An Analytical Model of IaaS Architecture for Determining Resource Utilization.

Cloud computing has become a major component of the modern IT ecosystem. A key contributor to this has been the development of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) architecture, in which users' virtual machines (VMs) are run on the service provider's physical infrastructure, making it possible to become independent of the need to purchase one's own physical machines (PMs). One of the main aspects to consider when designing such systems is achieving the optimal utilization of individual resources, such as processor, RAM, disk, and available bandwidth. In response to these challenges, the authors developed an analytical model (the ARU method) to determine the average utilization levels of the aforementioned resources. The effectiveness of the proposed analytical model was evaluated by comparing the results obtained by utilizing the model with those obtained by conducting a digital simulation of the operation of a cloud system according to the IaaS paradigm. The results show the effectiveness of the model regardless of the structure of the emerging requests, the variability of the capacity of individual resources, and the number of physical machines in the system. This translates into the applicability of the model in the design process of cloud systems.

Subsurface aeration mitigates organic material mulching-induced anaerobic stress via regulating hormone signaling in Phyllostachys praecox roots.

Organic material mulching has been used extensively to allow Phyllostachys praecox to promote growth and development of shoots. However, the bamboo forest always showed a significant degradation, probably due to anaerobic damage caused by the mulching after several years. Therefore, we have innovatively proposed an improvement measure to aerate the underground pipes for the first time. We investigated the role of subsurface pipe aeration in regulating root hypoxia to reduce the stress and to identify the degradation mechanism. Results showed that aeration increased oxygen concentration, shoot yield and root growth compared with mulching, and the aeration enhanced the concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the expression of Aux/IAAs (Aux1, Aux2, Aux3, and Aux4). Aeration reduced gibberellin (GA), ethylene (ETH), and abscisic acid (ABA) contents as well as anaerobic enzyme activities (alanine transaminase, AlaAT; alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH; pyruvate decarboxylase, PDC; and lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), which alleviated root damage in anoxic conditions. Furthermore, correlation showed that the activities of ADH, LDH, PDC, and AlaAT showed significant linear correlations with soil oxygen levels. RDA analyses showed that ABA, IAA, and ETH were found as the key driving hormones of Aux/IAAs in the root of the forest mulched with organic material. Here we show that subsurface aeration increases soil oxygen concentration, shoot yield, root growth and regulates phytohormone concentrations and Aux/IAAs expression, which reduces anaerobic enzyme activities. Consequently, subsurface pipe aeration is an effective measure to mitigate the degradation of bamboo forests caused by soil hypoxia that results from organic material mulching.

InteliRank: A Four-Pronged Agent for the Intelligent Ranking of Cloud Services Based on End-Users' Feedback.

Cloud Computing (CC) provides a combination of technologies that allows the user to use the most resources in the least amount of time and with the least amount of money. CC semantics play a critical role in ranking heterogeneous data by using the properties of different cloud services and then achieving the optimal cloud service. Regardless of the efforts made to enable simple access to this CC innovation, in the presence of various organizations delivering comparative services at varying cost and execution levels, it is far more difficult to identify the ideal cloud service based on the user's requirements. In this research, we propose a Cloud-Services-Ranking Agent (CSRA) for analyzing cloud services using end-users' feedback, including Platform as a Service (PaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS), based on ontology mapping and selecting the optimal service. The proposed CSRA possesses Machine-Learning (ML) techniques for ranking cloud services using parameters such as availability, security, reliability, and cost. Here, the Quality of Web Service (QWS) dataset is used, which has seven major cloud services categories, ranked from 0-6, to extract the required persuasive features through Sequential Minimal Optimization Regression (SMOreg). The classification outcomes through SMOreg are capable and demonstrate a general accuracy of around 98.71% in identifying optimum cloud services through the identified parameters. The main advantage of SMOreg is that the amount of memory required for SMO is linear. The findings show that our improved model in terms of precision outperforms prevailing techniques such as Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Linear Regression (LR).

Vigilancia epidemiológica de Staphylococcus aureus y resistencia antibiótica en ambientes nosocomiales / Epidemiological surveillance of Staphylococcus aureus and the antibiotic resistence in nosocomial environments / Vigilância epidemiológica de Staphylococcus aureus e resistência a antibióticos em ambientes nosocomiais

Uno de los microrganismos más importantes en Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud (IAAS) es Staphylococcus aureus, una bacteria aerobia Gram positiva, resistente a diferentes condiciones ambientales. Objetivo. Identificar Staphylococcus aureus y su resistencia a los principales antibióticos Betalactámicos, aislada en áreas inertes. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó análisis fenotípico, antibiograma y métodos moleculares como: Extracción de ADN mediante Lisis Alcalina, identificación molecular para la amplificación de los genes tanto de identificación de la bacteria (nucA y femB), como de resistencia de antibióticos (blaZ, mecA y vanA) mediante PCR punto final, la separación de los amplicones se realizó mediante electroforesis en gel de Agarosa, los productos de la PCR se revelaron mediante la utilización de transiluminador UV. Resultados. De 200 muestras tomadas se obtuvo dos muestras positivas (1%) para Staphylococcus aureus, con el 100% de resistencia a penicilina y sensible a todos los demás antibióticos testeados. Conclusiones. La identificación de la bacteria y su resistencia hoy en día se realiza mayormente mediante métodos moleculares, lo cual no descarta la identificación fenotípica que, en este caso, determinó resultados importantes como lo es la prueba D-test positivo. La resistencia a fármacos betalactámicos se considera como un serio problema de salud, por lo tanto, se requiere de una vigilancia epidemiológica constante.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important microorganisms related to Health Care Associated Infections (HCAI), it is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium, highly resistant to the outer environment. Objective. Identify Staphylococcus aureus and its resistance to the most common beta-lactam antibiotics in isolated, inert areas. Materials and methods. Phenotypic analysis, antibiogram and molecular testing such as: DNA extraction by Alkaline Lysis, molecular identification for the amplification of genes both for identification of Staphylococcus aureus (nucA and femB), and for antibiotic resistance (blah, mega and vanA) by PCR, the disassociation of the amplicons was preforming by Agarose gel electrophoresis and results were shown in a UV translluminator. Results. From the 200 samples taken, two showed positive (1%) for Staphylococcus aureus, with 100% penicillin-resistant and sensitive to all other antibiotics tested. Conclusions. Nowadays identification of the bacteria and its resistance is carried out mostly through molecular testing, ruling out phenotypic identification, which in this case it determined important results such as the positive D-test. Resistance to beta-lactam drugs is considered a serious health issue, therefore it requires a safer epidemiological vigilance, an increase in sensitivity testing and the accuracy of results. It is recommended to carry out the D-test in laboratories to identify resistance mechanisms and to guide health personnel to select the best option regarding specific and effective treatment for patients affected with MRSA.

Um dos microrganismos mais importantes em Infecções Associadas à Saúde (HAIs) é o Staphylococcus aureus, uma bactéria aeróbica gram-positiva resistente a diferentes condições ambientais. Objetivo. Identificar Staphylococcus aureus e sua resistência aos principais antibióticos beta-lactam, isolados em áreas inertes. Materiais e métodos. Análise fenotípica, antibiograma e métodos moleculares foram realizados tais como: extração de DNA por Alkaline Lysis, identificação molecular para a amplificação dos genes tanto da identificação da bactéria (nucA e femB), e resistência a antibióticos (blaZ, mecA e vanA) pelo ponto final da PCR, a separação dos amplicons foi realizada por eletrofose em gel de Agarose, os produtos PCR foram revelados usando transiluminador UV. Resultados. De 200 amostras colhidas, duas amostras positivas (1%) foram obtidas para o Staphylococcus aureus, com 100% de resistência à penicilina e sensível a todos os outros antibióticos testados. Conclusões. A identificação da bactéria e sua resistência hoje é realizada principalmente por métodos moleculares, o que não exclui a identificação fenotípica que, neste caso, determinou resultados importantes como o teste D positivo. A resistência aos medicamentos beta-lactam é considerada um grave problema de saúde, portanto, é necessária uma vigilância epidemiológica constante.

Genetically Encoded Biosensors for the Quantitative Analysis of Auxin Dynamics in Plant Cells.

Plants, as sessile organisms, possess complex and intertwined signaling networks to react and adapt their behavior toward different internal and external stimuli. Due to this high level of complexity, the implementation of quantitative molecular tools in planta remains challenging. Synthetic biology as an ever-growing interdisciplinary field applies basic engineering principles in life sciences. A plethora of synthetic switches, circuits, and even higher order networks has been implemented in different organisms, such as bacteria and mammalian cells, and facilitates the study of signaling and metabolic pathways. However, the application of such tools in plants lags behind, and thus only a few genetically encoded biosensors and switches have been engineered toward the quantitative investigation of plant signaling. Here, we present a protocol for the quantitative analysis of auxin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. We implemented genetically encoded, ratiometric, degradation-based luminescent biosensors and applied them for studying auxin perception dynamics. For this, we utilized three different Aux/IAAs as sensor modules and analyzed their degradation behavior in response to auxin. Our experimental approach requires simple hardware and experimental reagents and can thus be implemented in every plant-related or cell culture laboratory. The system allows for the analysis of auxin perception and signaling aspects on various levels and can be easily expanded to other hormones, as for example strigolactones. In addition, the modular sensor design enables the implementation of sensor modules in a straightforward and time-saving approach.

Web and Cloud Computing to Analyze Microarray Data.

Microarray technology is a high-throughput technique that can simultaneously measure hundreds of thousands of genes' expression levels. Web and cloud computing tools and databases for storage and analysis of microarray data are necessary for biologists to interpret massive data from experiments. This chapter presents the main databases and web and cloud computing tools for microarray data storage and analysis.

Infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en un hospital de enseñanza. Estudio observacional / Surgical site infections in a teaching hospital. Observacional study

Objetivo: determinar el número de pacientes que desarrollaron una infección postquirúrgica, posibles agentes etiológicos y complicaciones.Métodos : se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional que incluye a todos los supervivientes de las cirugías electivas y de emergencia de los servicios de Cirugía I, II y III del Hospital Universitario de Caracas durante el año 2019. Los datos fueron recopilados a través de la revisión de historias médicas. 48 historias cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, en estas se analizaron distintas variables como: días de hospitalización, síntomas, resultados de laboratorio, cultivos microbiológicos y tratamientos. A partir de estas se elaboraron tablas de frecuencia y análisis bivariado (Chi-cuadrado de Pearson) con el programa IBM SPSS Statistics 26.Resultados : la prevalencia de las infecciones postoperatorias fue de 4,69% CI 95% = (2,79-7,16%) en los servicios de Cirugía (I, II y III) del hospital durante el año 2019, la mayoría ocurrieron tras cirugías de emergencia (87,50%) tales como: apendicectomías (45,83%) y colecistectomías (10,41%). Solo al 22,91% de estos pacientes se les realizó cultivo microbiológico donde se encontró:E. coli (10,50%), Enterococcus sp. y Klebsiella pneumoniae (6,24%), Morganella morganii (2,1%) y Streptococcus pneumoniae (2,1%). Conclusión : las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico siguen siendo una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad y aumento de la estadía hospitalaria en los servicios de cirugía, son de diversa etiología bacteriana y están mayormente asociadas a cirugías abdominales, de emergencia(AU)

Objective: to determine the number of patients that developed a surgical site infection (SSI), possible etiologic agents and complications.Methods : an observational and retrospective study that includes every patient that underwent and survived a surgical procedure at the general surgery I, II and III services at the University Hospital of Caracas between January and December 2019. The study data were collected through the review of the medical records. 48 medical records that met the inclusion criteria and different variables were analyzed, including: days of hospitalization, symptoms, laboratory results, microbiological cultures and treatments. From those variables, frequency tables and bivariate analysis (Pearson's Chi-Square) were created with the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 program.Results : the SSI prevalence was 4,69% CI 95%= (2,79-7,16%) including the three surgery services (I, II and III) at the University Hospital of Caracas during 2019. Most of these occurred after emergency surgeries (87,50%) among which stand out: appendectomy (45,83%) and cholecystectomies (10,41%). Microbiological cultures were performed only in 22,91% of these patients and the following bacteria were isolated:E. coli (10,50%), Enterococcus sp. plus Klebsiella pneumoniae (6,24%), Morganella morganii (2,1%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (2,1%). Conclusion : Surgical Site Infection (SSI) continues to be one of the main causes of morbimortality and increased hospital stay in surgical services in the hospital. These infections have a diverse bacterial etiology and are mostly associated with abdominal or emergency surgeries(AU)

Human exposome assessment platform.

The Human Exposome Assessment Platform (HEAP) is a research resource for the integrated and efficient management and analysis of human exposome data. The project will provide the complete workflow for obtaining exposome actionable knowledge from population-based cohorts. HEAP is a state-of-the-science service composed of computational resources from partner institutions, accessed through a software framework that provides the world's fastest Hadoop platform for data warehousing and applied artificial intelligence (AI). The software, will provide a decision support system for researchers and policymakers. All the data managed and processed by HEAP, together with the analysis pipelines, will be available for future research. In addition, the platform enables adding new data and analysis pipelines. HEAP's final product can be deployed in multiple instances to create a network of shareable and reusable knowledge on the impact of exposures on public health.

Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO): una mirada desde la prevención de Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud (IAAS) / Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): an infection control perspective

Resumen La aparición de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 el año 2020 nos enfrentó a un aumento creciente y exponencial de pacientes con riesgo vital por falla respiratoria catastrófica y multisistémica que deben ser sometidos a ECMO para sobrevivir. Esto ha generado en nuestro país la aparición de Unidades de Tratamiento (ECMO) en hospitales en que antes no se disponía de este recurso o se realizaba como parte de las intervenciones en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), lo que constituye un nuevo desafío a los programas de control y prevención de infecciones de los centros de salud. Dado que al momento de la redacción de este documento no existe normativa nacional específica que se refiera a este tema, se propone un enfoque para prevención, control y vigilancia de infecciones asociadas a atención de salud en pacientes ECMO. Se presenta una revisión de los riesgos específicos a que están expuestos estos pacientes, definiendo qué medidas de prevención se requieren, proponiendo un conjunto de medidas específicas para instalación y mantención, así como orientación respecto de antibioprofilaxis y se sugiere qué eventos infecciosos vigilar.

Abstract The advent of SARS-CoV-2 disease in 2020 confronts us with a growing and exponential increase in patients at life risk due to catastrophic and multisystemic respiratory failure in need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to survive. This has generated in our country the establishment of ECMO treatment Units in hospitals where it was not carried out before or was carried out as part the interventions in Intensive Care Units (ICU), becoming a new challenge to the infection control and prevention programs. Given that at the time of writing this document there are no specific national regulations that refer to this issue, an approach is proposed for the prevention control and surveillance of nosocomial acquired infections in ECMO patients. A review of the specific risks to which these patients are exposed is presented, defining which prevention measures are required, proposing a specific bundle for installation and maintenance, as well as guidance regarding antibioprophylaxis and suggesting which infectious events to monitor.

[Study on anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of indolealkylamines in toad skin on LPS-activated neutrophils].

Indolealkylamines(IAAs) are the main hydrophilic substances in toad skin, mainly including free N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine, dehydrobufotenine, and binding bufothionine. In this study, the LPS-activated neutrophils were used to investigate the structure-activity relationship and anti-inflammatory mechanism of the above-mentioned five monomers from the toad skin in vitro. The neutrophils were divided into the control group, model group(1 µg·mL~(-1) LPS), positive drug group(100 µg·mL~(-1) indometacin), as well as the low-(50 µg·mL~(-1)), medium-(100 µg·mL~(-1)) and high-dose(200 µg·mL~(-1)) free N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine, dehydrobufotenine, and binding bufothionine groups. The levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß in the neutrophil supernatant of each group was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) after LPS stimulation, followed by the detection of apoptosis in each group after Annexin V/PI staining. The protein expression levels of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, beclin1, LC3-I, and LC3-Ⅱ were assayed by Western blot. The results showed that IAAs reduced the excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines caused by LPS compared with the model group. Besides, the activity of each free IAAs(N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine and dehydrobufotenine), especially bufotenine, was stronger than that of the binding bufothionine. As revealed by Annexin V/PI staining, LPS delayed the early apoptosis of neutrophils compared with the control group, while bufotenine promoted the apoptosis of neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner, which might be related to the elevated expression of apoptosis-related protein Bax/Bcl-2. In addition, LPS activated the autophagy pathways in neutrophils. This study confirmed the efficacy of IAAs in reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in neutrophils induced by LPS for the first time. For instance, bufotenine exerts the anti-inflammatory effect possibly by inducing the apoptosis of neutrophils.

Mechanisms of the enantioselective effects of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides DCPP and MCPP.

Phenoxyalkanoic acids (PAAs), synthetic indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) auxin mimics, are widely used as herbicides. Many PAAs are chiral molecules and show strong enantioselectivity in their herbicidal activity; however, there is a lack of understanding of mechanisms driving enantioselectivity. This study aimed to obtain a mechanistic understanding of PAA enantioselectivity using dichlorprop and mecoprop as model PAA compounds. Molecular docking, in vitro 3H-IAA binding assay, and surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that the R enantiomer was preferentially combined with TIR1-IAA7 (Transport Inhibitor Response1- Auxin-Responsive Protein IAA7) than the S enantiomer. In vivo tracking using 14C-PAAs showed a greater absorption of the R enantiomer by Arabidopsis thaliana, and further comparatively enhanced translocation of the R enantiomer to the nucleus where the auxin co-receptor is located. These observations imply that TIR1-IAA7 is a prior target for DCPP and MCPP, and that PAA enantioselectivity occurs because the R enantiomer has a stronger binding affinity for TIR1-IAA7 as well as a greater plant absorption and translocation capability than the S enantiomer. The improved understanding of PAA enantioselectivity is of great significance, as the knowledge may be used to design "green" molecules, such as R enantiomer enriched products, leading to improved plant management and environmental sustainability.

Study on anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of indolealkylamines in toad skin on LPS-activated neutrophils / 中国中药杂志

Indolealkylamines(IAAs) are the main hydrophilic substances in toad skin, mainly including free N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine, dehydrobufotenine, and binding bufothionine. In this study, the LPS-activated neutrophils were used to investigate the structure-activity relationship and anti-inflammatory mechanism of the above-mentioned five monomers from the toad skin in vitro. The neutrophils were divided into the control group, model group(1 μg·mL~(-1) LPS), positive drug group(100 μg·mL~(-1) indometacin), as well as the low-(50 μg·mL~(-1)), medium-(100 μg·mL~(-1)) and high-dose(200 μg·mL~(-1)) free N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine, dehydrobufotenine, and binding bufothionine groups. The levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in the neutrophil supernatant of each group was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) after LPS stimulation, followed by the detection of apoptosis in each group after Annexin V/PI staining. The protein expression levels of caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, beclin1, LC3-I, and LC3-Ⅱ were assayed by Western blot. The results showed that IAAs reduced the excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines caused by LPS compared with the model group. Besides, the activity of each free IAAs(N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, bufotenine, bufotenidine and dehydrobufotenine), especially bufotenine, was stronger than that of the binding bufothionine. As revealed by Annexin V/PI staining, LPS delayed the early apoptosis of neutrophils compared with the control group, while bufotenine promoted the apoptosis of neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner, which might be related to the elevated expression of apoptosis-related protein Bax/Bcl-2. In addition, LPS activated the autophagy pathways in neutrophils. This study confirmed the efficacy of IAAs in reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in neutrophils induced by LPS for the first time. For instance, bufotenine exerts the anti-inflammatory effect possibly by inducing the apoptosis of neutrophils.

Iso-α-acids and matured hop bitter acids in beer improve obesity-induced cognitive impairment.

Dementia and cognitive decline have become public health issues worldwide and life-style-related diseases and obesity have recently been reported as key risk factors. We have recently demonstrated that short-term administration of iso-α-acids (IAAs), hop-derived bitter components of beer, improves spatial and object recognition memory. However, the short-term effects of IAAs on obesity-induced cognitive impairment remain to be investigated. Furthermore, although matured hop bitter acids (MHBAs) are also derived from hops, their effect on obesity-induced cognitive decline remains unknown. In the present study, the short-term administration of IAAs improved memory deficits in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, as assessed in the novel object recognition test (NORT). Dietary MHBAs supplementation administered to HFD-fed mice prevented obesity and improved memory deficits in the NORT. Moreover, the short-term administration of MHBAs improved episodic and spatial reference memory in obese mice. These hop-derived bitter acids may contribute toward improving obesity-induced cognitive impairments. Abbreviations: IAAs: iso-α-acids; MHBAs: matured hop bitter acids; HFD: high fat diet; NORT: novel object recognition test; NOLT: novel object location test.

Antisépticos y desinfectantes: apuntando al uso racional. Recomendaciones del Comité Consultivo de Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de Salud, Sociedad Chilena de Infectología / Antiseptics and disinfectants: aiming at rational use. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Healthcare Associated Infections. Sociedad Chilena de Infectología

Proper use of antiseptics and disinfectants, is an essential tool to prevent the spread of infectious agents and to control of healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Given the increasing importance of environmental aspects, as well as several advances and updates in the field of its proper use at local and intemational level, the SOCHINF HAI Advisory Committee considers that it is necessary to develop a guide for the rational use of antiseptics and disinfectants, which it will provide consistent scientific basis with that purpose.

El adecuado uso de antisépticos y desinfectantes, es una herramienta esencial para evitar la diseminación de agentes infecciosos y el control de infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud (IAAS). Dada la importancia creciente de aspectos ambientales, diversos avances y actualizaciones en el ámbito de su correcta utilización en el ámbito local e internacional, el Comité Consultivo de IAAS de Sociedad Chilena de Infectología considera necesario la estructuración de una guía de utilización racional de antisépticos y desinfectantes, que proporcione bases científicas coherentes con dicho propósito.

Constitutive auxin response in Physcomitrella reveals complex interactions between Aux/IAA and ARF proteins.

The coordinated action of the auxin-sensitive Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors and ARF transcription factors produces complex gene-regulatory networks in plants. Despite their importance, our knowledge of these two protein families is largely based on analysis of stabilized forms of the Aux/IAAs, and studies of a subgroup of ARFs that function as transcriptional activators. To understand how auxin regulates gene expression we generated a Physcomitrella patens line that completely lacks Aux/IAAs. Loss of the repressors causes massive changes in transcription with misregulation of over a third of the annotated genes. Further, we find that the aux/iaa mutant is blind to auxin indicating that auxin regulation of transcription occurs exclusively through Aux/IAA function. We used the aux/iaa mutant as a simplified platform for studies of ARF function and demonstrate that repressing ARFs regulate auxin-induced genes and fine-tune their expression. Further the repressing ARFs coordinate gene induction jointly with activating ARFs and the Aux/IAAs.

Recomendaciones prácticas para la antisepsia y desinfección / Practical recommendation for antisepsis and disinfection

Se presenta una breve revisión de los antisépticos y desinfectantes más comunes, su utilidad, la forma de aplicarlos y de almacenamiento en los distintos servicios hospitalarios. Además se incluye el manejo, limpieza y aseo de las distintas áreas clínicas.

The present manuscript introduces a short revision of most commonly antiseptic and disinfectant used in health services, includes its utility, way to use and storage. Furthermore adds the management and cleaning of the multiple clinical areas.

A Smart City Lighting Case Study on an OpenStack-Powered Infrastructure.

The adoption of embedded systems, mobile devices and other smart devices keeps rising globally, and the scope of their involvement broadens, for instance, in smart city-like scenarios. In light of this, a pressing need emerges to tame such complexity and reuse as much tooling as possible without resorting to vertical ad hoc solutions, while at the same time taking into account valid options with regard to infrastructure management and other more advanced functionalities. Existing solutions mainly focus on core mechanisms and do not allow one to scale by leveraging infrastructure or adapt to a variety of scenarios, especially if actuators are involved in the loop. A new, more flexible, cloud-based approach, able to provide device-focused workflows, is required. In this sense, a widely-used and competitive framework for infrastructure as a service, such as OpenStack, with its breadth in terms of feature coverage and expanded scope, looks to fit the bill, replacing current application-specific approaches with an innovative application-agnostic one. This work thus describes the rationale, efforts and results so far achieved for an integration of IoT paradigms and resource ecosystems with such a kind of cloud-oriented device-centric environment, by focusing on a smart city scenario, namely a park smart lighting example, and featuring data collection, data visualization, event detection and coordinated reaction, as example use cases of such integration.

Marked Elevation of Excitatory Amino Acids in Cerebrospinal Fluid Obtained From Patients With Rotavirus-Associated Encephalopathy.

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children; however, its pathogenesis and immunity are not completely understood. Even less well recognized is rotavirus-induced central nervous system (CNS) involvement, which has been associated with seizure, encephalopathy and death, among others. To elucidate the host response to rotavirus infection, we retrospectively examined neurotransmitter amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 19 children with CNS involvement associated with rotavirus infection. Subjects were classified into two groups: those with encephalopathy followed by prolonged seizure (encephalopathy group) and those who had experienced afebrile, brief cluster of seizures without encephalopathy (cluster group). The levels of glutamate, glycine, and taurine in the encephalopathy group were significantly higher than those in the cluster group. Increased levels of excitatory amino acids in the CSF may induce neurological disorders and be related to disorder severity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding amino acids in the CSF obtained from patients with rotavirus-induced CNS involvement. Further study is necessary to elucidate the role of CSF amino acid levels in rotavirus-induced CNS involvement.