuestas por la literatura. Se realizaron dos estudios. En el primer estudio participaron 200 personas, en su mayoría residentes del Estado de Paraíba (88%). Los resultados indicaron que los ítems cargaron en sus factores de origen. En el segundo estudio, participaron 207 encuestados, en su mayoría del Estado de Paraíba (96,6%). Los resultados indicaron que la agresión se puede evaluar de una manera específica (agresión física, verbal, ira y hostilidad), así como en un factor general (agresión general), es decir, a través del modelo jerárquico, que presenta buenos indicadores de ajuste a la modelo Como también presentaron una consistencia interna satisfactoria en los factores específicos en el factor general tanto en el alfa como en el Omega de McDonald's, lo que demuestra la fiabilidad y la validez de constructo de esta escala. Por lo tanto, los datos confirman el modelo de segundo orden hipotetizado por la literatura. Esta versión puede ser útil en futuras investigaciones con estudios sobre agresión, así como en estudios transculturales.

Abstract: Human aggression is any behavior directed at another individual that is carried out with the immediate intention of causing harm. The objective was to adapt and validate the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, short version, for Portuguese, testing factorial structures already proposed by the literature. Two studies were carried out. The first study involved 200 people, mostly residents of the State of Paraíba (88%). The results indicated that the items loaded in their factors of origin. In the second study, 207 respondents participated, mostly from the State of Paraíba (96.6%). The results indicated that aggression can be assessed both in a specific way (physical, verbal aggression, anger and hostility) as well as in a general factor (general aggression), that is, through the hierarchical model, that presented good indicators of adjustment to the model. As they also presented satisfactory internal consistency in the specific factors in the general factor both in the alpha and in the McDonald's Omega, proving the reliability and construct validity of this scale. Therefore, the data confirm the second order model hypothesized by the literature. This version may be useful in future research with studies on aggression, as well as cross-cultural studies.

Fully Bayesian analysis of allele-specific RNA-seq data.

Diploid organisms have two copies of each gene, called alleles, that can be separately transcribed. The RNA abundance associated to any particular allele is known as allele-specific expression (ASE). When two alleles have polymorphisms in transcribed regions, ASE can be studied using RNA-seq read count data. ASE has characteristics different from the regular RNA-seq expression: ASE cannot be assessed for every gene, measures of ASE can be biased towards one of the alleles (reference allele), and ASE provides two measures of expression for a single gene for each biological samples with leads to additional complications for single-gene models. We present statistical methods for modeling ASE and detecting genes with differential allelic expression. We propose a hierarchical, overdispersed, count regression model to deal with ASE counts. The model accommodates gene-specific overdispersion, has an internal measure of the reference allele bias, and uses random effects to model the gene-specific regression parameters. Fully Bayesian inference is obtained using the fbseq package that implements a parallel strategy to make the computational times reasonable. Simulation and real data analysis suggest the proposed model is a practical and powerful tool for the study of differential ASE.

A modelling approach for correcting reporting delays in disease surveillance data.

One difficulty for real-time tracking of epidemics is related to reporting delay. The reporting delay may be due to laboratory confirmation, logistical problems, infrastructure difficulties, and so on. The ability to correct the available information as quickly as possible is crucial, in terms of decision making such as issuing warnings to the public and local authorities. A Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach is proposed as a flexible way of correcting the reporting delays and to quantify the associated uncertainty. Implementation of the model is fast due to the use of the integrated nested Laplace approximation. The approach is illustrated on dengue fever incidence data in Rio de Janeiro, and severe acute respiratory infection data in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

Effects of agriculture and topography on tropical amphibian species and communities.

Habitat loss is the greatest threat to the persistence of forest-dependent amphibians, but it is not the only factor influencing species occurrences. The composition of the surrounding matrix, structure of stream networks, and topography are also important landscape characteristics influencing amphibian distributions. Tropical forests have high diversity and endemism of amphibians, but little is known about the specific responses of many of these species to landscape features. In this paper, we quantify the response of amphibian species and communities to landscape-scale characteristics in streams within the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We surveyed amphibian communities during a rainy season in 50 independent stream segments using Standardized Acoustic and Visual Transect Sampling (active) and Automated Acoustic Recorders (passive) methods. We developed a hierarchical multi-species occupancy model to quantify the influence of landscape-scale characteristics (forest cover, agriculture, catchment area, stream density, and slope) on amphibian occurrence probabilities while accounting for imperfect detection of species using the two survey methods. At the community level, we estimated an overall mean positive relationship between amphibian occurrence probabilities and forest cover, and a negative relationship with agriculture. Catchment area and slope were negatively related with amphibian community structure (95% credible interval [CI] did not overlap zero). The species-level relationships with landscape covariates were highly variable but showed similar patterns to those at the community level. Species detection probabilities varied widely and were influenced by the sampling method. For most species, the active method resulted in higher detection probabilities than the passive approach. Our findings suggest that small streams and flat topography lead to higher amphibian occurrence probabilities for many species in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Our results combined with land use and topographic maps can be used to make predictions of amphibian occurrences and distributions beyond our study area. Such projections can be useful to determine where to conduct future research and prioritize conservation efforts in human-modified landscapes.

Bifactor Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An Evaluation of Three Necessary but Underused Psychometric Indexes.

BACKGROUND: In the past decade, the bifactor model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been extensively researched. This model consists of an ADHD general dimension and two specific factors: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. All studies conclude that the bifactor is superior to the traditional two-correlated factors model, according to the fit obtained by factor analysis. However, the proper interpretation of a bifactor not only depends on the fit but also on the quality of the measurement model. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the model-based reliability, distribution of common variance and construct replicability of general and specific ADHD factors. METHOD: We estimated expected common variance, omega hierarchical/subscale and H-index from standardized factor loadings of 31 ADHD bifactor models previously published. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ADHD general factor explained most of the common variance. Given the low reliable variance ratios, the specific factors were difficult to interpret. However, in clinical samples, inattention acquired sufficient specificity and stability for interpretation beyond the general factor. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Differential matrix use by Neotropical birds based on species traits and landscape condition.

There is considerable uncertainty about the role of human-modified habitats in supporting species in fragmented landscapes. This is because few studies sample outside of native habitats in the "matrix." Those that do, often fail to sample landscapes in a way that accounts for the confounding effects of native habitat pattern and species detection biases that can obscure species responses. We employed multi-species hierarchical occupancy models to determine the use of human-modified habitats by Neotropical birds in landscapes that were similar in forest amount and configuration but surrounded by a matrix of agriculture (predominately pasture), bauxite mining (surface mining for aluminum), or suburban development in central Jamaica. We found that the vast majority of bird species used the matrix: with the highest mean occurrences for open-associated, followed by generalist, and last forest-associated species. Migrant species had higher mean occurrences in all matrix types relative to resident species. Contrary to our expectation, mean occurrence for the entire species community, and for forest-associated and migrant species, were highest in bauxite, intermediate in suburban, and lowest in agriculture. Open-associated species had higher occurrences in both bauxite and agricultural matrices, whereas generalist species had higher occurrences in suburban matrices. Additional behavioral observations indicated that Neotropical birds used matrix areas, particularly scattered trees, to acquire food, and secondarily, as movement conduits. Matrix use patterns reflected the differential availability of potential resources and structural connectivity across the three landscape types, but only for those species adapted to open/edge environments and with generalized habitat requirements. Patterns of matrix use by forest specialists reflected the differential levels of degradation of the native forest; thus, we propose that higher matrix use for forest-dependent species may be induced by diminished within-forest resources. These results underscore that effective management of human-modified matrices requires in-depth understanding of the trade-offs between the benefits available in the matrix and the impacts on the disturbance of native habitats.

Teoria Motivacional do Coping: um modelo hierárquico e desenvolvimental / Motivational Coping Theory: A hierarchical and developmental model / Teoría de Motivación del coping: un modelo jerárquico y de desarrollo

Os estudos sobre coping comumente são baseados na proposta cognitivista de Richard Lazarus e Susan Folkman. Entretanto, há outras abordagens teóricas que tratam o tema. Entre elas, ressalta-se a Teoria Motivacional do Coping (TMC) desenvolvida por Ellen Skinner e colaboradores na década de 1990. A presente revisão integrativa teve como objetivo sistematizar os elementos que compõem a rede nomológica do coping conforme proposta pela TMC. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos artigos foram utilizados. Os resultados foram organizados em três seções. Na primeira, foram discutidos os elementos antecedentes que influenciam o processo de enfrentamento. Na segunda seção, foi apresentada a estrutura hierárquica do construto. Finalmente, foi discutida a relação entre o coping e os desfechos adaptativos. Conclui-se que a TMC é uma abordagem desenvolvimental promissora. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de levantar evidências para a validação empírica do modelo

Research on coping is commonly based on the cognitive model developed by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman. However, other theoretical approaches also discuss the subject. Among them, we highlight the Motivational Theory of Coping (MTC) developed by Ellen Skinner and colleagues in the 1990s. This integrative review aimed to systematize the elements of the nomological network of coping, as proposed by the MTC. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the selection of articles. Results were organized into three sections. In the first, we discuss elements that influence coping. In the second section, we show the hierarchical framework of coping. Finally, we discussed the relationship between the coping and the adaptive outcomes. We conclude that the MTC is a promising developmental approach. Further studies should be conducted to gather empirical evidence of the model

Los estudios sobre coping se basan comúnmente en la propuesta cognitiva de Richard Lazarus y Susan Folkman. Pese a eso, hay otros abordajes teóricos que tratan el tema. Entre ellos, destacamos la Teoría Motivacional del Coping (TMC) desarrollada por Ellen Skinner y colaboradores, en la década de 1990. El objetivo de esta revisión integrativa es sistematizar los elementos que componen la red nomológica del coping según la propuesta de la TMC. Fueron utilizados criterios de inclusión y exclusión de los artículos. Los resultados fueron organizados en tres secciones. En la primera sección se discutieron los elementos anteriores que influyen en el proceso de coping. En la segunda sección fue presentada la estructura jerárquica del constructo. Finalmente, fue discutida la relación entre coping y los resultados de adaptación. Se concluye que la TMC es un abordaje de desarrollo prometedor. Nuevos estudios deben ser realizados con el fin de reunir evidencias para la validez empírica del modelo

Teoria motivacional do coping: um modelo hierárquico e desenvolvimental / Motivational coping theory: A hierarchical and developmental model / Teoría de motivación del coping: un modelo jerárquico y de desarrollo

Os estudos sobre coping comumente são baseados na proposta cognitivista de Richard Lazarus e Susan Folkman. Entretanto, há outras abordagens teóricas que tratam o tema. Entre elas, ressalta-se a Teoria Motivacional do Coping (TMC) desenvolvida por Ellen Skinner e colaboradores na década de 1990. A presente revisão integrativa teve como objetivo sistematizar os elementos que compõem a rede nomológica do coping conforme proposta pela TMC. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos artigos foram utilizados. Os resultados foram organizados em três seções. Na primeira, foram discutidos os elementos antecedentes que influenciam o processo de enfrentamento. Na segunda seção, foi apresentada a estrutura hierárquica do construto. Finalmente, foi discutida a relação entre o coping e os desfechos adaptativos. Conclui-se que a TMC é uma abordagem desenvolvimental promissora. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de levantar evidências para a validação empírica do modelo

Research on coping is commonly based on the cognitive model developed by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman. However, other theoretical approaches also discuss the subject. Among them, we highlight the Motivational Theory of Coping (MTC) developed by Ellen Skinner and colleagues in the 1990s. This integrative review aimed to systematize the elements of the nomological network of coping, as proposed by the MTC. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the selection of articles. Results were organized into three sections. In the first, we discuss elements that influence coping. In the second section, we show the hierarchical framework of coping. Finally, we discussed the relationship between the coping and the adaptive outcomes. We conclude that the MTC is a promising developmental approach. Further studies should be conducted to gather empirical evidence of the model

Los estudios sobre coping se basan comúnmente en la propuesta cognitiva de Richard Lazarus y Susan Folkman. Pese a eso, hay otros abordajes teóricos que tratan el tema. Entre ellos, destacamos la Teoría Motivacional del Coping (TMC) desarrollada por Ellen Skinner y colaboradores, en la década de 1990. El objetivo de esta revisión integrativa es sistematizar los elementos que componen la red nomológica del coping según la propuesta de la TMC. Fueron utilizados criterios de inclusión y exclusión de los artículos. Los resultados fueron organizados en tres secciones. En la primera sección se discutieron los elementos anteriores que influyen en el proceso de coping. En la segunda sección fue presentada la estructura jerárquica del constructo. Finalmente, fue discutida la relación entre coping y los resultados de adaptación. Se concluye que la TMC es un abordaje de desarrollo prometedor. Nuevos estudios deben ser realizados con el fin de reunir evidencias para la validez empírica del modelo

Variáveis do contexto escolar como preditoras da autoeficácia e ansiedade de estudantes / School context variables as predictors of self-efficacy and anxiety of students / Variables de contexto escolar como predictores de la autoeficacia y la ansiedad de los estudiantes

A ampliação das políticas públicas de avaliação educacional em larga escala trouxe atenção ao papel dos aspectos econômicos, sociais e psicológicos ligados ao desempenho escolar dos estudantes. O presente estudo investigou a associação entre as variáveis socioemocionais ansiedade e autoeficácia com as variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto escolar no 5º e 9º ano do ensino fundamental e do 3º ano do ensino médio da rede pública do estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se o método de modelagem multinível em cada ano escolar, e os resultados indicaram que as variáveis do contexto escolar influenciam a expressão da ansiedade e das crenças de autoeficácia dos estudantes. Concluiu-se que intervenções individuais e de organização do espaço escolar podem contribuir para a construção de um espaço propício para a aprendizagem e para a melhoria da equidade...

The expansion of public policies of large scale assessment in Education has brought attention to the economic, social and psychological aspects associated with students’ school performance. This study investigated the association between sociodemographic variables and the noncognitive variables of socio-emotional anxiety and self-efficacy, and of the school context in the 5th and 9th grades of elementary school and the 3rd year of secondary education in public schools in the state of Minas Gerais. We used the hierarchical multilevel modeling method in each grade, and the results indicated that the variables of school context affect the expression of selfefficacy beliefs and students anxiety. The results show that individual interventions and the school environment organization could contribute to providing a more suitable learning environment and to improve equity...

Con la expansión de las políticas públicas de evaluación en gran escala en el área de la educación se ha dado atención a las esferas económica y social y los aspectos psicológicos relacionados con el desempeño escolar de los estudiantes. El presente estudio investigó la asociación entre las variables no-cognitivas ansiedad y la auto-eficacia con variables de contexto escolar en el 5º y 9º grado de la escuela primaria, y 3o grado de la escuela secundaria de las escuelas públicas del estado de Minas Gerais. Lo hicimos con el método de la modelación multinivel en cada una de las categorías y los resultados indican que las variables de contexto escolar afecta a la expresión de la auto-eficacia y ansiedad en los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que las intervenciones individuales y la organización de entorno escolar podrían contribuir a proporcionar un ambiente de aprendizaje más adecuado y mejorar la equidad...

Variáveis do contexto escolar como preditoras da autoeficácia e ansiedade de estudantes / School context variables as predictors of self-efficacy and anxiety of students / Variables de contexto escolar como predictores de la autoeficacia y la ansiedad de los estudiantes

A ampliação das políticas públicas de avaliação educacional em larga escala trouxe atenção ao papel dos aspectos econômicos, sociais e psicológicos ligados ao desempenho escolar dos estudantes. O presente estudo investigou a associação entre as variáveis socioemocionais ansiedade e autoeficácia com as variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto escolar no 5º e 9º ano do ensino fundamental e do 3º ano do ensino médio da rede pública do estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se o método de modelagem multinível em cada ano escolar, e os resultados indicaram que as variáveis do contexto escolar influenciam a expressão da ansiedade e das crenças de autoeficácia dos estudantes. Concluiu-se que intervenções individuais e de organização do espaço escolar podem contribuir para a construção de um espaço propício para a aprendizagem e para a melhoria da equidade.(AU)

The expansion of public policies of large scale assessment in Education has brought attention to the economic, social and psychological aspects associated with students’ school performance. This study investigated the association between sociodemographic variables and the noncognitive variables of socio-emotional anxiety and self-efficacy, and of the school context in the 5th and 9th grades of elementary school and the 3rd year of secondary education in public schools in the state of Minas Gerais. We used the hierarchical multilevel modeling method in each grade, and the results indicated that the variables of school context affect the expression of selfefficacy beliefs and students anxiety. The results show that individual interventions and the school environment organization could contribute to providing a more suitable learning environment and to improve equity.(AU)

Con la expansión de las políticas públicas de evaluación en gran escala en el área de la educación se ha dado atención a las esferas económica y social y los aspectos psicológicos relacionados con el desempeño escolar de los estudiantes. El presente estudio investigó la asociación entre las variables no-cognitivas ansiedad y la auto-eficacia con variables de contexto escolar en el 5º y 9º grado de la escuela primaria, y 3o grado de la escuela secundaria de las escuelas públicas del estado de Minas Gerais. Lo hicimos con el método de la modelación multinivel en cada una de las categorías y los resultados indican que las variables de contexto escolar afecta a la expresión de la auto-eficacia y ansiedad en los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que las intervenciones individuales y la organización de entorno escolar podrían contribuir a proporcionar un ambiente de aprendizaje más adecuado y mejorar la equidad.(AU)

Retardo estatural em menores de cinco anos: um estudo "baseline" / Linear growth retardation in children under five years of age: a baseline study

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência e analisar fatores associados ao retardo estatural em menores de cinco anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo "baseline", que analisou 2.040 crianças, verificando possíveis associações entre o retardo estatural (índice altura/idade < 2 escores Z) e variáveis hierarquizadas em seis blocos: socioeconômicas, do domicílio, do saneamento, maternas, biológicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. A análise multivariada foi realizada por regressão de Poisson, com opção de erro padrão robusto, obtendo-se as razões de prevalência ajustadas, com IC 95 por cento e respectivos valores de significância. RESULTADOS: Entre as variáveis não dicotômicas, houve associação positiva com o tipo de teto e o número de moradores por cômodo e associação negativa com renda, escolaridade da mãe e peso ao nascer. A análise ajustada indicou ainda como variáveis significantes: abastecimento de água, visita do agente comunitário de saúde, local do parto, internação por diarreia e internação por pneumonia. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores identificados como de risco para o retardo estatural configuram a multicausalidade do problema, implicando na necessidade de intervenções multisetoriais e multiníveis para o seu controle.

The scope of this study was to describe the prevalence of, and analyze factors associated with, linear growth retardation in children. The baseline study analyzed 2040 children under the age of five, establishing a possible association between growth delay (height/age index < 2 scores Z) and variables in six hierarchical blocks: socio-economic, residence, sanitary, maternal, biological and healthcare access. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression with the robust standard error option, obtaining adjusted prevalence ratios with a CI of 95 percent and the respective significant probability values. Among non-binary variables, there was a positive association with roof type and number of inhabitants per room and a negative association with income per capita, mother's schooling and birth weight. The adjusted analysis also indicated water supply, visit from the community health agent, birth delivery location, internment for diarrhea, or for pneumonia and birth weight as significant variables. Several risk factors were identified for linear growth retardation pointing to the multi-causal aspects of the problem and highlighting the need for control measures by the various hierarchical government agents.

Modelaje Bayesiano espacio-temporal de factores asociados con la incidencia del dengue en el área metropolitana de Maracay, Venezuela / Spatio-temporal Bayesian hierarchical modeling of Dengue incidence in the metropolitan area of Maracay, Venezuela

El dengue es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública en el estado Aragua. La situación se ha deteriorado en los últimos años, reportándose la mayor epidemia durante el año 2001. En los años 2002 y 2003 las tasas de exposición y riesgos relativos en municipios que conforman al estado Aragua, muestran que el área metropolitana de Maracay concentra riesgos importantes. Los municipios Girardot (capital), Francisco Linares Alcántara y Santiago Mariño, son los que concentraron los mayores riesgos. Durante ese período el número de nuevos casos de dengue aumentó especialmente durante la época de lluvias, evidenciándose la existencia de un patrón estacional. Este trabajo propone Modelos Bayesianos Jerárquicos con estructura espacio temporal que incluye variables climáticas y socio-demográficas con las cuales se identificaron factores de mayor influencia en la incidencia del dengue y se determinaron las parroquias con mayores riesgos.Los ajustes de los modelos resultantes se obtuvieron mediante técnicas con cadenas Markov Monte Carlo (MCMC) y se compararon con el criterio de información de deviancia (DIC). Estos modelos constituyen una herramienta importante que expertos en epidemiología y miembros del sector de salud pública deben considerar para el control del vector Aedes aegypti Linnaeus en el estado Aragua.

Dengue fever is a major public health problem in Aragua State, Venezuela. The situation has worsened in recent years, with a major epidemic during 2001. During 2002 and 2003 the exposition rates and relative risks of the municipalities that encompass Aragua State showed the highest relative risk of infection in the metropolitan area of Maracay. The municipalities of Girardot (capital), Francisco Linares Alcántara and Santiago Mariño concentrated the highest risk. During 2002 and 2003 the number of new dengue cases increased especially during the rainy season, showing the existence of a seasonal pattern. The present work presents Bayesian Hierarchical Models with spatio-temporal structure that included climatic and socioeconomic explanatory variables used to identify factors of major influence on dengue incidence and determined the municipalities with higher risks. Models were fitted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and selected using the deviance information criteria (DIC), respectively. These models constitute an important tool that epidemiologists and public health officers in Aragua State have to consider for the control of the vector Aedes aegypti Linnaeus.

Estudo dos determinantes da coleta de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Minas Gerais / Study of the determinants of the solid waste collection in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Este estudo teve como enfoque principal evidenciar a realidade mais ampla da situação da coleta de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) em Minas Gerais em 2000, trazendo aportes para este campo de análise por envolver as variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas que ajudam na caracterização dos aspectos relativos à demanda e à oferta do serviço, por meio da modelagem hierárquica. Seus resultados permitiram delinear um perfil daqueles que não têm acesso ao serviço de coleta e habitam principalmente as pequenas cidades das regiões mais pobres do Estado e as periferias urbanas dos grandes centros, representando a parcela populacional mais pobre e menos escolarizada, com acesso limitado também ao conhecimento e à saúde.

The main goal of this paper was to address the picture of urban solid wastes collection in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2000. A hierarchical analysis was performed as considering demographic and socioeconomic variables and the demand and supply dimensions of such services. The study was able to identify the profile of the population that has no access to these services in the State, who inhabit mainly small villages in the poorest regions and slums in the largest cities, representing the poorest and less literate portion of the population, with limited access to culture and to health services.